Azoospermia,defined as the absence of sperm in the ejaculate,is a well-documented consequence of exogenous testosterone(ET)and anabolic–androgenic steroid(AAS)use.These agents suppress the hypothalamic–pituitary–go...Azoospermia,defined as the absence of sperm in the ejaculate,is a well-documented consequence of exogenous testosterone(ET)and anabolic–androgenic steroid(AAS)use.These agents suppress the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal(HPG)axis,leading to reduced intratesticular testosterone levels and impaired spermatogenesis.This review examines the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying azoospermia and outlines therapeutic strategies for recovery.Azoospermia is categorized into pretesticular,testicular,and post-testicular types,with a focus on personalized treatment approaches based on the degree of HPG axis suppression and baseline testicular function.Key strategies include discontinuing ET and monitoring for spontaneous recovery,particularly in patients with shorter durations of ET use.For cases of persistent azoospermia,gonadotropins(human chorionic gonadotropin[hCG]and follicle-stimulating hormone[FSH])and selective estrogen receptor modulators(SERMs),such as clomiphene citrate,are recommended,either alone or in combination.The global increase in exogenous testosterone use,including testosterone replacement therapy and AAS,underscores the need for improved management of associated azoospermia,which can be temporary or permanent depending on individual factors and the type of testosterone used.Additionally,the manuscript discusses preventive strategies,such as transitioning to short-acting testosterone formulations or incorporating low-dose hCG to preserve fertility during ET therapy.While guidelines for managing testosterone-related azoospermia remain limited,emerging research indicates the potential efficacy of hormonal stimulation therapies.However,there is a notable lack of well-structured,controlled,and long-term studies addressing the management of azoospermia related to exogenous testosterone use,highlighting the need for such studies to inform evidence-based recommendations.展开更多
Bite force is an important performance indicator of individual fitness that is closely related to food acquisition,male competition,and mating selection.It is also affected by a variety of factors and different mechan...Bite force is an important performance indicator of individual fitness that is closely related to food acquisition,male competition,and mating selection.It is also affected by a variety of factors and different mechanisms.Therefore,it is relatively difficult to understand the evolutionary driving forces of changes in bite force.In this study,the driving factors affecting the bite force of wild-derived red junglefowl(Gallus gallus jabouillei)were investigated from the aspects of morphological indicators and physiological characteristics.Results showed that the bite force of wild-derived red junglefowl was directly related to sex,showing obvious sexual differences.However,there was no correlation between the plasma testosterone level and bite force.The bite force of males was significantly greater than that of females,and the body index(i.e.,PC1 of five body measures,namely body mass,body length,wing length,tail length,and tarsus length),the grasp index(i.e.,tomial length×bill width)of males were significantly greater than those of females.Sexual selection may have played a key role in the evolution of bite force in the red junglefowl.Future studies should examine other key factors affecting changes in bite force to verify the correlation between secondary sexual characteristics and bite force in red junglefowls.展开更多
The circadian clock is an important internal time regulatory system for a range of physiological and behavioral rhythms within living organisms.Testosterone,as one of the most critical sex hormones,is essential for th...The circadian clock is an important internal time regulatory system for a range of physiological and behavioral rhythms within living organisms.Testosterone,as one of the most critical sex hormones,is essential for the development of the reproductive system,maintenance of reproductive function,and the overall health of males.The secretion of testosterone in mammals is characterized by distinct circadian rhythms and is closely associated with the regulation of circadian clock genes.Here we review the central and peripheral regulatory mechanisms underlying the influence of circadian clock genes upon testosterone synthesis.We also examined the specific effects of these genes on the occurrence,development,and treatment of common male diseases,including late-onset hypogonadism,erectile dysfunction,male infertility,and prostate cancer.展开更多
An enduring debate in research revolves around the association between elevated endogenous testosterone levels and prostate cancer. This systematic review is intended to assess the present understanding of the role of...An enduring debate in research revolves around the association between elevated endogenous testosterone levels and prostate cancer. This systematic review is intended to assess the present understanding of the role of endogenous testosterone in the diagnosis and treatment of low- and intermediate-risk prostate cancer. Our search strategy was the following: (endogenous testosterone) AND (((low risk) OR (intermediate risk)) AND ((diagnosis) OR (treatment))) AND (prostate cancer);that was applied to PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases to identify pertinent articles. Two investigators performed an independent selection following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The preliminary investigation detected 105 records, and 81 records remained after eliminating duplicates. Following the review of titles and abstracts, 71 articles were excluded. A comprehensive examination of the full text was conducted for 10 articles, excluding 3 of them. After revising the references of eligible articles, other 3 articles were included. We finally identified 10 suitable studies, including three main topics: (1) association between endogenous testosterone and European Association of Urology (EAU) risk classes;(2) association between endogenous testosterone density and the tumor load;and (3) association of endogenous testosterone with tumor upgrading and tumor upstaging. Actual literature about the impact of endogenous testosterone on low- and intermediate-risk prostate cancer is not numerous, but appears to be still conflicting. More investigations are needed to increase the consistency of the literature’s results.展开更多
Individuals with inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)have been reported to be at an increased risk of infertility and sexual dysfunction.Although the relationship between them remains unclear,IBD severity is suspected to a...Individuals with inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)have been reported to be at an increased risk of infertility and sexual dysfunction.Although the relationship between them remains unclear,IBD severity is suspected to affect hormone levels and fertility.To analyze the impact of IBD severity on semen parameters and sex hormone levels in ulcerative colitis-type IBD(UC-IBD),we conducted a cross-sectional study involving 120 patients with UC-IBD in Adam Malik General Hospital,Medan,Indonesia.The patients were classified into three groups based on the Mayo score for Uc,followed by a comparison of various semen and hormone parameters among these groups.In addition to the cross-sectional analysis,a simple correlation test was conducted irrespective of the patient grouping.Sperm concentration,motility,and morphology were found to decline significantly with an increase in IBD severity.Without classifying patients with IBD into subgroups,the Mayo score showed negative correlations with sperm concentration(r=-0.375,P<0.0001),rapid progressive motility(r=-0.660,P<0.0001),free testosterone(r=-0.732,P<0.0001),and total testosterone(r=-0.721,P<0.0001),and positivecorrelations with immotile sperm(r=0.660,P<0.0001),abnormal morphology(r=0.657,P<0.0001),and sex hormone-binding globulin(SHBG;r=0.278,P=0.002).Sperm concentration,motility,and morphology declined significantly with the severity of IBD.This study suggests a significant negative impact of IBD severityonsemenqualityand sexhormones.展开更多
OBJECTIVE:To determine the therapeutic effects of the Zhuangyao Jianshen pill(壮腰健肾丸,ZYJSP)against benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH)and investigate the underlying mechanism.METHODS:Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley ...OBJECTIVE:To determine the therapeutic effects of the Zhuangyao Jianshen pill(壮腰健肾丸,ZYJSP)against benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH)and investigate the underlying mechanism.METHODS:Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into six groups:Control group,BPH model group,finasteride-treated group,ZYJSP low,medium and high dose groups.Except for the control group,40 rats were castrated and injected with testosterone propionate(TP)for 28 consecutive day to induce BPH.Meanwhile,the corresponding drugs were administered by gavage.The prostate wet weight,prostate index(PI),and the histopathological changes in the prostate were measured as the basis for examining the efficacy of ZYJSP against BPH.Levels of the serum sex hormones,oxidative stress markers,inflammatory markers,renal function markers,growth factors,and Cyclin D1 expression in prostate were measured to characterize the therapeutic mechanism of ZYJSP against BPH.RESULTS:ZYJSP administration significantly reduced prostate wet weight and PI and ameliorated histological changes of the prostate in TP-treated castrated rats.TP markedly increased the levels of creatinine,blood urea nitrogen and growth factors in the serum as well as the expression of the Cyclin D1 in the prostate.Most of these markers were significantly decreased by ZYJSP.ZYJSP significantly restored the dysregulation of testosterone,estradiol,and dihydrotestosterone caused by TP.Furthermore,ZYJSP relieved TP-induced prostate injury and exhibited both anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activity by decreasing interleukin-6,interleukin-8,and malondialdehyde levels and increasing the activity of superoxide dismutase in the serum.CONCLUSION:These findings indicate that ZYJSP can effectively ameliorate BPH induced by TP in castrated rats,and the underlying mechanism might be related to regulating sex hormone balance,reducing oxidative stress,and inhibiting the inflammatory response.展开更多
To evaluate the relationship between testosterone replacement therapy(TRT)and arterial and/or venous thrombosis in patients with pre-treatment total testosterone(TT)<12 nmol I^(-1),we performed a meta-analysis foll...To evaluate the relationship between testosterone replacement therapy(TRT)and arterial and/or venous thrombosis in patients with pre-treatment total testosterone(TT)<12 nmol I^(-1),we performed a meta-analysis following the Population Intervention Comparison Outcome model.Population:men with TT<12 nmol I^(-1) or clear mention of hypogonadism in the inclusion criteria of patients;intervention:TRT;comparison:placebo or no therapy;outcomes:arterial thrombotic events(stroke,myocardial infarction[MI],upper limbs,and lower limbs),VTE(deep vein thrombosis[DVT],portal vein thrombosis,splenic thrombosis,and pulmonary embolism),and mortality.A total of 2423 abstracts were assessed for eligibility.Twenty-four studies,including 14 randomized controlled trials(RCTs),were finally included,with a total of 4027 and 310288 hypotestosteronemic male patients,from RCTs and from observational studies,respectively.Based on RCT-derived data,TRT did not influence the risk of arterial thrombosis(odds ratio[OR]=1.27,95%confidence interval[CI]:0.47-3.43,P=0.64),stroke(OR=1.34,95%CI:0.09-18.97,P=0.83),MI(OR=0.51,95%CI:0.11-2.31,P=0.39),VTE(OR=1.42,95%CI:0.22-9.03,P=0.71),pulmonary embolism(OR=1.38,95%CI:0.27-7.04,P=0.70),and mortality(OR=0.70,95%CI:0.20-2.38,P=0.56).Meanwhile,when only observational studies are considered,a significant reduction in the risk of developing arterial thrombotic events,Ml,venous thromboembolism,and mortality was observed.The risk for DVT remains uncertain,due to the paucity of RCT-based data.TRT in men with TT<12 nmol I^(-1) is safe from the risk of adverse cardiovascular events.Further studies specifically assessing the risk of DVT in men on TRT are needed.展开更多
AIM:To investigate the effects of exogenous testosterone treatment on the choroidal parameters in patients with androgen deficiency.METHODS:Right eyes of 24 patients with androgen deficiency and 31 healthy volunteers ...AIM:To investigate the effects of exogenous testosterone treatment on the choroidal parameters in patients with androgen deficiency.METHODS:Right eyes of 24 patients with androgen deficiency and 31 healthy volunteers were included in the study.The eyes were scanned for subfoveal choroidal thickness(SFCT),choroidal vascularity index(CVI),choroidstromal area(C-SA),choroid-luminal area(C-LA),choroidstromal to luminal area ratio(CSLR),and the choroidal parameters within central 1500μm of the macula(CVI1500,C-LA1500,C-SA1500,and CSLR1500)by enhanced-depth imaging optical coherence tomography(EDI-OCT)at baseline,6th and 18th weeks of the exogenous testosterone treatment.RESULTS:The mean SFCT values of the androgen deficient groups and healthy controls were 307.7±27.0 and 303.2±37.2μm(P=0.8).However,CVI,C-SA,CSLR,CVI1500,C-LA1500,and CSLR1500 were significantly different between the groups(all P<0.01).At the 6th week visit after exogenous testosterone treatment,SFCT,CVI,C-LA,and C-SA were significantly decreased,and these parameters returned to baseline levels at the 18th-week visit(all P>0.05).However,CVI1500 and LA1500 significantly increased at the end of the follow-up period(P<0.001).CONCLUSION:CVI is lower in androgen-deficient patients than in healthy subjects.The alterations in the choroid during the testosterone peak are transient in the treatment of patients with androgen deficiency.However,the increase in CVI within the central 1500μm of the macula persists even after 4mo.展开更多
This current review highlights adiponectin engagement with AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 which subsequently triggers pathways such as AMPK,PPARα,and MAPK,thereby modulating testicular steroidogenesis.Adiponectin's actions ...This current review highlights adiponectin engagement with AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 which subsequently triggers pathways such as AMPK,PPARα,and MAPK,thereby modulating testicular steroidogenesis.Adiponectin's actions on Leydig and adrenal cells inhibit androgen secretion by suppressing the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein(StAR).Given that StAR facilitates cholesterol to testosterone conversion,AMPK inhibits this process by modulating cholesterol transport and suppressing StAR expression through multiple avenues.Furthermore,adiponectin-induced PPARαactivation impedes mitochondrial cholesterol influx,further modulating androgen biosynthesis.The suppressive influence of PPARαon steroidogenic genes,notably StAR,is evident.Collectively,adiponectin signalling predominantly attenuates androgen production,ensuring metabolic and reproductive equilibrium.Imbalances,as seen in conditions like hypogonadism and obesity-related infertility,highlight their crucial roles and potential clinical interventions for reproductive disorders.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the successive morphological stages of spermatogenesis,hormonal regulation,and testosterone profile in dromedary camel reproduction.Methods:Testicular tissue samples were obtained from 12 drom...Objective:To investigate the successive morphological stages of spermatogenesis,hormonal regulation,and testosterone profile in dromedary camel reproduction.Methods:Testicular tissue samples were obtained from 12 dromedary bull camels aged 7 to 8 at a local abattoir.The histological assessment involved tissue processing,hematoxylin and eosin(H&E)staining,and examination under a microscope.Stereological analysis,germ cell identification,and assessment of seminiferous tubules and maturation were conducted.Testosterone assay was performed by radioimmunoassay using blood samples collected at regular intervals.Results:The study revealed 12 phases of the dromedary camel's seminiferous epithelium cycle,highlighting distinct morphological characteristics and cellular processes.Acrosomal migration,maturation,cap formation,and the Golgi-mediated synthesis of proacrosomal vesicles were also explained in dimension,as were the steps of acrosome biogenesis.Spermatids and mature sperm cells were present when spermatogenesis phases were examined.An analysis of the dimensions of seminiferous tubules revealed specific measures for diameter,area,and epithelial height about luminal characteristics.Moreover,there were noticeable variations in the serum testosterone concentrations during the study period,indicating temporal dynamics.Conclusions:This study outlines the spermatogenesis process in dromedary camels across 12 stages,emphasizing cellular dynamics and acrosomal biogenesis.It also provides seminiferous tubule measurements and observes seasonal testosterone fluctuations,offering insights into reproductive regulation and potential strategies for camel breeding conservation.展开更多
文摘Azoospermia,defined as the absence of sperm in the ejaculate,is a well-documented consequence of exogenous testosterone(ET)and anabolic–androgenic steroid(AAS)use.These agents suppress the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal(HPG)axis,leading to reduced intratesticular testosterone levels and impaired spermatogenesis.This review examines the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying azoospermia and outlines therapeutic strategies for recovery.Azoospermia is categorized into pretesticular,testicular,and post-testicular types,with a focus on personalized treatment approaches based on the degree of HPG axis suppression and baseline testicular function.Key strategies include discontinuing ET and monitoring for spontaneous recovery,particularly in patients with shorter durations of ET use.For cases of persistent azoospermia,gonadotropins(human chorionic gonadotropin[hCG]and follicle-stimulating hormone[FSH])and selective estrogen receptor modulators(SERMs),such as clomiphene citrate,are recommended,either alone or in combination.The global increase in exogenous testosterone use,including testosterone replacement therapy and AAS,underscores the need for improved management of associated azoospermia,which can be temporary or permanent depending on individual factors and the type of testosterone used.Additionally,the manuscript discusses preventive strategies,such as transitioning to short-acting testosterone formulations or incorporating low-dose hCG to preserve fertility during ET therapy.While guidelines for managing testosterone-related azoospermia remain limited,emerging research indicates the potential efficacy of hormonal stimulation therapies.However,there is a notable lack of well-structured,controlled,and long-term studies addressing the management of azoospermia related to exogenous testosterone use,highlighting the need for such studies to inform evidence-based recommendations.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(no.31800320 and no.32360250 to XR)Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province(no.320RC506 to XR)+3 种基金funded by the project supported by the Scientific Research start-up Fund of Hainan University[no.KYQD(ZR)20057]the Teaching Research of Hainan University(no.Hdsz20-9)supported by Hainan Tropical Rainforest Conservation Research Project,ZDYF2023RDYL01(supported by the Hainan Institute of National Park,HINP,KY-24ZK02)supported by the specific research fund of The Innovation Platform for Academicians of Hainan Province.
文摘Bite force is an important performance indicator of individual fitness that is closely related to food acquisition,male competition,and mating selection.It is also affected by a variety of factors and different mechanisms.Therefore,it is relatively difficult to understand the evolutionary driving forces of changes in bite force.In this study,the driving factors affecting the bite force of wild-derived red junglefowl(Gallus gallus jabouillei)were investigated from the aspects of morphological indicators and physiological characteristics.Results showed that the bite force of wild-derived red junglefowl was directly related to sex,showing obvious sexual differences.However,there was no correlation between the plasma testosterone level and bite force.The bite force of males was significantly greater than that of females,and the body index(i.e.,PC1 of five body measures,namely body mass,body length,wing length,tail length,and tarsus length),the grasp index(i.e.,tomial length×bill width)of males were significantly greater than those of females.Sexual selection may have played a key role in the evolution of bite force in the red junglefowl.Future studies should examine other key factors affecting changes in bite force to verify the correlation between secondary sexual characteristics and bite force in red junglefowls.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(N0.82474525 and No.82074444)the Hunan Provincial Natural Outstanding Young People Science Foundation(2023JJ10032)the Hunan Province Health and High-Level Talent Medical Academic Leader Training Plan(20240304051).
文摘The circadian clock is an important internal time regulatory system for a range of physiological and behavioral rhythms within living organisms.Testosterone,as one of the most critical sex hormones,is essential for the development of the reproductive system,maintenance of reproductive function,and the overall health of males.The secretion of testosterone in mammals is characterized by distinct circadian rhythms and is closely associated with the regulation of circadian clock genes.Here we review the central and peripheral regulatory mechanisms underlying the influence of circadian clock genes upon testosterone synthesis.We also examined the specific effects of these genes on the occurrence,development,and treatment of common male diseases,including late-onset hypogonadism,erectile dysfunction,male infertility,and prostate cancer.
文摘An enduring debate in research revolves around the association between elevated endogenous testosterone levels and prostate cancer. This systematic review is intended to assess the present understanding of the role of endogenous testosterone in the diagnosis and treatment of low- and intermediate-risk prostate cancer. Our search strategy was the following: (endogenous testosterone) AND (((low risk) OR (intermediate risk)) AND ((diagnosis) OR (treatment))) AND (prostate cancer);that was applied to PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases to identify pertinent articles. Two investigators performed an independent selection following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The preliminary investigation detected 105 records, and 81 records remained after eliminating duplicates. Following the review of titles and abstracts, 71 articles were excluded. A comprehensive examination of the full text was conducted for 10 articles, excluding 3 of them. After revising the references of eligible articles, other 3 articles were included. We finally identified 10 suitable studies, including three main topics: (1) association between endogenous testosterone and European Association of Urology (EAU) risk classes;(2) association between endogenous testosterone density and the tumor load;and (3) association of endogenous testosterone with tumor upgrading and tumor upstaging. Actual literature about the impact of endogenous testosterone on low- and intermediate-risk prostate cancer is not numerous, but appears to be still conflicting. More investigations are needed to increase the consistency of the literature’s results.
文摘Individuals with inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)have been reported to be at an increased risk of infertility and sexual dysfunction.Although the relationship between them remains unclear,IBD severity is suspected to affect hormone levels and fertility.To analyze the impact of IBD severity on semen parameters and sex hormone levels in ulcerative colitis-type IBD(UC-IBD),we conducted a cross-sectional study involving 120 patients with UC-IBD in Adam Malik General Hospital,Medan,Indonesia.The patients were classified into three groups based on the Mayo score for Uc,followed by a comparison of various semen and hormone parameters among these groups.In addition to the cross-sectional analysis,a simple correlation test was conducted irrespective of the patient grouping.Sperm concentration,motility,and morphology were found to decline significantly with an increase in IBD severity.Without classifying patients with IBD into subgroups,the Mayo score showed negative correlations with sperm concentration(r=-0.375,P<0.0001),rapid progressive motility(r=-0.660,P<0.0001),free testosterone(r=-0.732,P<0.0001),and total testosterone(r=-0.721,P<0.0001),and positivecorrelations with immotile sperm(r=0.660,P<0.0001),abnormal morphology(r=0.657,P<0.0001),and sex hormone-binding globulin(SHBG;r=0.278,P=0.002).Sperm concentration,motility,and morphology declined significantly with the severity of IBD.This study suggests a significant negative impact of IBD severityonsemenqualityand sexhormones.
文摘OBJECTIVE:To determine the therapeutic effects of the Zhuangyao Jianshen pill(壮腰健肾丸,ZYJSP)against benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH)and investigate the underlying mechanism.METHODS:Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into six groups:Control group,BPH model group,finasteride-treated group,ZYJSP low,medium and high dose groups.Except for the control group,40 rats were castrated and injected with testosterone propionate(TP)for 28 consecutive day to induce BPH.Meanwhile,the corresponding drugs were administered by gavage.The prostate wet weight,prostate index(PI),and the histopathological changes in the prostate were measured as the basis for examining the efficacy of ZYJSP against BPH.Levels of the serum sex hormones,oxidative stress markers,inflammatory markers,renal function markers,growth factors,and Cyclin D1 expression in prostate were measured to characterize the therapeutic mechanism of ZYJSP against BPH.RESULTS:ZYJSP administration significantly reduced prostate wet weight and PI and ameliorated histological changes of the prostate in TP-treated castrated rats.TP markedly increased the levels of creatinine,blood urea nitrogen and growth factors in the serum as well as the expression of the Cyclin D1 in the prostate.Most of these markers were significantly decreased by ZYJSP.ZYJSP significantly restored the dysregulation of testosterone,estradiol,and dihydrotestosterone caused by TP.Furthermore,ZYJSP relieved TP-induced prostate injury and exhibited both anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activity by decreasing interleukin-6,interleukin-8,and malondialdehyde levels and increasing the activity of superoxide dismutase in the serum.CONCLUSION:These findings indicate that ZYJSP can effectively ameliorate BPH induced by TP in castrated rats,and the underlying mechanism might be related to regulating sex hormone balance,reducing oxidative stress,and inhibiting the inflammatory response.
文摘To evaluate the relationship between testosterone replacement therapy(TRT)and arterial and/or venous thrombosis in patients with pre-treatment total testosterone(TT)<12 nmol I^(-1),we performed a meta-analysis following the Population Intervention Comparison Outcome model.Population:men with TT<12 nmol I^(-1) or clear mention of hypogonadism in the inclusion criteria of patients;intervention:TRT;comparison:placebo or no therapy;outcomes:arterial thrombotic events(stroke,myocardial infarction[MI],upper limbs,and lower limbs),VTE(deep vein thrombosis[DVT],portal vein thrombosis,splenic thrombosis,and pulmonary embolism),and mortality.A total of 2423 abstracts were assessed for eligibility.Twenty-four studies,including 14 randomized controlled trials(RCTs),were finally included,with a total of 4027 and 310288 hypotestosteronemic male patients,from RCTs and from observational studies,respectively.Based on RCT-derived data,TRT did not influence the risk of arterial thrombosis(odds ratio[OR]=1.27,95%confidence interval[CI]:0.47-3.43,P=0.64),stroke(OR=1.34,95%CI:0.09-18.97,P=0.83),MI(OR=0.51,95%CI:0.11-2.31,P=0.39),VTE(OR=1.42,95%CI:0.22-9.03,P=0.71),pulmonary embolism(OR=1.38,95%CI:0.27-7.04,P=0.70),and mortality(OR=0.70,95%CI:0.20-2.38,P=0.56).Meanwhile,when only observational studies are considered,a significant reduction in the risk of developing arterial thrombotic events,Ml,venous thromboembolism,and mortality was observed.The risk for DVT remains uncertain,due to the paucity of RCT-based data.TRT in men with TT<12 nmol I^(-1) is safe from the risk of adverse cardiovascular events.Further studies specifically assessing the risk of DVT in men on TRT are needed.
文摘AIM:To investigate the effects of exogenous testosterone treatment on the choroidal parameters in patients with androgen deficiency.METHODS:Right eyes of 24 patients with androgen deficiency and 31 healthy volunteers were included in the study.The eyes were scanned for subfoveal choroidal thickness(SFCT),choroidal vascularity index(CVI),choroidstromal area(C-SA),choroid-luminal area(C-LA),choroidstromal to luminal area ratio(CSLR),and the choroidal parameters within central 1500μm of the macula(CVI1500,C-LA1500,C-SA1500,and CSLR1500)by enhanced-depth imaging optical coherence tomography(EDI-OCT)at baseline,6th and 18th weeks of the exogenous testosterone treatment.RESULTS:The mean SFCT values of the androgen deficient groups and healthy controls were 307.7±27.0 and 303.2±37.2μm(P=0.8).However,CVI,C-SA,CSLR,CVI1500,C-LA1500,and CSLR1500 were significantly different between the groups(all P<0.01).At the 6th week visit after exogenous testosterone treatment,SFCT,CVI,C-LA,and C-SA were significantly decreased,and these parameters returned to baseline levels at the 18th-week visit(all P>0.05).However,CVI1500 and LA1500 significantly increased at the end of the follow-up period(P<0.001).CONCLUSION:CVI is lower in androgen-deficient patients than in healthy subjects.The alterations in the choroid during the testosterone peak are transient in the treatment of patients with androgen deficiency.However,the increase in CVI within the central 1500μm of the macula persists even after 4mo.
文摘This current review highlights adiponectin engagement with AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 which subsequently triggers pathways such as AMPK,PPARα,and MAPK,thereby modulating testicular steroidogenesis.Adiponectin's actions on Leydig and adrenal cells inhibit androgen secretion by suppressing the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein(StAR).Given that StAR facilitates cholesterol to testosterone conversion,AMPK inhibits this process by modulating cholesterol transport and suppressing StAR expression through multiple avenues.Furthermore,adiponectin-induced PPARαactivation impedes mitochondrial cholesterol influx,further modulating androgen biosynthesis.The suppressive influence of PPARαon steroidogenic genes,notably StAR,is evident.Collectively,adiponectin signalling predominantly attenuates androgen production,ensuring metabolic and reproductive equilibrium.Imbalances,as seen in conditions like hypogonadism and obesity-related infertility,highlight their crucial roles and potential clinical interventions for reproductive disorders.
文摘Objective:To investigate the successive morphological stages of spermatogenesis,hormonal regulation,and testosterone profile in dromedary camel reproduction.Methods:Testicular tissue samples were obtained from 12 dromedary bull camels aged 7 to 8 at a local abattoir.The histological assessment involved tissue processing,hematoxylin and eosin(H&E)staining,and examination under a microscope.Stereological analysis,germ cell identification,and assessment of seminiferous tubules and maturation were conducted.Testosterone assay was performed by radioimmunoassay using blood samples collected at regular intervals.Results:The study revealed 12 phases of the dromedary camel's seminiferous epithelium cycle,highlighting distinct morphological characteristics and cellular processes.Acrosomal migration,maturation,cap formation,and the Golgi-mediated synthesis of proacrosomal vesicles were also explained in dimension,as were the steps of acrosome biogenesis.Spermatids and mature sperm cells were present when spermatogenesis phases were examined.An analysis of the dimensions of seminiferous tubules revealed specific measures for diameter,area,and epithelial height about luminal characteristics.Moreover,there were noticeable variations in the serum testosterone concentrations during the study period,indicating temporal dynamics.Conclusions:This study outlines the spermatogenesis process in dromedary camels across 12 stages,emphasizing cellular dynamics and acrosomal biogenesis.It also provides seminiferous tubule measurements and observes seasonal testosterone fluctuations,offering insights into reproductive regulation and potential strategies for camel breeding conservation.
