Nonlinear heat transfer can be exploited to reveal novel transport phenomena and thus enhance people’s ability to manipulate heat flux at will.However,there has not been a mature discipline called nonlinear thermotic...Nonlinear heat transfer can be exploited to reveal novel transport phenomena and thus enhance people’s ability to manipulate heat flux at will.However,there has not been a mature discipline called nonlinear thermotics like its counterpart in optics or acoustics to make a systematic summary of relevant researches.In the current review,we focus on recent progress in an important part of nonlinear heat transfer,i.e.,tailoring nonlinear thermal devices and metamaterials under the Fourier law,especially with temperature-dependent thermal conductivities.We will present the basic designing techniques including solving the equation directly and the transformation theory.Tuning nonlinearity coming from multi-physical effects,and how to calculate effective properties of nonlinear conductive composites using the effective medium theory are also included.Based on these theories,researchers have successfully designed various functional materials and devices such as the thermal diodes,thermal transistors,thermal memory elements,energy-free thermostats,and intelligent thermal materials,and some of them have also been realized in experiments.Further,these phenomenological works can provide a feasible route for the development of nonlinear thermotics.展开更多
For thermal conduction cases,one can detect the size of an object explicitly by measuring the temperature distribution around it.If the temperature is the only signature we can obtain,we will give an incorrect judgmen...For thermal conduction cases,one can detect the size of an object explicitly by measuring the temperature distribution around it.If the temperature is the only signature we can obtain,we will give an incorrect judgment on the shape or size of the object by disturbing the distribution of it.According to this principle,in this article,we develop a transformation method and design a dual-functional thermal device,which can create a thermal illusion that the object inside it ＂seems＂ to appear bigger or smaller than its original size.This device can functionally switch among magnifier and miniGer at will The proposed device consists of two layers：the cloak and the complementary material.A thermal cloak can make the internal region thermally ＂invisible＂ while the complementary layer offsets this effect.The combination leads to the illusion of magnification and minification.As a result of finite element simulations,the performances of the illusions are confirmed.展开更多
Thermal illusion aims to create fake thermal signals or hide the thermal target from the background thermal field to mislead infrared observers,and illusion thermotics was proposed to regulate heat flux with artificia...Thermal illusion aims to create fake thermal signals or hide the thermal target from the background thermal field to mislead infrared observers,and illusion thermotics was proposed to regulate heat flux with artificially structured metamaterials for thermal illusion.Most theoretical and experimental works on illusion thermotics focus on two-dimensional materials,while heat transfer in real three-dimensional(3D)objects remains elusive,so the general 3D illusion thermotics is urgently demanded.In this study,we propose a general method to design 3D thermal illusion metamaterials with varying illusions at different sizes and positions.To validate the generality of the 3D method for thermal illusion metamaterials,we realize thermal functionalities of thermal shifting,splitting,trapping,amplifying and compressing.In addition,we propose a special way to simplify the design method under the condition that the size of illusion target is equal to the size of original heat source.The 3D thermal illusion metamaterial paves a general way for illusion thermotics and triggers the exploration of illusion metamaterials for more functionalities and applications.展开更多
Thermal metamaterials represent a transformative paradigm in modern physics,synergizing thermodynamic principles with metamaterial engineering to master heat flow at will.As next-generation technologies demand multi-s...Thermal metamaterials represent a transformative paradigm in modern physics,synergizing thermodynamic principles with metamaterial engineering to master heat flow at will.As next-generation technologies demand multi-scale thermal control,this field urgently requires systematic frameworks to unify its multidisciplinary advances.Curated through a global collaboration involving over 50 specialists across 25 subdisciplines,this review primarily summarizes two decades of advancements,ranging from theoretical breakthroughs to functional implementations.The review reveals groundbreaking innovations in heat manipulation through the exploration of both classical and non-classical transport regimes,topological thermal control mechanisms,and quantum-informed phonon engineering strategies.By bridging physical insights like non-Hermitian thermal dynamics and valleytronic phonon transport with cutting-edge applications,we demonstrate paradigm-shifting capabilities:environment-adaptive thermal cloaks,AI-optimized metamaterials,and nonlinear thermal circuits enabling heat-based computation.Experimental milestones include 3D thermal null media with reconfigurable invisibility and thermal designs breaking classical conductivity limits.This collaborative effort establishes an indispensable roadmap for physicists,highlighting pathways to quantum thermal management,entropy-controlled energy systems,and topological devices.As thermal metamaterials transition from laboratory marvels to technological cornerstones,this work provides the foundational lexicon and design principles for the coming era of intelligent thermal matter.展开更多
Thermal metamaterials based on transformation theory offer a practical design for controlling heat flow by engineering spatial distributions of material parameters,implementing interesting functions such as cloaking,c...Thermal metamaterials based on transformation theory offer a practical design for controlling heat flow by engineering spatial distributions of material parameters,implementing interesting functions such as cloaking,concentrating,and rotating.However,most existing designs are limited to serving a single target function within a given physical domain.Here,we analytically prove the form invariance of thermoelectric(TE)governing equations,ensuring precise controls of the thermal flux and electric current.Then,we propose a dual‐function metamaterial that can concentrate(or cloak)and rotate the TE field simultaneously.In addition,we introduce two practical control methods to realize corresponding functions:one is a temperature‐switching TE rotating concentrator cloak that can switch between cloaking and concentrating;the other is an electrically controlled TE rotating concentrator that can handle the temperature field precisely by adjusting external voltages.The theoretical predictions and finite‐element simulations agree well with each other.This work provides a unified framework for manipulating the direction and density of theTE field simultaneously and may contribute to the study of thermal management,such as thermal rectification and thermal diodes.展开更多
文摘Nonlinear heat transfer can be exploited to reveal novel transport phenomena and thus enhance people’s ability to manipulate heat flux at will.However,there has not been a mature discipline called nonlinear thermotics like its counterpart in optics or acoustics to make a systematic summary of relevant researches.In the current review,we focus on recent progress in an important part of nonlinear heat transfer,i.e.,tailoring nonlinear thermal devices and metamaterials under the Fourier law,especially with temperature-dependent thermal conductivities.We will present the basic designing techniques including solving the equation directly and the transformation theory.Tuning nonlinearity coming from multi-physical effects,and how to calculate effective properties of nonlinear conductive composites using the effective medium theory are also included.Based on these theories,researchers have successfully designed various functional materials and devices such as the thermal diodes,thermal transistors,thermal memory elements,energy-free thermostats,and intelligent thermal materials,and some of them have also been realized in experiments.Further,these phenomenological works can provide a feasible route for the development of nonlinear thermotics.
基金Support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.11222544by the Fok Ying Tung Education Foundation under Grant No.131008+1 种基金by the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University(NCET-12-0121)by the Chinese National Key Basic Research Special Fund under Grant No.2011CB922004
文摘For thermal conduction cases,one can detect the size of an object explicitly by measuring the temperature distribution around it.If the temperature is the only signature we can obtain,we will give an incorrect judgment on the shape or size of the object by disturbing the distribution of it.According to this principle,in this article,we develop a transformation method and design a dual-functional thermal device,which can create a thermal illusion that the object inside it ＂seems＂ to appear bigger or smaller than its original size.This device can functionally switch among magnifier and miniGer at will The proposed device consists of two layers：the cloak and the complementary material.A thermal cloak can make the internal region thermally ＂invisible＂ while the complementary layer offsets this effect.The combination leads to the illusion of magnification and minification.As a result of finite element simulations,the performances of the illusions are confirmed.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.52211540005 and 52076087)the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province of China (Grant No.2023AFA072)+2 种基金the Open Project Program of Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (Grant No.2021WNLOKF004)the Wuhan Knowledge Innovation Shuguang Programthe Science and Technology Program of Hubei Province of China (Grant No.2021BLB176)。
文摘Thermal illusion aims to create fake thermal signals or hide the thermal target from the background thermal field to mislead infrared observers,and illusion thermotics was proposed to regulate heat flux with artificially structured metamaterials for thermal illusion.Most theoretical and experimental works on illusion thermotics focus on two-dimensional materials,while heat transfer in real three-dimensional(3D)objects remains elusive,so the general 3D illusion thermotics is urgently demanded.In this study,we propose a general method to design 3D thermal illusion metamaterials with varying illusions at different sizes and positions.To validate the generality of the 3D method for thermal illusion metamaterials,we realize thermal functionalities of thermal shifting,splitting,trapping,amplifying and compressing.In addition,we propose a special way to simplify the design method under the condition that the size of illusion target is equal to the size of original heat source.The 3D thermal illusion metamaterial paves a general way for illusion thermotics and triggers the exploration of illusion metamaterials for more functionalities and applications.
文摘Thermal metamaterials represent a transformative paradigm in modern physics,synergizing thermodynamic principles with metamaterial engineering to master heat flow at will.As next-generation technologies demand multi-scale thermal control,this field urgently requires systematic frameworks to unify its multidisciplinary advances.Curated through a global collaboration involving over 50 specialists across 25 subdisciplines,this review primarily summarizes two decades of advancements,ranging from theoretical breakthroughs to functional implementations.The review reveals groundbreaking innovations in heat manipulation through the exploration of both classical and non-classical transport regimes,topological thermal control mechanisms,and quantum-informed phonon engineering strategies.By bridging physical insights like non-Hermitian thermal dynamics and valleytronic phonon transport with cutting-edge applications,we demonstrate paradigm-shifting capabilities:environment-adaptive thermal cloaks,AI-optimized metamaterials,and nonlinear thermal circuits enabling heat-based computation.Experimental milestones include 3D thermal null media with reconfigurable invisibility and thermal designs breaking classical conductivity limits.This collaborative effort establishes an indispensable roadmap for physicists,highlighting pathways to quantum thermal management,entropy-controlled energy systems,and topological devices.As thermal metamaterials transition from laboratory marvels to technological cornerstones,this work provides the foundational lexicon and design principles for the coming era of intelligent thermal matter.
基金The authors acknowledge financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12035004)from the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(No.20JC1414700).
文摘Thermal metamaterials based on transformation theory offer a practical design for controlling heat flow by engineering spatial distributions of material parameters,implementing interesting functions such as cloaking,concentrating,and rotating.However,most existing designs are limited to serving a single target function within a given physical domain.Here,we analytically prove the form invariance of thermoelectric(TE)governing equations,ensuring precise controls of the thermal flux and electric current.Then,we propose a dual‐function metamaterial that can concentrate(or cloak)and rotate the TE field simultaneously.In addition,we introduce two practical control methods to realize corresponding functions:one is a temperature‐switching TE rotating concentrator cloak that can switch between cloaking and concentrating;the other is an electrically controlled TE rotating concentrator that can handle the temperature field precisely by adjusting external voltages.The theoretical predictions and finite‐element simulations agree well with each other.This work provides a unified framework for manipulating the direction and density of theTE field simultaneously and may contribute to the study of thermal management,such as thermal rectification and thermal diodes.
