Generalizable pedestrian attribute recognition(PAR)aims to learn a robust PAR model that can be directly adapted to unknown distributions under varying illumination,different viewpoints and occlusions,which is an esse...Generalizable pedestrian attribute recognition(PAR)aims to learn a robust PAR model that can be directly adapted to unknown distributions under varying illumination,different viewpoints and occlusions,which is an essential problem for real-world applications,such as video surveillance and fashion search.In practice,when a trained PAR model is deployed to real-world scenarios,the unseen target samples are fed into the model continuously in an online manner.Therefore,this paper proposes an efficient and flexible method,named AdaGPAR,for generalizable PAR(GPAR)via test-time adaptation(TTA),where we adapt the trained model through exploiting the unlabeled target samples online during the test phase.As far as we know,it is the first work that solves the GPAR from the perspective of TTA.In particular,the proposed AdaGPAR memorizes the reliable target sample pairs(features and pseudo-labels)as prototypes gradually in the test phase.Then,it makes predictions with a non-parametric classifier by calculating the similarity between a target instance and the prototypes.However,since PAR is a task of multi-label classification,only using the same holistic feature of one pedestrian image as the prototypes of multiple attributes is not optimal.Therefore,an attribute localization branch is introduced to extract the attribute-specific features,where two kinds of memory banks are further constructed to cache the global and attribute-specific features simultaneously.In summary,the AdaGPAR is training-free in the test phase and predicts multiple pedestrian attributes of the target samples in an online manner.This makes the AdaGPAR time efficient and generalizable for real-world applications.Extensive experiments have been performed on the UPAR benchmark to compare the proposed method with multiple baselines.The superior performance demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed AdaGPAR that improves the generalizability of a PAR model via TTA.展开更多
As network and information systems become widely adopted across industries,cybersecurity concerns have grown more prominent.Among these concerns,insider threats are considered particularly covert and destructive.Insid...As network and information systems become widely adopted across industries,cybersecurity concerns have grown more prominent.Among these concerns,insider threats are considered particularly covert and destructive.Insider threats refer to malicious insiders exploiting privileged access to networks,systems,and data to intentionally compromise organizational security.Detecting these threats is challenging due to the complexity and variability of user behavior data,combined with the subtle and covert nature of insider actions.Traditional detection methods often fail to capture both long-term dependencies and short-term fluctuations in time-series data,which are crucial for identifying anomalous behaviors.To address these issues,this paper introduces the Test-Time Training(TTT)model for the first time in the field of insider threat detection,and proposes a detection method based on the TTT-ECA-ResNet model.First,the dataset is preprocessed.TTT is applied to extract long-term dependencies in features,effectively capturing dynamic sequence changes.The Residual Network,incorporating the Efficient Channel Attention mechanism,is used to extract local feature patterns,capturing relationships between different positions in time-series data.Finally,a Linear layer is employed for more precise detection of insider threats.The proposed approaches were evaluated using the CMU CERT Insider Threat Dataset,achieving an AUC of 98.75%and an F1-score of 96.81%.The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods,outperforming other state-of-the-art approaches.展开更多
目的探讨维持性血液透析(maintenance hemodialysis,MHD)患者计时站立行走测试(time up and go test,TUG)时间延长的影响因素。方法采用横断面调查法,选取2023年6月1日至2024年1月31日于首都医科大学附属北京潞河医院规律血液透析、数...目的探讨维持性血液透析(maintenance hemodialysis,MHD)患者计时站立行走测试(time up and go test,TUG)时间延长的影响因素。方法采用横断面调查法,选取2023年6月1日至2024年1月31日于首都医科大学附属北京潞河医院规律血液透析、数据完整且可配合的患者,分别采用简易精神状态检查表(Minimum Mental State Examination,MMSE)、5次起坐试验(5 times sit to stand,STS-5)、TUG量表评估患者认知功能、下肢肌肉力量、平衡及步态功能;根据TUG结果进行分组,即TUG≤12 s,判定为TUG正常组;TUG>12 s判定为TUG延长组,采用多因素Logistic回归法分析患者TUG延长组的影响因素,以受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线分析影响因素对TUG延长患者的预测价值。结果本研究共纳入146例MHD患者,TUG延长组86例,TUG正常组60例,两组的性别、年龄、合并高血压、合并糖尿病、血糖、教育水平、MMSE评分、C反应蛋白、血白蛋白、血肌酐、血钠、全段甲状旁腺素、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、血尿酸、STS-5、单次尿素氮清除指数(urea clearance index,Kt/V)差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);进一步行多因素Logistic回归分析显示,高龄、女性、低MMSE评分、低Kt/V以及STS-5时间延长是发生TUG延长的独立危险因素(P<0.05);ROC曲线显示,年龄、性别、MMSE总分、STS-5时间预测MHD患者发生TUG延长的曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC)分别为0.825、0.678、0.777、0.836(P<0.01),具有较高的预测价值,Kt/V预测患者发生TUG延长的AUC为0.602(P=0.037),有一定的预测价值;以上5项指标作为整体模型预测MHD患者发生TUG延长的AUC为0.923(P<0.01)结论MHD患者的年龄、性别、MMSE评分、STS-5时间延长、Kt/V的水平与合并TUG延长相关,是发生TUG延长的独立危险因素,可能成为预测TUG延长的生物学指标。展开更多
基金supported in part by the National Science and Technology Major project,China(No.2022ZD0117901)in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.62373355,62276256 and 62106260).
文摘Generalizable pedestrian attribute recognition(PAR)aims to learn a robust PAR model that can be directly adapted to unknown distributions under varying illumination,different viewpoints and occlusions,which is an essential problem for real-world applications,such as video surveillance and fashion search.In practice,when a trained PAR model is deployed to real-world scenarios,the unseen target samples are fed into the model continuously in an online manner.Therefore,this paper proposes an efficient and flexible method,named AdaGPAR,for generalizable PAR(GPAR)via test-time adaptation(TTA),where we adapt the trained model through exploiting the unlabeled target samples online during the test phase.As far as we know,it is the first work that solves the GPAR from the perspective of TTA.In particular,the proposed AdaGPAR memorizes the reliable target sample pairs(features and pseudo-labels)as prototypes gradually in the test phase.Then,it makes predictions with a non-parametric classifier by calculating the similarity between a target instance and the prototypes.However,since PAR is a task of multi-label classification,only using the same holistic feature of one pedestrian image as the prototypes of multiple attributes is not optimal.Therefore,an attribute localization branch is introduced to extract the attribute-specific features,where two kinds of memory banks are further constructed to cache the global and attribute-specific features simultaneously.In summary,the AdaGPAR is training-free in the test phase and predicts multiple pedestrian attributes of the target samples in an online manner.This makes the AdaGPAR time efficient and generalizable for real-world applications.Extensive experiments have been performed on the UPAR benchmark to compare the proposed method with multiple baselines.The superior performance demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed AdaGPAR that improves the generalizability of a PAR model via TTA.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62472118)the Central Guidance on Local Science and Technology Development Fund of GuangxiProvince(ZY23055008)+1 种基金the Guangxi Science and Technology Program(AB24010315)the Innovation Project of Guangxi Graduate Education,China(YCSW2024325).
文摘As network and information systems become widely adopted across industries,cybersecurity concerns have grown more prominent.Among these concerns,insider threats are considered particularly covert and destructive.Insider threats refer to malicious insiders exploiting privileged access to networks,systems,and data to intentionally compromise organizational security.Detecting these threats is challenging due to the complexity and variability of user behavior data,combined with the subtle and covert nature of insider actions.Traditional detection methods often fail to capture both long-term dependencies and short-term fluctuations in time-series data,which are crucial for identifying anomalous behaviors.To address these issues,this paper introduces the Test-Time Training(TTT)model for the first time in the field of insider threat detection,and proposes a detection method based on the TTT-ECA-ResNet model.First,the dataset is preprocessed.TTT is applied to extract long-term dependencies in features,effectively capturing dynamic sequence changes.The Residual Network,incorporating the Efficient Channel Attention mechanism,is used to extract local feature patterns,capturing relationships between different positions in time-series data.Finally,a Linear layer is employed for more precise detection of insider threats.The proposed approaches were evaluated using the CMU CERT Insider Threat Dataset,achieving an AUC of 98.75%and an F1-score of 96.81%.The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods,outperforming other state-of-the-art approaches.
文摘目的探讨维持性血液透析(maintenance hemodialysis,MHD)患者计时站立行走测试(time up and go test,TUG)时间延长的影响因素。方法采用横断面调查法,选取2023年6月1日至2024年1月31日于首都医科大学附属北京潞河医院规律血液透析、数据完整且可配合的患者,分别采用简易精神状态检查表(Minimum Mental State Examination,MMSE)、5次起坐试验(5 times sit to stand,STS-5)、TUG量表评估患者认知功能、下肢肌肉力量、平衡及步态功能;根据TUG结果进行分组,即TUG≤12 s,判定为TUG正常组;TUG>12 s判定为TUG延长组,采用多因素Logistic回归法分析患者TUG延长组的影响因素,以受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线分析影响因素对TUG延长患者的预测价值。结果本研究共纳入146例MHD患者,TUG延长组86例,TUG正常组60例,两组的性别、年龄、合并高血压、合并糖尿病、血糖、教育水平、MMSE评分、C反应蛋白、血白蛋白、血肌酐、血钠、全段甲状旁腺素、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、血尿酸、STS-5、单次尿素氮清除指数(urea clearance index,Kt/V)差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);进一步行多因素Logistic回归分析显示,高龄、女性、低MMSE评分、低Kt/V以及STS-5时间延长是发生TUG延长的独立危险因素(P<0.05);ROC曲线显示,年龄、性别、MMSE总分、STS-5时间预测MHD患者发生TUG延长的曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC)分别为0.825、0.678、0.777、0.836(P<0.01),具有较高的预测价值,Kt/V预测患者发生TUG延长的AUC为0.602(P=0.037),有一定的预测价值;以上5项指标作为整体模型预测MHD患者发生TUG延长的AUC为0.923(P<0.01)结论MHD患者的年龄、性别、MMSE评分、STS-5时间延长、Kt/V的水平与合并TUG延长相关,是发生TUG延长的独立危险因素,可能成为预测TUG延长的生物学指标。
