Incorporation of explainability features in the decision-making web-based systems is considered a primary concern to enhance accountability,transparency,and trust in the community.Multi-domain Sentiment Analysis is a ...Incorporation of explainability features in the decision-making web-based systems is considered a primary concern to enhance accountability,transparency,and trust in the community.Multi-domain Sentiment Analysis is a significant web-based system where the explainability feature is essential for achieving user satisfaction.Conventional design methodologies such as object-oriented design methodology(OODM)have been proposed for web-based application development,which facilitates code reuse,quantification,and security at the design level.However,OODM did not provide the feature of explainability in web-based decision-making systems.X-OODM modifies the OODM with added explainable models to introduce the explainability feature for such systems.This research introduces an explainable model leveraging X-OODM for designing transparent applications for multidomain sentiment analysis.The proposed design is evaluated using the design quality metrics defined for the evaluation of the X-OODM explainable model under user context.The design quality metrics,transferability,simulatability,informativeness,and decomposability were introduced one after another over time to the evaluation of the X-OODM user context.Auxiliary metrics of accessibility and algorithmic transparency were added to increase the degree of explainability for the design.The study results reveal that introducing such explainability parameters with X-OODM appropriately increases system transparency,trustworthiness,and user understanding.The experimental results validate the enhancement of decision-making for multi-domain sentiment analysis with integration at the design level of explainability.Future work can be built in this direction by extending this work to apply the proposed X-OODM framework over different datasets and sentiment analysis applications to further scrutinize its effectiveness in real-world scenarios.展开更多
Due to the small size,variety,and high degree of mixing of herbaceous vegetation,remote sensing-based identification of grassland types primarily focuses on extracting major grassland categories,lacking detailed depic...Due to the small size,variety,and high degree of mixing of herbaceous vegetation,remote sensing-based identification of grassland types primarily focuses on extracting major grassland categories,lacking detailed depiction.This limitation significantly hampers the development of effective evaluation and fine supervision for the rational utilization of grassland resources.To address this issue,this study concentrates on the representative grassland of Zhenglan Banner in Inner Mongolia as the study area.It integrates the strengths of Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 active-passive synergistic observations and introduces innovative object-oriented techniques for grassland type classification,thereby enhancing the accuracy and refinement of grassland classification.The results demonstrate the following:(1)To meet the supervision requirements of grassland resources,we propose a grassland type classification system based on remote sensing and the vegetation-habitat classification method,specifically applicable to natural grasslands in northern China.(2)By utilizing the high-spatial-resolution Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI)synthesized through the Spatial and Temporal Non-Local Filter-based Fusion Model(STNLFFM),we are able to capture the NDVI time profiles of grassland types,accurately extract vegetation phenological information within the year,and further enhance the temporal resolution.(3)The integration of multi-seasonal spectral,polarization,and phenological characteristics significantly improves the classification accuracy of grassland types.The overall accuracy reaches 82.61%,with a kappa coefficient of 0.79.Compared to using only multi-seasonal spectral features,the accuracy and kappa coefficient have improved by 15.94%and 0.19,respectively.Notably,the accuracy improvement of the gently sloping steppe is the highest,exceeding 38%.(4)Sandy grassland is the most widespread in the study area,and the growth season of grassland vegetation mainly occurs from May to September.The sandy meadow exhibits a longer growing season compared with typical grassland and meadow,and the distinct differences in phenological characteristics contribute to the accurate identification of various grassland types.展开更多
As one of the main geographical elements in urban areas,buildings are closely related to the development of the city.Therefore,how to quickly and accurately extract building information from remote sensing images is o...As one of the main geographical elements in urban areas,buildings are closely related to the development of the city.Therefore,how to quickly and accurately extract building information from remote sensing images is of great significance for urban map updating,urban planning and construction,etc.Extracting building information around power facilities,especially obtaining this information from high-resolution images,has become one of the current hot topics in remote sensing technology research.This study made full use of the characteristics of GF-2 satellite remote sensing images,adopted an object-oriented classification method,combined with multi-scale segmentation technology and CART classification algorithm,and successfully extracted the buildings in the study area.The research results showed that the overall classification accuracy reached 89.5%and the Kappa coefficient was 0.86.Using the object-oriented CART classification algorithm for building extraction could be closer to actual ground objects and had higher accuracy.The extraction of buildings in the city contributed to urban development planning and provided decision support for management.展开更多
Structural development defects essentially refer to code structure that violates object-oriented design principles. They make program maintenance challenging and deteriorate software quality over time. Various detecti...Structural development defects essentially refer to code structure that violates object-oriented design principles. They make program maintenance challenging and deteriorate software quality over time. Various detection approaches, ranging from traditional heuristic algorithms to machine learning methods, are used to identify these defects. Ensemble learning methods have strengthened the detection of these defects. However, existing approaches do not simultaneously exploit the capabilities of extracting relevant features from pre-trained models and the performance of neural networks for the classification task. Therefore, our goal has been to design a model that combines a pre-trained model to extract relevant features from code excerpts through transfer learning and a bagging method with a base estimator, a dense neural network, for defect classification. To achieve this, we composed multiple samples of the same size with replacements from the imbalanced dataset MLCQ1. For all the samples, we used the CodeT5-small variant to extract features and trained a bagging method with the neural network Roberta Classification Head to classify defects based on these features. We then compared this model to RandomForest, one of the ensemble methods that yields good results. Our experiments showed that the number of base estimators to use for bagging depends on the defect to be detected. Next, we observed that it was not necessary to use a data balancing technique with our model when the imbalance rate was 23%. Finally, for blob detection, RandomForest had a median MCC value of 0.36 compared to 0.12 for our method. However, our method was predominant in Long Method detection with a median MCC value of 0.53 compared to 0.42 for RandomForest. These results suggest that the performance of ensemble methods in detecting structural development defects is dependent on specific defects.展开更多
目的探讨IDEAS模式心理干预对眼科手术前的老年患者不良情绪的影响。方法纳入2023年2月~2024年4月98例老年眼科手术患者,通过数字表法随机分为两组。对照组48例,采用常规心理干预,观察组50例,联合IDEAS模式心理干预。评估护理前、护理...目的探讨IDEAS模式心理干预对眼科手术前的老年患者不良情绪的影响。方法纳入2023年2月~2024年4月98例老年眼科手术患者,通过数字表法随机分为两组。对照组48例,采用常规心理干预,观察组50例,联合IDEAS模式心理干预。评估护理前、护理后医院焦虑抑郁量表(Hospital anxiety and depression scale,HADS)、恐惧视觉模拟评分法(Fear visual analog scale,FVAS)以及护理满意度。结果两组护理后HADS、FVAS评分均有所下降,但观察组均显著低于对照组(P<0.05);观察组护理满意度显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论IDEAS模式心理护理能够降低老年眼科手术患者的术前焦虑、恐惧情绪,提升护理满意度。展开更多
Since the foundation of the Western modern university in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries,there has always been debate on the purpose and social or political utility of scientific knowledge.The question remains...Since the foundation of the Western modern university in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries,there has always been debate on the purpose and social or political utility of scientific knowledge.The question remains as to what we consider as‘useful knowledge’to be(Flexner,1939;Gibbons et al.,1994).The purpose of this paper is to explore and propose an alternative conception of scientific knowledge usefulness,advocating for a balanced approach between direct and indirect utility of knowledge in higher education.To this end,the paper revisits Mill’s(1859)conception of epistemic utility as explained in his work On Liberty to present an idea of scientific knowledge usefulness which is utilitarian in a broader sense.Building on this foundation,the paper promotes a pluralistic conception of epistemic utility and suggests a typology by discerning between direct and indirect utility of knowledge.Overall,by revisiting Mill’s(1859)notion of utility,this paper aims to demonstrate that the notion of‘utility’is not only a function that serves the Idea of the University,but it is also linked to the notion of‘self-development’-Bildung.In that sense,one can make the case for a broader and more complex scientific utilitarianism.展开更多
The inspection of engine lubricating oil can give an indication of the internal condition of an engine. By means of the Object-Oriented Programming (OOP), an expert system is developed in this paper to computerize the...The inspection of engine lubricating oil can give an indication of the internal condition of an engine. By means of the Object-Oriented Programming (OOP), an expert system is developed in this paper to computerize the inspection. The traditional components of an expert system, such us knowledge base, inference engine and user interface are reconstructed and integrated, based on the Microsoft Foundation Class (MFC) library. To testify the expert system, an inspection example is given at the end of this paper.展开更多
This paper uses three size metrics,which are collectable during the design phase,to analyze the potentially confounding effect of class size on the associations between object-oriented（OO）metrics and maintainability...This paper uses three size metrics,which are collectable during the design phase,to analyze the potentially confounding effect of class size on the associations between object-oriented（OO）metrics and maintainability.To draw as many general conclusions as possible,the confounding effect of class size is analyzed on 127 C＋＋ systems and 113 Java systems.For each OO metric,the indirect effect that represents the distortion of the association caused by class size and its variance for individual systems is first computed.Then,a statistical meta-analysis technique is used to compute the average indirect effect over all the systems and to determine if it is significantly different from zero.The experimental results show that the confounding effects of class size on the associations between OO metrics and maintainability generally exist,regardless of whatever size metric is used.Therefore,empirical studies validating OO metrics on maintainability should consider class size as a confounding variable.展开更多
Expert systems (ESs) are being increasingly applied to the fault diagnosis of engines. Based on the idea of ES template (EST), an object-oriented rule-type EST is emphatically studied on such aspects as the object-ori...Expert systems (ESs) are being increasingly applied to the fault diagnosis of engines. Based on the idea of ES template (EST), an object-oriented rule-type EST is emphatically studied on such aspects as the object-oriented knowledge representation, the heuristic inference engine with an improved depth-first search (DFS) and the graphical user interface. A diagnositic ES instance for debris on magnetic chip detectors (MCDs) is then created with the EST. The spot running shows that the rule-type EST enhances the abilities of knowledge representation and heuristic inference, and breaks a new way for the rapid construction and implementation of ES.展开更多
A visual object-oriented software for lane following on intelligent highway system (IHS) is proposed. According to object-oriented theory, 3 typical user services of self-check, transfer of human driving and automatic...A visual object-oriented software for lane following on intelligent highway system (IHS) is proposed. According to object-oriented theory, 3 typical user services of self-check, transfer of human driving and automatic running and abnormal information input from the sensors are chosen out. In addition, the functions of real-time display, information exchanging interface, determination and operation interweaving in the 3 user services are separated into 5 object-oriented classes. Moreover, the 5 classes are organized in the visual development environment. At last, experimental result proves the validity and reliability of the control application.展开更多
Presents an object-oriented NBO(node-block-object)data model for hypermedia system.It takes advantage of object-oriented method,encapsulates all multimedia information as well as link functions in one unit,It has succ...Presents an object-oriented NBO(node-block-object)data model for hypermedia system.It takes advantage of object-oriented method,encapsulates all multimedia information as well as link functions in one unit,It has successfully achieved cross link to offer much better flexibility and two-way link to realize forward and backward searching in hypermedia system navigation.A conditional relation on links has also been realized,that is very helpful for time sensitive multimedia information processing and multimedia object cooperation.展开更多
基金support of the Deanship of Research and Graduate Studies at Ajman University under Projects 2024-IRG-ENiT-36 and 2024-IRG-ENIT-29.
文摘Incorporation of explainability features in the decision-making web-based systems is considered a primary concern to enhance accountability,transparency,and trust in the community.Multi-domain Sentiment Analysis is a significant web-based system where the explainability feature is essential for achieving user satisfaction.Conventional design methodologies such as object-oriented design methodology(OODM)have been proposed for web-based application development,which facilitates code reuse,quantification,and security at the design level.However,OODM did not provide the feature of explainability in web-based decision-making systems.X-OODM modifies the OODM with added explainable models to introduce the explainability feature for such systems.This research introduces an explainable model leveraging X-OODM for designing transparent applications for multidomain sentiment analysis.The proposed design is evaluated using the design quality metrics defined for the evaluation of the X-OODM explainable model under user context.The design quality metrics,transferability,simulatability,informativeness,and decomposability were introduced one after another over time to the evaluation of the X-OODM user context.Auxiliary metrics of accessibility and algorithmic transparency were added to increase the degree of explainability for the design.The study results reveal that introducing such explainability parameters with X-OODM appropriately increases system transparency,trustworthiness,and user understanding.The experimental results validate the enhancement of decision-making for multi-domain sentiment analysis with integration at the design level of explainability.Future work can be built in this direction by extending this work to apply the proposed X-OODM framework over different datasets and sentiment analysis applications to further scrutinize its effectiveness in real-world scenarios.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant number 42001386,42271407]within the ESA-MOST China Dragon 5 Cooperation(ID:59313).
文摘Due to the small size,variety,and high degree of mixing of herbaceous vegetation,remote sensing-based identification of grassland types primarily focuses on extracting major grassland categories,lacking detailed depiction.This limitation significantly hampers the development of effective evaluation and fine supervision for the rational utilization of grassland resources.To address this issue,this study concentrates on the representative grassland of Zhenglan Banner in Inner Mongolia as the study area.It integrates the strengths of Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 active-passive synergistic observations and introduces innovative object-oriented techniques for grassland type classification,thereby enhancing the accuracy and refinement of grassland classification.The results demonstrate the following:(1)To meet the supervision requirements of grassland resources,we propose a grassland type classification system based on remote sensing and the vegetation-habitat classification method,specifically applicable to natural grasslands in northern China.(2)By utilizing the high-spatial-resolution Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI)synthesized through the Spatial and Temporal Non-Local Filter-based Fusion Model(STNLFFM),we are able to capture the NDVI time profiles of grassland types,accurately extract vegetation phenological information within the year,and further enhance the temporal resolution.(3)The integration of multi-seasonal spectral,polarization,and phenological characteristics significantly improves the classification accuracy of grassland types.The overall accuracy reaches 82.61%,with a kappa coefficient of 0.79.Compared to using only multi-seasonal spectral features,the accuracy and kappa coefficient have improved by 15.94%and 0.19,respectively.Notably,the accuracy improvement of the gently sloping steppe is the highest,exceeding 38%.(4)Sandy grassland is the most widespread in the study area,and the growth season of grassland vegetation mainly occurs from May to September.The sandy meadow exhibits a longer growing season compared with typical grassland and meadow,and the distinct differences in phenological characteristics contribute to the accurate identification of various grassland types.
基金Research on Algorithm Model for Monitoring and Evaluating Typical Disaster Situations of Electric Power Equipment Based on Remote Sensing Imaging Technology of Heaven and Earth,South Grid Guangxi Power Grid Company Science and Technology Project(GXKJXM20222160).
文摘As one of the main geographical elements in urban areas,buildings are closely related to the development of the city.Therefore,how to quickly and accurately extract building information from remote sensing images is of great significance for urban map updating,urban planning and construction,etc.Extracting building information around power facilities,especially obtaining this information from high-resolution images,has become one of the current hot topics in remote sensing technology research.This study made full use of the characteristics of GF-2 satellite remote sensing images,adopted an object-oriented classification method,combined with multi-scale segmentation technology and CART classification algorithm,and successfully extracted the buildings in the study area.The research results showed that the overall classification accuracy reached 89.5%and the Kappa coefficient was 0.86.Using the object-oriented CART classification algorithm for building extraction could be closer to actual ground objects and had higher accuracy.The extraction of buildings in the city contributed to urban development planning and provided decision support for management.
文摘Structural development defects essentially refer to code structure that violates object-oriented design principles. They make program maintenance challenging and deteriorate software quality over time. Various detection approaches, ranging from traditional heuristic algorithms to machine learning methods, are used to identify these defects. Ensemble learning methods have strengthened the detection of these defects. However, existing approaches do not simultaneously exploit the capabilities of extracting relevant features from pre-trained models and the performance of neural networks for the classification task. Therefore, our goal has been to design a model that combines a pre-trained model to extract relevant features from code excerpts through transfer learning and a bagging method with a base estimator, a dense neural network, for defect classification. To achieve this, we composed multiple samples of the same size with replacements from the imbalanced dataset MLCQ1. For all the samples, we used the CodeT5-small variant to extract features and trained a bagging method with the neural network Roberta Classification Head to classify defects based on these features. We then compared this model to RandomForest, one of the ensemble methods that yields good results. Our experiments showed that the number of base estimators to use for bagging depends on the defect to be detected. Next, we observed that it was not necessary to use a data balancing technique with our model when the imbalance rate was 23%. Finally, for blob detection, RandomForest had a median MCC value of 0.36 compared to 0.12 for our method. However, our method was predominant in Long Method detection with a median MCC value of 0.53 compared to 0.42 for RandomForest. These results suggest that the performance of ensemble methods in detecting structural development defects is dependent on specific defects.
文摘目的探讨IDEAS模式心理干预对眼科手术前的老年患者不良情绪的影响。方法纳入2023年2月~2024年4月98例老年眼科手术患者,通过数字表法随机分为两组。对照组48例,采用常规心理干预,观察组50例,联合IDEAS模式心理干预。评估护理前、护理后医院焦虑抑郁量表(Hospital anxiety and depression scale,HADS)、恐惧视觉模拟评分法(Fear visual analog scale,FVAS)以及护理满意度。结果两组护理后HADS、FVAS评分均有所下降,但观察组均显著低于对照组(P<0.05);观察组护理满意度显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论IDEAS模式心理护理能够降低老年眼科手术患者的术前焦虑、恐惧情绪,提升护理满意度。
基金supported by a grant from the Onassis Foundation,a funding body based in Greece.
文摘Since the foundation of the Western modern university in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries,there has always been debate on the purpose and social or political utility of scientific knowledge.The question remains as to what we consider as‘useful knowledge’to be(Flexner,1939;Gibbons et al.,1994).The purpose of this paper is to explore and propose an alternative conception of scientific knowledge usefulness,advocating for a balanced approach between direct and indirect utility of knowledge in higher education.To this end,the paper revisits Mill’s(1859)conception of epistemic utility as explained in his work On Liberty to present an idea of scientific knowledge usefulness which is utilitarian in a broader sense.Building on this foundation,the paper promotes a pluralistic conception of epistemic utility and suggests a typology by discerning between direct and indirect utility of knowledge.Overall,by revisiting Mill’s(1859)notion of utility,this paper aims to demonstrate that the notion of‘utility’is not only a function that serves the Idea of the University,but it is also linked to the notion of‘self-development’-Bildung.In that sense,one can make the case for a broader and more complex scientific utilitarianism.
文摘The inspection of engine lubricating oil can give an indication of the internal condition of an engine. By means of the Object-Oriented Programming (OOP), an expert system is developed in this paper to computerize the inspection. The traditional components of an expert system, such us knowledge base, inference engine and user interface are reconstructed and integrated, based on the Microsoft Foundation Class (MFC) library. To testify the expert system, an inspection example is given at the end of this paper.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.60425206,60633010)
文摘This paper uses three size metrics,which are collectable during the design phase,to analyze the potentially confounding effect of class size on the associations between object-oriented（OO）metrics and maintainability.To draw as many general conclusions as possible,the confounding effect of class size is analyzed on 127 C＋＋ systems and 113 Java systems.For each OO metric,the indirect effect that represents the distortion of the association caused by class size and its variance for individual systems is first computed.Then,a statistical meta-analysis technique is used to compute the average indirect effect over all the systems and to determine if it is significantly different from zero.The experimental results show that the confounding effects of class size on the associations between OO metrics and maintainability generally exist,regardless of whatever size metric is used.Therefore,empirical studies validating OO metrics on maintainability should consider class size as a confounding variable.
文摘Expert systems (ESs) are being increasingly applied to the fault diagnosis of engines. Based on the idea of ES template (EST), an object-oriented rule-type EST is emphatically studied on such aspects as the object-oriented knowledge representation, the heuristic inference engine with an improved depth-first search (DFS) and the graphical user interface. A diagnositic ES instance for debris on magnetic chip detectors (MCDs) is then created with the EST. The spot running shows that the rule-type EST enhances the abilities of knowledge representation and heuristic inference, and breaks a new way for the rapid construction and implementation of ES.
文摘A visual object-oriented software for lane following on intelligent highway system (IHS) is proposed. According to object-oriented theory, 3 typical user services of self-check, transfer of human driving and automatic running and abnormal information input from the sensors are chosen out. In addition, the functions of real-time display, information exchanging interface, determination and operation interweaving in the 3 user services are separated into 5 object-oriented classes. Moreover, the 5 classes are organized in the visual development environment. At last, experimental result proves the validity and reliability of the control application.
文摘Presents an object-oriented NBO(node-block-object)data model for hypermedia system.It takes advantage of object-oriented method,encapsulates all multimedia information as well as link functions in one unit,It has successfully achieved cross link to offer much better flexibility and two-way link to realize forward and backward searching in hypermedia system navigation.A conditional relation on links has also been realized,that is very helpful for time sensitive multimedia information processing and multimedia object cooperation.
