Members of the British Textile Machinery Association(BTMA)can look back on 2025 as a year marked by notable technological advances and continued progress in global trade,despite an uncertain and volatile market.“Our ...Members of the British Textile Machinery Association(BTMA)can look back on 2025 as a year marked by notable technological advances and continued progress in global trade,despite an uncertain and volatile market.“Our members have been very active over the past 12 months and this has resulted in new technologies for the production of technical fibres and fabrics,the introduction of AI and machine learning into process control systems and significant advances in materials testing,”says BTMA CEO Jason Kent.“There’s real excitement about what can be achieved in 2026 as we look ahead to upcoming exhibitions such as JEC Composites in Paris in March and Techtextil in Frankfurt in April.”展开更多
Test case prioritization and ranking play a crucial role in software testing by improving fault detection efficiency and ensuring software reliability.While prioritization selects the most relevant test cases for opti...Test case prioritization and ranking play a crucial role in software testing by improving fault detection efficiency and ensuring software reliability.While prioritization selects the most relevant test cases for optimal coverage,ranking further refines their execution order to detect critical faults earlier.This study investigates machine learning techniques to enhance both prioritization and ranking,contributing to more effective and efficient testing processes.We first employ advanced feature engineering alongside ensemble models,including Gradient Boosted,Support Vector Machines,Random Forests,and Naive Bayes classifiers to optimize test case prioritization,achieving an accuracy score of 0.98847 and significantly improving the Average Percentage of Fault Detection(APFD).Subsequently,we introduce a deep Q-learning framework combined with a Genetic Algorithm(GA)to refine test case ranking within priority levels.This approach achieves a rank accuracy of 0.9172,demonstrating robust performance despite the increasing computational demands of specialized variation operators.Our findings highlight the effectiveness of stacked ensemble learning and reinforcement learning in optimizing test case prioritization and ranking.This integrated approach improves testing efficiency,reduces late-stage defects,and improves overall software stability.The study provides valuable information for AI-driven testing frameworks,paving the way for more intelligent and adaptive software quality assurance methodologies.展开更多
X-rays are widely used in the non-destructive testing(NDT)of electrical equipment.Radio frequency(RF)electron linear accelerators can generate MeV high-energy X-rays with strong penetrating ability;however,the system ...X-rays are widely used in the non-destructive testing(NDT)of electrical equipment.Radio frequency(RF)electron linear accelerators can generate MeV high-energy X-rays with strong penetrating ability;however,the system generally has a large scale,which is not suitable for on-site testing.Compared with the S-band(S-linac)at the same stage of beam energy,the accelerator working in the X-band(X-linac)can compress the facility scale by over 2/3 in the longitudinal direction,which is convenient for the on-site NDT of electrical equipment.To address the beam quality and design complexity simultaneously,the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithmⅡ(NSGA-Ⅱ),which is a multi-objective genetic algorithm(MOGA),was developed to optimize the cavity chain design of the X-linac.Additionally,the designs of the focusing coils,electron gun,and RF couplers,which are other key components of the X-linac,were introduced in this context.In particular,the focusing coil distributions were optimized using a genetic algorithm.Furthermore,after designing such key components,PARMELA software was adopted to perform beam dynamics calculations with the optimized accelerating fields and magnetic fields.The results show that the beam performance was obtained with a capture ratio of more than 90%,an energy spread of less than 10%,and an average energy of approximately 3 MeV.The design and simulation results indicate that the proposed NSGAⅡ-based approach is feasible for X-linac accelerator design.Furthermore,it can be generalized as a universal technique for industrial electron linear accelerators provided that specific optimization objectives and constraints are set according to different application scenarios and requirements.展开更多
Small extracellular vesicles(sEVs)membrane protein profile(sEVpp)is a novel biomarker for cancer,and it can reveal the in-depth phenotype information.The point-of-care testing(POCT)of sEVpp holds great significance fo...Small extracellular vesicles(sEVs)membrane protein profile(sEVpp)is a novel biomarker for cancer,and it can reveal the in-depth phenotype information.The point-of-care testing(POCT)of sEVpp holds great significance for mass screening of cancer,so the cost-effective and simple detection methods of sEVpp are urgently demanded.Herein,we constructed a paper-based multichannel sEVpp POCT device(sEVpp-PAD)enabled by functional DNA probes and metal-organic framework(MOF).The core components are aptamer/MOF-modified paper chips.The modified aptamers can immunocapture the sEV expressing corresponding proteins,while the modified MOF can provide abundant sites for aptamer-modification,reduce the nonspecific protein absorption,and act as reference for ratiometric detection.Simply powered by two syringes,the sEVpp-PAD can efficiently capture sEVs expressing corresponding protein from cell culture media and sera.Furthermore,a detection probe(DP)consisted of CD63 aptamer and G-quadruplex was developed for the colorimetric detection of captured sEVs.Utilizing this device,the sEVpp in various hepatocellular carcinoma cell culture medium and,more importantly,in human sera can be accurately determined,only with$2 device,$0.2 detection reagents and 1.8 h procedure.This simple strategy for sEVpp detection can innovatively promote the POCT and subtyping of cancer based on sEV-related liquid biopsy.展开更多
Joining dissimilar materials encounters significant engineering challenges due to the contrast in material properties that makes conventional welding not feasible.Magnetic Pulse Welding(MPW)offers a solidstate joining...Joining dissimilar materials encounters significant engineering challenges due to the contrast in material properties that makes conventional welding not feasible.Magnetic Pulse Welding(MPW)offers a solidstate joining technique that overcomes these issues by using impact to create strong bonds without melting the substrate materials.This study investigates the weldability of aluminum alloy Al-5754 with Al-7075 and MARS 380 steel,used in armouring solutions of defense systems,by the use of MPW.In this work,weldability windows are investigated by varying standoff distances between the coating material and its substrate(0.25-4.5 mm)and discharge energies(5-13 kJ)with both O-shape and U-shape inductors.Mechanical strength of the welded joints were assessed through single lap shear tests,identifying optimal welding parameters.Then,the velocity profiles of the flyer plates were measured using heterodyne velocimetry to understand the dynamics of the impact.Then,substructures assembled with the optimal welding conditions were subjected to ballistic testing using 7.62 mm×51 mm NATO and 9 mm×19 mm Parabellum munitions to evaluate the resilience of the welds under ballistic impact.The outcomes demonstrate that MPW effectively joins Al-5754 with both Al-7075 and MARS 380,producing robust welds capable of withstanding ballistic impacts under certain conditions.This research advances the application of MPW in lightweight ballistic protection of defense systems,contributing to the development of more resilient and lighter protective structures.展开更多
With the rapid development of Internet technology,REST APIs(Representational State Transfer Application Programming Interfaces)have become the primary communication standard in modern microservice architectures,raisin...With the rapid development of Internet technology,REST APIs(Representational State Transfer Application Programming Interfaces)have become the primary communication standard in modern microservice architectures,raising increasing concerns about their security.Existing fuzz testing methods include random or dictionary-based input generation,which often fail to ensure both syntactic and semantic correctness,and OpenAPIbased approaches,which offer better accuracy but typically lack detailed descriptions of endpoints,parameters,or data formats.To address these issues,this paper proposes the APIDocX fuzz testing framework.It introduces a crawler tailored for dynamic web pages that automatically simulates user interactions to trigger APIs,capturing and extracting parameter information from communication packets.A multi-endpoint parameter adaptation method based on improved Jaccard similarity is then used to generalize these parameters to other potential API endpoints,filling in gaps in OpenAPI specifications.Experimental results demonstrate that the extracted parameters can be generalized with 79.61%accuracy.Fuzz testing using the enriched OpenAPI documents leads to improvements in test coverage,the number of valid test cases generated,and fault detection capabilities.This approach offers an effective enhancement to automated REST API security testing.展开更多
The stress-strain behavior of calcareous sand is significantly influencedby particle breakage(B)and initial relative density(Dri),but few constitutive models consider their combined effects.To bridge this gap,we condu...The stress-strain behavior of calcareous sand is significantly influencedby particle breakage(B)and initial relative density(Dri),but few constitutive models consider their combined effects.To bridge this gap,we conducted a series of triaxial tests on calcareous sand with varying Dri and stress paths,examining particle breakage and critical state behavior.Key findingsinclude:(1)At a constant stress ratio(η),B follows a hyperbolic relationship with mean effective stress(p'),and for a given p',B increases proportionally withη;(2)The critical state line(CSL)moves downward with increasing Dri,whereas the critical state friction angle(φcs)decreases with increasing B.Based on these findings,we propose a unifiedbreakage evolution model to quantify particle breakage in calcareous sand under various loading conditions.Integrating this model with the Normal Consolidation Line(NCL)and CSL equations,we successfully simulate the steepening of NCL and CSL slopes as B increases with the onset of particle breakage.Furthermore,we quantitatively evaluate the effect of B onφcs.Finally,within the framework of Critical State Soil Mechanics and Hypoplasticity theory,we develop a hypoplastic model incorporating B and Dri.The model is validated through strong agreement with experimental results across various initial relative densities,stress paths and drainage conditions.展开更多
Advances in the identification of molecular biomarkers and the development of targeted therapies have enhanced the prognosis of patients with advanced gastric cancer.Several established biomarkers have been widely int...Advances in the identification of molecular biomarkers and the development of targeted therapies have enhanced the prognosis of patients with advanced gastric cancer.Several established biomarkers have been widely integrated into routine clinical diagnostics of gastric cancer to guide personalized treatment.Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER2)was the first molecular biomarker to be used in gastric cancer with trastuzumab being the first approved targeted therapy for HER2-positive gastric cancer.Programmed death-ligand 1 positivity and microsatellite instability can guide the use of immunotherapies,such as pembrolizumab and nivolumab.More recently,zolbetuximab has been approved for patients with claudin 18.2-positive diseases in some countries.More targeted therapies,including savolitinib for MET-positive patients,are currently under clinical investigation.However,the clinical application of these diagnostic approaches could be hampered by many existing challenges,including invasive and costly sampling methods,variability in immunohistochemistry interpretation,high costs and long turnaround times for next-generation sequencing,the absence of standardized and clinically validated diagnostic cut-off values for some biomarkers,and tumor heterogeneity.Novel testing and analysis techniques,such as artificial intelligence-assisted image analysis and multiplex immunohistochemistry,and emerging therapeutic strategies,including combination therapies that integrate immune checkpoint inhibitors with targeted therapies,offer potential solutions to some of these challenges.This article reviews recent progress in gastric cancer testing,outlines current challenges,and explores future directions for biomarker testing and targeted therapy for gastric cancer.展开更多
The rapid progress in the construction of heavy-haul and high-speed railways has led to a surge in rail defects and unforeseen failures.Addressing this issue necessitates the implementation of more sophisticated rail ...The rapid progress in the construction of heavy-haul and high-speed railways has led to a surge in rail defects and unforeseen failures.Addressing this issue necessitates the implementation of more sophisticated rail inspection methods,specifically involving real-time,precise detection,and assessment of rail defects.Current applications fail to address the evolving requirements,prompting the need for advancements.This paper provides a summary of various types of rail defects and outlines both traditional and innovative non-destructive inspection techniques,examining their fundamental features,benefits,drawbacks,and practical suitability for railway track inspection.It also explores potential enhancements to equipment and software.The comprehensive review draws upon pertinent international research and review papers.Furthermore,the paper introduces a fusion of inspection methods aimed at enhancing the overall reliability of defect detection.展开更多
The purpose of this study is to analyze the application of ultrasonic non-destructive testing technology in bridge engineering.During the research phase,based on literature collection and reading,as well as the analys...The purpose of this study is to analyze the application of ultrasonic non-destructive testing technology in bridge engineering.During the research phase,based on literature collection and reading,as well as the analysis of bridge inspection materials,the principle of ultrasonic non-destructive testing technology and its adaptability to bridge engineering are elaborated.Subsequently,starting from the preparation work before inspection until damage assessment,the entire process of ultrasonic non-destructive testing is studied,and finally,a technical system of ultrasonic non-destructive testing for bridge engineering that runs through the entire process is formed.It is hoped that this article can provide technical reference value for relevant units in China,and promote the high-quality development of China’s bridge engineering from a macro perspective.展开更多
Point-of-care testing(POCT)refers to a category of diagnostic tests that are performed at or near to the site of the patients(also called bedside testing)and is capable of obtaining accurate results in a short time by...Point-of-care testing(POCT)refers to a category of diagnostic tests that are performed at or near to the site of the patients(also called bedside testing)and is capable of obtaining accurate results in a short time by using portable diagnostic devices,avoiding sending samples to the medical laboratories.It has been extensively explored for diagnosing and monitoring patients’diseases and health conditions with the assistance of development in biochemistry and microfluidics.Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices(μPADs)have gained dramatic popularity in POCT because of their simplicity,user-friendly,fast and accurate result reading and low cost.SeveralμPADs have been successfully commercialized and received excellent feedback during the past several decades.This review briefly discusses the main types ofμPADs,preparation methods and their detection principles,followed by a few representative examples.The future perspectives of the development inμPADs are also provided.展开更多
Subgrade engineering is a fundamental aspect of infrastructure construction in China.As the primary structural element responsible for bearing and distributing traffic loads,the subgrade must not only withstand the su...Subgrade engineering is a fundamental aspect of infrastructure construction in China.As the primary structural element responsible for bearing and distributing traffic loads,the subgrade must not only withstand the substantial pressures exerted by vehicles,trains,and other forms of transportation,but also efficiently transfer these loads to the underlying foundation,ensuring the stability and longevity of the roadway.In recent years,advancements in subgrade engineering technology have propelled the industry towards smarter,greener,and more sustainable practices,particularly in the areas of intelligent monitoring,disaster management,and innovative construction methods.This paper reviews the application and methodologies of intelligent testing equipment,including cone penetration testing(CPT)devices,soil resistivity testers,and intelligent rebound testers,in subgrade engineering.It examines the operating principles,advantages,limitations,and application ranges of these tools in subgrade testing.Additionally,the paper evaluates the practical use of advanced equipment from both domestic and international perspectives,addressing the challenges encountered by various instruments in realworld applications.These devices enable precise,comprehensive testing and evaluation of subgrade conditions at different stages,providing real-time data analysis and intelligent early warnings.This supports effective subgrade health management and maintenance.As intelligent technologies continue to evolve and integrate,these tools will increasingly enhance the accuracy,efficiency,and sustainability of subgrade monitoring.展开更多
With the depletion of fossil fuels and increasing environmental concerns,the development of renewable energy,such as wave energy,has become a critical component of global energy strategies.However,challenges persist i...With the depletion of fossil fuels and increasing environmental concerns,the development of renewable energy,such as wave energy,has become a critical component of global energy strategies.However,challenges persist in the field testing methodologies for wave energy converters(WECs).In this paper,a numerical wave field of the Dawanshan Island Sea Area in Zhuhai City is constructed based on the MIKE21 SW wave model and by using an NCEP wind field driving model.In conjunction with the IEC-62600-100 standard,by taking site testing of the“Wanshan”wave energy converter on which a sea trial has been conducted in Dawanshan Island of Zhuhai city as an example,research on-site testing method for a wave energy converter has been carried out.The wave measurement position for the“Wanshan”converter was determined by combining statistically analyzed field data with a validated numerical wave model.By comparing a valid wave height at the position where a wave rider is located with a valid wave height at the position where the“Wanshan”wave energy converter is situated,the correlation coefficient between simulation and observed data reached 0.90,with a root-mean-square error of 0.19.The representativeness of wave measurement data during site testing is verified and can be used as a basis for calculating the input energy of the“Wanshan”wave energy converter.展开更多
Accurate macaque paternity identification is of great significance in various fields,yet relevant research remains scarce.Our study aimed to screen effective microsatellite markers for macaque paternity testing.Initia...Accurate macaque paternity identification is of great significance in various fields,yet relevant research remains scarce.Our study aimed to screen effective microsatellite markers for macaque paternity testing.Initially,300 microsatellite markers were randomly selected from the genome of the crab-eating macaque(Macaca fascicularis),and 12 highly polymorphic tetra-nucleotide repeat markers were identified.These markers'genetic parameters and exclusion probabilities in both crab-eating and rhesus macaque(Macaca mulatta)populations were calculated,meeting the paternity testing requirements for both species.To validate the markers,16 crab-eating macaque and 10 rhesus macaque families with known pedigrees were randomly chosen for testing.The genotypes of the 12 markers in the macaques'offspring could be traced back to their parents,confirming the accuracy and applicability of the marker combination for paternity identification in both macaque species.展开更多
BACKGROUND To prevent mother to child transmission(MTCT)of human immunodeficiency virus(HIV),sustained maternal viral load suppression(VLS)and early HIV testing among HIV exposed infants(HEI)is critical.AIM To investi...BACKGROUND To prevent mother to child transmission(MTCT)of human immunodeficiency virus(HIV),sustained maternal viral load suppression(VLS)and early HIV testing among HIV exposed infants(HEI)is critical.AIM To investigate maternal viral load results and infant HIV testing uptake at 6-weeks,and 9-months and 18-months in Rwanda.METHODS Between 2015 and 2022,VLS(<200 copies/mL)was measured among pregnant women living with HIV(WLHIV)from 38-healthcare facilities.Viral loads(VL)were measured at 6-months,12-months and 24-months,respectively.For maternal VL,the unit of analysis was visit-pair,and the pairs were created to define those with VL<200 copies/mL at two consecutive visits as having sustained VLS,persistent viremia(VL≥200 copies/mL at two consecutive visits),viral rebound(VL<200 copies/mL at prior visit only)and newly suppressed(VL<200 copies/mL at subsequent visit only).HEI were considered to have persistent HIV testing if they had all three HIV tests.Poisson regression models with generalized estimating equations were used to estimate the adjusted incidence rate ratio(aIRR)and 95%CI for factors associated with sustained VLS and persistent HIV testing.RESULTS A total of 1145 mother-infant pairs were analyzed.Infant HIV testing uptake at 6-weeks,9-months and 18-months was 1145(100.0%),1089(95.1%),1006(87.9%)respectively.Nine hundred ninety-nine HEI(87.3%)tested for HIV persistently.At 18-months,the incidence of HIV among HEI was 8(0.7%).Of 1145 mothers,1076(94.0%)had≥2 VL results making a total of 2010 visit-pairs(142-single;934-double visit-pairs).The incidence rate of sustained VLS,persistent viremia,viral rebound and new suppression were 91.0%,1.3%,3.6%and 4.0%respectively.Maternal disclosure of HIV status(aIRR=1.08,95%CI:1.02-1.14)was associated with increased likelihood of sustained VLS.Having peer support(aIRR=1.0595%CI:1.01-1.10)was associated with persistent HIV testing among HEI.CONCLUSION Sustained VLS is high among pregnant WLHIV in Rwanda.The low incidence of HIV among HEI may be attributed to high VLS levels.Targeted interventions,including enhanced HIV disclosure and peer support,are crucial for improving sustained VLS and increasing infant HIV testing uptake to reduce MTCT.展开更多
Objective This study describes acceptance and attitudes towards genetic cancer testing among German primary care patients.Design Cross-sectional survey.Setting Primary care.Participant Systematically recruited patient...Objective This study describes acceptance and attitudes towards genetic cancer testing among German primary care patients.Design Cross-sectional survey.Setting Primary care.Participant Systematically recruited patients aged≥18 years from six general practices in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania participated in an anonymous self-administered survey on familial cancer prevention(n=479 and 67.0%participation rate).Those with complete data were analysed(n=424;mean age 53.7,SD 16.6 years;men 34.4%).Linear regression analyses were used to examine potential disparities in general acceptance of genetic testing and attitudes towards genetic cancer testing according to sociodemographics and familial cancer knowledge.Result General acceptance of genetic testing was high,particularly among younger,higher-educated individuals and those with a family history of cancer and higher familial cancer knowledge.For example,83.3%either agreed or strongly agreed that it should be available to anybody.The most important benefits of genetic cancer testing were to guide check-up frequency(81.4%),to inform medical decision-making(80.2%)and to understand children’s risk(75.2%).The most important concerns included the potential burden on the family(44.6%)and the belief that cancer cannot be prevented(39.2%).More favourable attitudes were found among younger,higher-educated individuals,those with a personal history of cancer and those with fewer children or no partner.For example,higher age was linked to lower benefit(regression coefficient(RC)−0.01,95%CI−0.01 to−0.001)and higher concern ratings(RC 0.01,95%CI 0.002 to 0.01).About a third(34.7%)rated not wanting to know about genetic alterations that increase their cancer risk as a(very)important reason against testing.Information avoidance was higher among older individuals(RC 0.02,95%CI 0.01 to 0.02),women(RC 0.40,95%CI 0.11 to 0.69),those with lower education(RC−0.64,95%CI−0.91 to−0.36)and those with more children(RC 0.21,95%CI 0.09 to 0.33).Conclusion Acceptance of genetic testing was high,but barriers remain,particularly among older adults,women,the less educated and those with more children.Targeted educational efforts to improve health literacy,emphasise the preventive potential of genetic testing and emotional support through genetic counselling are essential to overcome these barriers and promote informed decision-making.展开更多
This paper reviews the existing testing techniques for high voltage direct current(HVDC)cable systems,following as a backbone the structure of CIGRE Technical Brochure(TB)852:2021‘Recommendations for testing DC extru...This paper reviews the existing testing techniques for high voltage direct current(HVDC)cable systems,following as a backbone the structure of CIGRE Technical Brochure(TB)852:2021‘Recommendations for testing DC extruded cable systems for power transmission at a rated voltage up to 800 kV’because it has a fairly similar structure to CIGRE TB 853:2021 for lapped DC cables,and especially because of the impressive spread of HVDC extruded cables experienced worldwide in the last 25 years.The review considers development tests,pre-qualification tests,extension of qualification test,type tests(with hints at IEEE 1732-2017 for space charge measurements in the qualification of HVDC extruded cables),routine tests(with hints at IEEE 2862-2020 for routine tests of HVDC extruded cable system joints),sample tests and after installation tests.The review also analyses CIGRE TB 853 for lapped HVDC cable systems,as these cables remain unbeaten for submarine applications at the highest sea depths.The main novelties of CIGRE TB 852 and 853 with respect to previous standards for HVDC cable systems(mainly CIGRE TB 496 and IEC 62895 for extruded cables and CIGRE Electra 189:2000 for lapped cables)are put under the spotlight-with focus on the so-called temporary over-voltage tests-together with the limits and gaps of CIGRE TB 852.The main HVDC cable system testing equipment that is usually employed for electro-thermal tests is also treated.Emphasis is given to CIGRE TB 490 to treat the peculiarities of submarine cable systems,as well as to mechanical tests,having CIGRE TB 623 as a reference,with particular focus on the special sea trial tests.An example of an innovative sea trial testing procedure is shown,which is the outcome of a fruitful partnership between a cable manufacturer and the national Transmission System Operator in Italy.展开更多
BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)recency testing provides data that can be used to monitor the trend of new HIV infections.The effectiveness of using people identified with recent infection to identify part...BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)recency testing provides data that can be used to monitor the trend of new HIV infections.The effectiveness of using people identified with recent infection to identify partners with new HIV infection through partner notification services(PNS)is not well documented.AIM To determine the pooled prevalence of recency testing coverage,recent infection,reclassification(recent to longterm infection)and PNS cascade among newly diagnosed people living with HIV.METHODS PubMed,Cochrane Library and Embase were searched for articles published between January 2018 and November 2024.Studies were included if they reported recency coverage and/or PNS among people newly diagnosed with HIV and used recent infection testing algorithm(RITA).Recency coverage was defined as proportion of people tested using rapid testing for recent infection(RTRI)among those newly diagnosed with HIV.RITA further classifies RTRI results using viral load results(≥1000 copies/mL vs<1000 copies/mL)to confirm recency status.For studies with PNS,we evaluated the cascade:Number of partners elicited,successfully contacted,eligible for HIV testing,tested and HIV diagnosis.PNS effectiveness was measured by proportion of new HIV diagnoses from tested partners.Using random effects models,we computed the pooled estimate of recency outcomes and 95%confidence intervals(CIs).RESULTS Twenty-five studies from 17-low-and middle-income countries were included.Of 276315 newly diagnosed people living with HIV,79864 underwent RTRI with an overall pooled recency coverage of 87%(95%CI:67-96).The pooled prevalence of RTRI and RITA recency were 12%(95%CI:9-16)and 7%(95%CI:4-10),respectively.Pooled prevalence of RTRI reclassification was 34%(95%CI:22-49).Of the recent cases who agreed to PNS,253 partners were elicited with an estimated elicitation ratio of 1:1.6.Among partners elicited,99%were successfully contacted,75%were eligible for testing,68%tested for HIV,and 15%were diagnosed with HIV.CONCLUSION High recency testing coverage among newly diagnosed individuals demonstrates the feasibility of monitoring new HIV infections in LMIC.While PNS yielded moderate HIV diagnoses,its targeted approach remains a critical strategy for identifying undiagnosed cases.展开更多
Geomechanical properties of rocks vary across different measurement scales,primarily due to heterogeneity.Micro-scale geomechanical tests,including micro-scale“scratch tests”and nano-scale nanoindentation tests,are ...Geomechanical properties of rocks vary across different measurement scales,primarily due to heterogeneity.Micro-scale geomechanical tests,including micro-scale“scratch tests”and nano-scale nanoindentation tests,are attractive at different scales.Each method requires minimal sample volume,is low cost,and includes a relatively rapid measurement turnaround time.However,recent micro-scale test results–including scratch test results and nanoindentation results–exhibit tangible variance and uncertainty,suggesting a need to correlate mineral composition mapping to elastic modulus mapping to isolate the relative impact of specific minerals.Different research labs often utilize different interpretation methods,and it is clear that future micro-mechanical tests may benefit from standardized testing and interpretation procedures.The objectives of this study are to seek options for standardized testing and interpretation procedures,through two specific objectives:(1)Quantify chemical and physical controls on micro-mechanical properties and(2)Quantify the source of uncertainties associated with nanoindentation measurements.To reach these goals,we conducted mechanical tests on three different scales:triaxial compression tests,scratch tests,and nanoindentation tests.We found that mineral phase weight percentage is highly correlated with nanoindentation elastic modulus distribution.Finally,we conclude that nanoindentation testing is a mineralogy and microstructure-based method and generally yields significant uncertainty and overestimation.The uncertainty of the testing method is largely associated with not mapping pore space a priori.Lastly,the uncertainty can be reduced by combining phase mapping and modulus mapping with substantial and random data sampling.展开更多
In recent years,the application scenarios of electrical and electronic products have become increasingly diverse worldwide.The impact of climatic environmental tests on the performance of related products has attracte...In recent years,the application scenarios of electrical and electronic products have become increasingly diverse worldwide.The impact of climatic environmental tests on the performance of related products has attracted much attention,and formulating scientific and reasonable environmental test plans has become an important step to ensure product quality and reliability.展开更多
文摘Members of the British Textile Machinery Association(BTMA)can look back on 2025 as a year marked by notable technological advances and continued progress in global trade,despite an uncertain and volatile market.“Our members have been very active over the past 12 months and this has resulted in new technologies for the production of technical fibres and fabrics,the introduction of AI and machine learning into process control systems and significant advances in materials testing,”says BTMA CEO Jason Kent.“There’s real excitement about what can be achieved in 2026 as we look ahead to upcoming exhibitions such as JEC Composites in Paris in March and Techtextil in Frankfurt in April.”
文摘Test case prioritization and ranking play a crucial role in software testing by improving fault detection efficiency and ensuring software reliability.While prioritization selects the most relevant test cases for optimal coverage,ranking further refines their execution order to detect critical faults earlier.This study investigates machine learning techniques to enhance both prioritization and ranking,contributing to more effective and efficient testing processes.We first employ advanced feature engineering alongside ensemble models,including Gradient Boosted,Support Vector Machines,Random Forests,and Naive Bayes classifiers to optimize test case prioritization,achieving an accuracy score of 0.98847 and significantly improving the Average Percentage of Fault Detection(APFD).Subsequently,we introduce a deep Q-learning framework combined with a Genetic Algorithm(GA)to refine test case ranking within priority levels.This approach achieves a rank accuracy of 0.9172,demonstrating robust performance despite the increasing computational demands of specialized variation operators.Our findings highlight the effectiveness of stacked ensemble learning and reinforcement learning in optimizing test case prioritization and ranking.This integrated approach improves testing efficiency,reduces late-stage defects,and improves overall software stability.The study provides valuable information for AI-driven testing frameworks,paving the way for more intelligent and adaptive software quality assurance methodologies.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12341501 and 12575164)。
文摘X-rays are widely used in the non-destructive testing(NDT)of electrical equipment.Radio frequency(RF)electron linear accelerators can generate MeV high-energy X-rays with strong penetrating ability;however,the system generally has a large scale,which is not suitable for on-site testing.Compared with the S-band(S-linac)at the same stage of beam energy,the accelerator working in the X-band(X-linac)can compress the facility scale by over 2/3 in the longitudinal direction,which is convenient for the on-site NDT of electrical equipment.To address the beam quality and design complexity simultaneously,the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithmⅡ(NSGA-Ⅱ),which is a multi-objective genetic algorithm(MOGA),was developed to optimize the cavity chain design of the X-linac.Additionally,the designs of the focusing coils,electron gun,and RF couplers,which are other key components of the X-linac,were introduced in this context.In particular,the focusing coil distributions were optimized using a genetic algorithm.Furthermore,after designing such key components,PARMELA software was adopted to perform beam dynamics calculations with the optimized accelerating fields and magnetic fields.The results show that the beam performance was obtained with a capture ratio of more than 90%,an energy spread of less than 10%,and an average energy of approximately 3 MeV.The design and simulation results indicate that the proposed NSGAⅡ-based approach is feasible for X-linac accelerator design.Furthermore,it can be generalized as a universal technique for industrial electron linear accelerators provided that specific optimization objectives and constraints are set according to different application scenarios and requirements.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFE0201800)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22274169 and 22474161)+5 种基金Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2024A1515030160)the Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou City(No.2023B03J1380)Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Commission(No.GJHZ20210705142200001)the Scientific Technology Project of Guangzhou City(No.202103000003)the Guangdong Science and Technology Plan Project(No.2020B1212060077)the Open Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,Nanjing University.
文摘Small extracellular vesicles(sEVs)membrane protein profile(sEVpp)is a novel biomarker for cancer,and it can reveal the in-depth phenotype information.The point-of-care testing(POCT)of sEVpp holds great significance for mass screening of cancer,so the cost-effective and simple detection methods of sEVpp are urgently demanded.Herein,we constructed a paper-based multichannel sEVpp POCT device(sEVpp-PAD)enabled by functional DNA probes and metal-organic framework(MOF).The core components are aptamer/MOF-modified paper chips.The modified aptamers can immunocapture the sEV expressing corresponding proteins,while the modified MOF can provide abundant sites for aptamer-modification,reduce the nonspecific protein absorption,and act as reference for ratiometric detection.Simply powered by two syringes,the sEVpp-PAD can efficiently capture sEVs expressing corresponding protein from cell culture media and sera.Furthermore,a detection probe(DP)consisted of CD63 aptamer and G-quadruplex was developed for the colorimetric detection of captured sEVs.Utilizing this device,the sEVpp in various hepatocellular carcinoma cell culture medium and,more importantly,in human sera can be accurately determined,only with$2 device,$0.2 detection reagents and 1.8 h procedure.This simple strategy for sEVpp detection can innovatively promote the POCT and subtyping of cancer based on sEV-related liquid biopsy.
基金funded on the one hand by Agence de l'Innovation de Défense(AID)grant reference number 2021650044on the other hand by Ecole Centrale de Nantes。
文摘Joining dissimilar materials encounters significant engineering challenges due to the contrast in material properties that makes conventional welding not feasible.Magnetic Pulse Welding(MPW)offers a solidstate joining technique that overcomes these issues by using impact to create strong bonds without melting the substrate materials.This study investigates the weldability of aluminum alloy Al-5754 with Al-7075 and MARS 380 steel,used in armouring solutions of defense systems,by the use of MPW.In this work,weldability windows are investigated by varying standoff distances between the coating material and its substrate(0.25-4.5 mm)and discharge energies(5-13 kJ)with both O-shape and U-shape inductors.Mechanical strength of the welded joints were assessed through single lap shear tests,identifying optimal welding parameters.Then,the velocity profiles of the flyer plates were measured using heterodyne velocimetry to understand the dynamics of the impact.Then,substructures assembled with the optimal welding conditions were subjected to ballistic testing using 7.62 mm×51 mm NATO and 9 mm×19 mm Parabellum munitions to evaluate the resilience of the welds under ballistic impact.The outcomes demonstrate that MPW effectively joins Al-5754 with both Al-7075 and MARS 380,producing robust welds capable of withstanding ballistic impacts under certain conditions.This research advances the application of MPW in lightweight ballistic protection of defense systems,contributing to the development of more resilient and lighter protective structures.
基金supported by the Open Foundation of Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Security,Ministry of Education of China(KLCS20240211)。
文摘With the rapid development of Internet technology,REST APIs(Representational State Transfer Application Programming Interfaces)have become the primary communication standard in modern microservice architectures,raising increasing concerns about their security.Existing fuzz testing methods include random or dictionary-based input generation,which often fail to ensure both syntactic and semantic correctness,and OpenAPIbased approaches,which offer better accuracy but typically lack detailed descriptions of endpoints,parameters,or data formats.To address these issues,this paper proposes the APIDocX fuzz testing framework.It introduces a crawler tailored for dynamic web pages that automatically simulates user interactions to trigger APIs,capturing and extracting parameter information from communication packets.A multi-endpoint parameter adaptation method based on improved Jaccard similarity is then used to generalize these parameters to other potential API endpoints,filling in gaps in OpenAPI specifications.Experimental results demonstrate that the extracted parameters can be generalized with 79.61%accuracy.Fuzz testing using the enriched OpenAPI documents leads to improvements in test coverage,the number of valid test cases generated,and fault detection capabilities.This approach offers an effective enhancement to automated REST API security testing.
基金support to this study from the National Natural Science Foundation of China,NSFC(Grant No.52278367)The Belt and Road Special Foundation of the National Key Laboratory ofWater Disaster Prevention(Grant No.2024nkms08).
文摘The stress-strain behavior of calcareous sand is significantly influencedby particle breakage(B)and initial relative density(Dri),but few constitutive models consider their combined effects.To bridge this gap,we conducted a series of triaxial tests on calcareous sand with varying Dri and stress paths,examining particle breakage and critical state behavior.Key findingsinclude:(1)At a constant stress ratio(η),B follows a hyperbolic relationship with mean effective stress(p'),and for a given p',B increases proportionally withη;(2)The critical state line(CSL)moves downward with increasing Dri,whereas the critical state friction angle(φcs)decreases with increasing B.Based on these findings,we propose a unifiedbreakage evolution model to quantify particle breakage in calcareous sand under various loading conditions.Integrating this model with the Normal Consolidation Line(NCL)and CSL equations,we successfully simulate the steepening of NCL and CSL slopes as B increases with the onset of particle breakage.Furthermore,we quantitatively evaluate the effect of B onφcs.Finally,within the framework of Critical State Soil Mechanics and Hypoplasticity theory,we develop a hypoplastic model incorporating B and Dri.The model is validated through strong agreement with experimental results across various initial relative densities,stress paths and drainage conditions.
基金support by grants from Capital’s Funds for Health Improvement and Research(Grant No.2024-2-1024)Beijing Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.7232018).
文摘Advances in the identification of molecular biomarkers and the development of targeted therapies have enhanced the prognosis of patients with advanced gastric cancer.Several established biomarkers have been widely integrated into routine clinical diagnostics of gastric cancer to guide personalized treatment.Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER2)was the first molecular biomarker to be used in gastric cancer with trastuzumab being the first approved targeted therapy for HER2-positive gastric cancer.Programmed death-ligand 1 positivity and microsatellite instability can guide the use of immunotherapies,such as pembrolizumab and nivolumab.More recently,zolbetuximab has been approved for patients with claudin 18.2-positive diseases in some countries.More targeted therapies,including savolitinib for MET-positive patients,are currently under clinical investigation.However,the clinical application of these diagnostic approaches could be hampered by many existing challenges,including invasive and costly sampling methods,variability in immunohistochemistry interpretation,high costs and long turnaround times for next-generation sequencing,the absence of standardized and clinically validated diagnostic cut-off values for some biomarkers,and tumor heterogeneity.Novel testing and analysis techniques,such as artificial intelligence-assisted image analysis and multiplex immunohistochemistry,and emerging therapeutic strategies,including combination therapies that integrate immune checkpoint inhibitors with targeted therapies,offer potential solutions to some of these challenges.This article reviews recent progress in gastric cancer testing,outlines current challenges,and explores future directions for biomarker testing and targeted therapy for gastric cancer.
文摘The rapid progress in the construction of heavy-haul and high-speed railways has led to a surge in rail defects and unforeseen failures.Addressing this issue necessitates the implementation of more sophisticated rail inspection methods,specifically involving real-time,precise detection,and assessment of rail defects.Current applications fail to address the evolving requirements,prompting the need for advancements.This paper provides a summary of various types of rail defects and outlines both traditional and innovative non-destructive inspection techniques,examining their fundamental features,benefits,drawbacks,and practical suitability for railway track inspection.It also explores potential enhancements to equipment and software.The comprehensive review draws upon pertinent international research and review papers.Furthermore,the paper introduces a fusion of inspection methods aimed at enhancing the overall reliability of defect detection.
文摘The purpose of this study is to analyze the application of ultrasonic non-destructive testing technology in bridge engineering.During the research phase,based on literature collection and reading,as well as the analysis of bridge inspection materials,the principle of ultrasonic non-destructive testing technology and its adaptability to bridge engineering are elaborated.Subsequently,starting from the preparation work before inspection until damage assessment,the entire process of ultrasonic non-destructive testing is studied,and finally,a technical system of ultrasonic non-destructive testing for bridge engineering that runs through the entire process is formed.It is hoped that this article can provide technical reference value for relevant units in China,and promote the high-quality development of China’s bridge engineering from a macro perspective.
文摘Point-of-care testing(POCT)refers to a category of diagnostic tests that are performed at or near to the site of the patients(also called bedside testing)and is capable of obtaining accurate results in a short time by using portable diagnostic devices,avoiding sending samples to the medical laboratories.It has been extensively explored for diagnosing and monitoring patients’diseases and health conditions with the assistance of development in biochemistry and microfluidics.Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices(μPADs)have gained dramatic popularity in POCT because of their simplicity,user-friendly,fast and accurate result reading and low cost.SeveralμPADs have been successfully commercialized and received excellent feedback during the past several decades.This review briefly discusses the main types ofμPADs,preparation methods and their detection principles,followed by a few representative examples.The future perspectives of the development inμPADs are also provided.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China for Distinguished Young Scholars(Grant No.42225206)National Natural Science Foundation of China(42207180,42477209,42302320).
文摘Subgrade engineering is a fundamental aspect of infrastructure construction in China.As the primary structural element responsible for bearing and distributing traffic loads,the subgrade must not only withstand the substantial pressures exerted by vehicles,trains,and other forms of transportation,but also efficiently transfer these loads to the underlying foundation,ensuring the stability and longevity of the roadway.In recent years,advancements in subgrade engineering technology have propelled the industry towards smarter,greener,and more sustainable practices,particularly in the areas of intelligent monitoring,disaster management,and innovative construction methods.This paper reviews the application and methodologies of intelligent testing equipment,including cone penetration testing(CPT)devices,soil resistivity testers,and intelligent rebound testers,in subgrade engineering.It examines the operating principles,advantages,limitations,and application ranges of these tools in subgrade testing.Additionally,the paper evaluates the practical use of advanced equipment from both domestic and international perspectives,addressing the challenges encountered by various instruments in realworld applications.These devices enable precise,comprehensive testing and evaluation of subgrade conditions at different stages,providing real-time data analysis and intelligent early warnings.This supports effective subgrade health management and maintenance.As intelligent technologies continue to evolve and integrate,these tools will increasingly enhance the accuracy,efficiency,and sustainability of subgrade monitoring.
基金supported by the“National Ocean Technology Center Innovation Fund”under Project No.N3220Z002,led by Ning Jia.The official website of the National Ocean Technology Center is accessible at:http://www.notcsoa.org.cn/.
文摘With the depletion of fossil fuels and increasing environmental concerns,the development of renewable energy,such as wave energy,has become a critical component of global energy strategies.However,challenges persist in the field testing methodologies for wave energy converters(WECs).In this paper,a numerical wave field of the Dawanshan Island Sea Area in Zhuhai City is constructed based on the MIKE21 SW wave model and by using an NCEP wind field driving model.In conjunction with the IEC-62600-100 standard,by taking site testing of the“Wanshan”wave energy converter on which a sea trial has been conducted in Dawanshan Island of Zhuhai city as an example,research on-site testing method for a wave energy converter has been carried out.The wave measurement position for the“Wanshan”converter was determined by combining statistically analyzed field data with a validated numerical wave model.By comparing a valid wave height at the position where a wave rider is located with a valid wave height at the position where the“Wanshan”wave energy converter is situated,the correlation coefficient between simulation and observed data reached 0.90,with a root-mean-square error of 0.19.The representativeness of wave measurement data during site testing is verified and can be used as a basis for calculating the input energy of the“Wanshan”wave energy converter.
基金Nanhu Laboratory Self-Initiated Research Project,Grant/Award Number:NSS2023A00001-2。
文摘Accurate macaque paternity identification is of great significance in various fields,yet relevant research remains scarce.Our study aimed to screen effective microsatellite markers for macaque paternity testing.Initially,300 microsatellite markers were randomly selected from the genome of the crab-eating macaque(Macaca fascicularis),and 12 highly polymorphic tetra-nucleotide repeat markers were identified.These markers'genetic parameters and exclusion probabilities in both crab-eating and rhesus macaque(Macaca mulatta)populations were calculated,meeting the paternity testing requirements for both species.To validate the markers,16 crab-eating macaque and 10 rhesus macaque families with known pedigrees were randomly chosen for testing.The genotypes of the 12 markers in the macaques'offspring could be traced back to their parents,confirming the accuracy and applicability of the marker combination for paternity identification in both macaque species.
文摘BACKGROUND To prevent mother to child transmission(MTCT)of human immunodeficiency virus(HIV),sustained maternal viral load suppression(VLS)and early HIV testing among HIV exposed infants(HEI)is critical.AIM To investigate maternal viral load results and infant HIV testing uptake at 6-weeks,and 9-months and 18-months in Rwanda.METHODS Between 2015 and 2022,VLS(<200 copies/mL)was measured among pregnant women living with HIV(WLHIV)from 38-healthcare facilities.Viral loads(VL)were measured at 6-months,12-months and 24-months,respectively.For maternal VL,the unit of analysis was visit-pair,and the pairs were created to define those with VL<200 copies/mL at two consecutive visits as having sustained VLS,persistent viremia(VL≥200 copies/mL at two consecutive visits),viral rebound(VL<200 copies/mL at prior visit only)and newly suppressed(VL<200 copies/mL at subsequent visit only).HEI were considered to have persistent HIV testing if they had all three HIV tests.Poisson regression models with generalized estimating equations were used to estimate the adjusted incidence rate ratio(aIRR)and 95%CI for factors associated with sustained VLS and persistent HIV testing.RESULTS A total of 1145 mother-infant pairs were analyzed.Infant HIV testing uptake at 6-weeks,9-months and 18-months was 1145(100.0%),1089(95.1%),1006(87.9%)respectively.Nine hundred ninety-nine HEI(87.3%)tested for HIV persistently.At 18-months,the incidence of HIV among HEI was 8(0.7%).Of 1145 mothers,1076(94.0%)had≥2 VL results making a total of 2010 visit-pairs(142-single;934-double visit-pairs).The incidence rate of sustained VLS,persistent viremia,viral rebound and new suppression were 91.0%,1.3%,3.6%and 4.0%respectively.Maternal disclosure of HIV status(aIRR=1.08,95%CI:1.02-1.14)was associated with increased likelihood of sustained VLS.Having peer support(aIRR=1.0595%CI:1.01-1.10)was associated with persistent HIV testing among HEI.CONCLUSION Sustained VLS is high among pregnant WLHIV in Rwanda.The low incidence of HIV among HEI may be attributed to high VLS levels.Targeted interventions,including enhanced HIV disclosure and peer support,are crucial for improving sustained VLS and increasing infant HIV testing uptake to reduce MTCT.
基金supported by the research networks Community Medicine,Molecular Medicine,GANI_MED and Digital Health Lab of the University Medicine Greifswald(grant number FOVB-2024-04).
文摘Objective This study describes acceptance and attitudes towards genetic cancer testing among German primary care patients.Design Cross-sectional survey.Setting Primary care.Participant Systematically recruited patients aged≥18 years from six general practices in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania participated in an anonymous self-administered survey on familial cancer prevention(n=479 and 67.0%participation rate).Those with complete data were analysed(n=424;mean age 53.7,SD 16.6 years;men 34.4%).Linear regression analyses were used to examine potential disparities in general acceptance of genetic testing and attitudes towards genetic cancer testing according to sociodemographics and familial cancer knowledge.Result General acceptance of genetic testing was high,particularly among younger,higher-educated individuals and those with a family history of cancer and higher familial cancer knowledge.For example,83.3%either agreed or strongly agreed that it should be available to anybody.The most important benefits of genetic cancer testing were to guide check-up frequency(81.4%),to inform medical decision-making(80.2%)and to understand children’s risk(75.2%).The most important concerns included the potential burden on the family(44.6%)and the belief that cancer cannot be prevented(39.2%).More favourable attitudes were found among younger,higher-educated individuals,those with a personal history of cancer and those with fewer children or no partner.For example,higher age was linked to lower benefit(regression coefficient(RC)−0.01,95%CI−0.01 to−0.001)and higher concern ratings(RC 0.01,95%CI 0.002 to 0.01).About a third(34.7%)rated not wanting to know about genetic alterations that increase their cancer risk as a(very)important reason against testing.Information avoidance was higher among older individuals(RC 0.02,95%CI 0.01 to 0.02),women(RC 0.40,95%CI 0.11 to 0.69),those with lower education(RC−0.64,95%CI−0.91 to−0.36)and those with more children(RC 0.21,95%CI 0.09 to 0.33).Conclusion Acceptance of genetic testing was high,but barriers remain,particularly among older adults,women,the less educated and those with more children.Targeted educational efforts to improve health literacy,emphasise the preventive potential of genetic testing and emotional support through genetic counselling are essential to overcome these barriers and promote informed decision-making.
文摘This paper reviews the existing testing techniques for high voltage direct current(HVDC)cable systems,following as a backbone the structure of CIGRE Technical Brochure(TB)852:2021‘Recommendations for testing DC extruded cable systems for power transmission at a rated voltage up to 800 kV’because it has a fairly similar structure to CIGRE TB 853:2021 for lapped DC cables,and especially because of the impressive spread of HVDC extruded cables experienced worldwide in the last 25 years.The review considers development tests,pre-qualification tests,extension of qualification test,type tests(with hints at IEEE 1732-2017 for space charge measurements in the qualification of HVDC extruded cables),routine tests(with hints at IEEE 2862-2020 for routine tests of HVDC extruded cable system joints),sample tests and after installation tests.The review also analyses CIGRE TB 853 for lapped HVDC cable systems,as these cables remain unbeaten for submarine applications at the highest sea depths.The main novelties of CIGRE TB 852 and 853 with respect to previous standards for HVDC cable systems(mainly CIGRE TB 496 and IEC 62895 for extruded cables and CIGRE Electra 189:2000 for lapped cables)are put under the spotlight-with focus on the so-called temporary over-voltage tests-together with the limits and gaps of CIGRE TB 852.The main HVDC cable system testing equipment that is usually employed for electro-thermal tests is also treated.Emphasis is given to CIGRE TB 490 to treat the peculiarities of submarine cable systems,as well as to mechanical tests,having CIGRE TB 623 as a reference,with particular focus on the special sea trial tests.An example of an innovative sea trial testing procedure is shown,which is the outcome of a fruitful partnership between a cable manufacturer and the national Transmission System Operator in Italy.
文摘BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)recency testing provides data that can be used to monitor the trend of new HIV infections.The effectiveness of using people identified with recent infection to identify partners with new HIV infection through partner notification services(PNS)is not well documented.AIM To determine the pooled prevalence of recency testing coverage,recent infection,reclassification(recent to longterm infection)and PNS cascade among newly diagnosed people living with HIV.METHODS PubMed,Cochrane Library and Embase were searched for articles published between January 2018 and November 2024.Studies were included if they reported recency coverage and/or PNS among people newly diagnosed with HIV and used recent infection testing algorithm(RITA).Recency coverage was defined as proportion of people tested using rapid testing for recent infection(RTRI)among those newly diagnosed with HIV.RITA further classifies RTRI results using viral load results(≥1000 copies/mL vs<1000 copies/mL)to confirm recency status.For studies with PNS,we evaluated the cascade:Number of partners elicited,successfully contacted,eligible for HIV testing,tested and HIV diagnosis.PNS effectiveness was measured by proportion of new HIV diagnoses from tested partners.Using random effects models,we computed the pooled estimate of recency outcomes and 95%confidence intervals(CIs).RESULTS Twenty-five studies from 17-low-and middle-income countries were included.Of 276315 newly diagnosed people living with HIV,79864 underwent RTRI with an overall pooled recency coverage of 87%(95%CI:67-96).The pooled prevalence of RTRI and RITA recency were 12%(95%CI:9-16)and 7%(95%CI:4-10),respectively.Pooled prevalence of RTRI reclassification was 34%(95%CI:22-49).Of the recent cases who agreed to PNS,253 partners were elicited with an estimated elicitation ratio of 1:1.6.Among partners elicited,99%were successfully contacted,75%were eligible for testing,68%tested for HIV,and 15%were diagnosed with HIV.CONCLUSION High recency testing coverage among newly diagnosed individuals demonstrates the feasibility of monitoring new HIV infections in LMIC.While PNS yielded moderate HIV diagnoses,its targeted approach remains a critical strategy for identifying undiagnosed cases.
基金support of this project through the Southwest Regional Partnership on Carbon Sequestration(Grant No.DE-FC26-05NT42591)Improving Production in the Emerging Paradox Oil Play(Grant No.DE-FE0031775).
文摘Geomechanical properties of rocks vary across different measurement scales,primarily due to heterogeneity.Micro-scale geomechanical tests,including micro-scale“scratch tests”and nano-scale nanoindentation tests,are attractive at different scales.Each method requires minimal sample volume,is low cost,and includes a relatively rapid measurement turnaround time.However,recent micro-scale test results–including scratch test results and nanoindentation results–exhibit tangible variance and uncertainty,suggesting a need to correlate mineral composition mapping to elastic modulus mapping to isolate the relative impact of specific minerals.Different research labs often utilize different interpretation methods,and it is clear that future micro-mechanical tests may benefit from standardized testing and interpretation procedures.The objectives of this study are to seek options for standardized testing and interpretation procedures,through two specific objectives:(1)Quantify chemical and physical controls on micro-mechanical properties and(2)Quantify the source of uncertainties associated with nanoindentation measurements.To reach these goals,we conducted mechanical tests on three different scales:triaxial compression tests,scratch tests,and nanoindentation tests.We found that mineral phase weight percentage is highly correlated with nanoindentation elastic modulus distribution.Finally,we conclude that nanoindentation testing is a mineralogy and microstructure-based method and generally yields significant uncertainty and overestimation.The uncertainty of the testing method is largely associated with not mapping pore space a priori.Lastly,the uncertainty can be reduced by combining phase mapping and modulus mapping with substantial and random data sampling.
文摘In recent years,the application scenarios of electrical and electronic products have become increasingly diverse worldwide.The impact of climatic environmental tests on the performance of related products has attracted much attention,and formulating scientific and reasonable environmental test plans has become an important step to ensure product quality and reliability.
