[Objective] This study was conducted to establish a microbial limit test method for Bupi Qiangli Ointment. [Method] The conventional method and medium dilution method were used for bacterial, mold and yeast counting i...[Objective] This study was conducted to establish a microbial limit test method for Bupi Qiangli Ointment. [Method] The conventional method and medium dilution method were used for bacterial, mold and yeast counting in sample recovery test. [Result] The medium dilution method （1：10 test solution, 0.5 ml/plate） could effectively eliminate the inhibition effect of the Bupi Qiangli Ointment, and the recovery of Staphylococcus aureus was greater than 70% in the 3 batches of samples; and the conventional method exhibited the recoveries of E. coil, Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans and Aspergillus greater than 70% in the 3 batches of samples. [Conclusion] Due to Bupi Qiangli Ointment has strongly antibacterial effect on Staphylococcus au- reus, the medium dilution method was used for bacterial counting, and the conventional method was used for mold and yeast counting; and the conventional method was used for controlled bacterium examination of E. coll.展开更多
Listening Comprehension test of CET-6 has a great adjustment in its item types and weighting of score since December,2015, however, there have been few researches concerning the validity of newly innovated CET-6 liste...Listening Comprehension test of CET-6 has a great adjustment in its item types and weighting of score since December,2015, however, there have been few researches concerning the validity of newly innovated CET-6 listening comprehension test.This paper tries to explore the construct validity and content validity of it. Based on the comparison between the test contents of lis-tening and the test requirements in CET syllabus,it is found that CET-6 listening shows good content relevance. Structural equa-tion modeling(SEM) was used to investigate the construct validity of CET-6 listening, which demonstrates that it mainly tests stu-dents' ability to understand details and inference, while ignoring socio-linguistic competence and psych-physiological compe-tence. Therefore, certain changes are desirable to increase the validity of the listening part of CET-6.展开更多
Language testing is an important link in language teaching,in this paper,the two important criteria of language test the reliability and validity has carried on the detailed elaboration,in order to a language teacher ...Language testing is an important link in language teaching,in this paper,the two important criteria of language test the reliability and validity has carried on the detailed elaboration,in order to a language teacher proposition and evaluation test more scientific.展开更多
For the purpose of establishing and validating aerodynamic performance predictions at transonic Mach numbers, a wind tunnel test was conducted in the High-Speed Tunnel（HST） of the German-Dutch Wind Tunnels. The test...For the purpose of establishing and validating aerodynamic performance predictions at transonic Mach numbers, a wind tunnel test was conducted in the High-Speed Tunnel（HST） of the German-Dutch Wind Tunnels. The test article is the aerodynamic validation model from the Chinese Aeronautical Establishment, which is a full-span scale model representation of a business jet aircraft. The wind tunnel test comprised of parallel deployments of balance, pressures, infrared thermography, and model marker measurement techniques. Dedicated investigations with a dummy support were conducted as well, in order to derive and correct for the interference that the support system imposed on the overall model loads. This enabled the establishment of a comprehensive dataset in which the steady overall model loads, the wing load distribution, the state of the wing boundary layer, and the aeroelastic wing shape were quantified for conditions up to and beyond the cruise Mach number of 0.85.展开更多
In aircraft wing design,engineers aim to provide the best possible aerodynamic performance under cruise flight conditions in terms of lift-to-drag ratio.Conventional control surfaces such as flaps,ailerons,variable wi...In aircraft wing design,engineers aim to provide the best possible aerodynamic performance under cruise flight conditions in terms of lift-to-drag ratio.Conventional control surfaces such as flaps,ailerons,variable wing sweep and spoilers are used to trim the aircraft for other flight conditions.The appearance of the morphing wing concept launched a new challenge in the area of overall wing and aircraft performance improvement during different flight segments by locally altering the flow over the aircraft＇s wings.This paper describes the development and application of a control system for an actuation mechanism integrated in a new morphing wing structure.The controlled actuation system includes four similar miniature electromechanical actuators disposed in two parallel actuation lines.The experimental model of the morphing wing is based on a full-scale portion of an aircraft wing,which is equipped with an aileron.The upper surface of the wing is a flexible one,being closed to the wing tip;the flexible skin is made of light composite materials.The four actuators are controlled in unison to change the flexible upper surface to improve the flow quality on the upper surface by delaying or advancing the transition point from laminar to turbulent regime.The actuators transform the torque into vertical forces.Their bases are fixed on the wing ribs and their top link arms are attached to supporting plates fixed onto the flexible skin with screws.The actuators push or pull the flexible skin using the necessary torque until the desired vertical displacement of each actuator is achieved.The four vertical displacements of the actuators,correlated with the new shape of the wing,are provided by a database obtained through a preliminary aerodynamic optimization for specific flight conditions.The control system is designed to control the positions of the actuators in real time in order to obtain and to maintain the desired shape of the wing for a specified flight condition.The feasibility and effectiveness of the developed control system by use of a proportional fuzzy feed-forward methodology are demonstrated experimentally through bench and wind tunnel tests of the morphing wing model.展开更多
To evaluate the psychometric properties of a newly developed questionnaire,known as the gastroesophageal reflux and dyspepsia therapeutic efficacy and satisfaction test(GERD-TEST),in patients with GERD.METHODSJapanese...To evaluate the psychometric properties of a newly developed questionnaire,known as the gastroesophageal reflux and dyspepsia therapeutic efficacy and satisfaction test(GERD-TEST),in patients with GERD.METHODSJapanese patients with predominant GERD symptoms recruited according to the Montreal definition were treated for 4 wk using a standard dose of proton pump inhibitor(PPI).The GERD-TEST and the Medical Outcome Study Short Form-8 Health Survey(SF-8)were administered at baseline and after 4 wk of treatment.The GERD-TEST contains three domains:the severity of GERD and functional dyspepsia(FD)symptoms(5 items),the level of dissatisfaction with daily life(DS)(4 items),and the therapeutic efficacy as assessed by the patients and medication compliance(4 items).RESULTSA total of 290 patients were eligible at baseline;198 of these patients completed 4 wk of PPI therapy.The internal consistency reliability as evaluated using the Cronbach’sαvalues for the GERD,FD and DS subscales ranged from 0.75 to 0.82.The scores for the GERD,FD and DS items/subscales were significantly correlated with the physical and mental component summary scores of the SF-8.After 4 wk of PPI treatment,the scores for the GERD items/subscales were greatly reduced,ranging in value from 1.51 to 1.87 and with a large effect size(P<0.0001,Cohen’s d;1.29-1.63).Statistically significant differences in the changes in the scores for the GERD items/subscales were observed between treatment responders and non-responders(P<0.0001).CONCLUSIONThe GERD-TEST has a good reliability,a good convergent and concurrent validity,and is responsive to the effects of treatment.The GERD-TEST is a simple,easy to understand,and multifaceted PRO instrument applicable to both clinical trials and the primary care of GERD patients.展开更多
Purpose: To translate the original 28-item Impact of Vision Impairment Profile into Turkish and to investigate its validity and reliability. Methods: Patients with no limitations to respond and affected by a chronic e...Purpose: To translate the original 28-item Impact of Vision Impairment Profile into Turkish and to investigate its validity and reliability. Methods: Patients with no limitations to respond and affected by a chronic eye disease including retinitis pigmentosa (RP), age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) and diabetic macular edema which cause low vision were enrolled. The Turkish version of the IVI test was administered to all participants. The linguistic translation followed the international guidelines of forward and backward translation. 256 subjects who had a Snellen visual acuity of 6/12 or worse in the eye with best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) completed the Turkish version of the IVI-28 item. Psychometric evaluation of the Turkish IVI test involved the assessment of internal consistency, test-retest reliability, convergent and known-groups validity. Results: The mean (±SD) age of the participants was 53.67 ± 17.22 years. There were 256 patients with one of the following conditions: 105 RP (41%), 77 ARMD (30%), 74 DME (29%). Patients with lower visual acuity (VA) had lower index scores than those with higher VA (p = 0.001), which showed a sufficient responsiveness. Conclusion: Statistical analysis showed that Turkish version of the IVI-28 item is a valid and reliable instrument to measure vision-related quality of life (VRQoL) in patients with low vision.展开更多
Technological trends in the automotive industry toward a software-defined and autonomous vehicle require a reassessment of today’s vehicle development process.The validation process soaringly shapes after starting wi...Technological trends in the automotive industry toward a software-defined and autonomous vehicle require a reassessment of today’s vehicle development process.The validation process soaringly shapes after starting with hardware-in-the-loop testing of control units and reproducing real-world maneuvers and physical interaction chains.Here,the road-to-rig approach offers a vast potential to reduce validation time and costs significantly.The present research study investigates the maneuver reproduction of drivability phenomena at a powertrain test bed.Although drivability phenomena occur in the frequency range of most up to 30∙Hz,the design and characteristics substantially impact the test setup’s validity.By utilization of modal analysis,the influence of the test bed on the mechanical characteristic is shown.Furthermore,the sensitivity of the natural modes of each component,from either specimen or test bed site,is determined.In contrast,the uncertainty of the deployed measurement equipment also affects the validity.Instead of an accuracy class indication,we apply the ISO/IEC Guide 98 to the measurement equipment and the test bed setup to increase the fidelity of the validation task.In conclusion,the present paper contributes to a traceable validity determination of the road-to-rig approach by providing objective metrics and methods.展开更多
Flowering time is critically important for crop yield, and detection of its genetic factors with strongly associated DNA markers is necessary in breeding programs. This study was undertaken to validate the quantitativ...Flowering time is critically important for crop yield, and detection of its genetic factors with strongly associated DNA markers is necessary in breeding programs. This study was undertaken to validate the quantitative trait loci （QTLs） underlying flowering time of sorghum based on the association between genotypes at SSR marker loci and flowering time in F3 family lines from self-pollinated heterozygous F2 plants developed by crossing between ＂SC112＂---an early flowering variety from Ethiopia and ＂Kikuchi Zairai＂--a late flowering variety from Japan. The results showed that the SSR markers linked to the QTLs on sorghum chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 5b, 7 and 8b were significantly （P 〈 0.05） associated with flowering time, and these markers and the QTLs reported previously are valid. On the other hand, the genotypes at the marker locus SB596 of qFT1-2 on chromosome 1 was not significantly associated with flowering time. The valid DNA markers, SB258 in qFTI-1, SB 1512 in qFT2, SB 1839 in qFT3, SB3369 in qFT5b, SB4096 in qFT7 and SB4540 and SB4660 in qFT8b, might be useful for DNA-marker assisted breeding.展开更多
The scoring system BESS （balance errors scoring system）, is a test commonly used by clinical investigators, however there is an increase of studies that couple the BESS system, as a measure of results beyond the sco...The scoring system BESS （balance errors scoring system）, is a test commonly used by clinical investigators, however there is an increase of studies that couple the BESS system, as a measure of results beyond the scope of its original purpose introducing the field of sport, and in our case, as a possible assessment tool balance in physical education. In this paper, the application of BESS Test two different age groups, 5th-grade and 4 semester of high school, college Ypsilanti Puebla was conducted in order to validate it, using the Software ptets to analyze. It conducted a non-random selection of 26 elementary and 26 high school students, 13 men and 13 women in each case. The results were compared in 6 different positions, including 3 on a fiat surface and the other 3 on an implement with an unstable surface, each position must be maintained for 20 seconds. It was obtained as a result; the BESS Test is valid for children 5th-grade, not valid for high school students study.展开更多
Two statistical validation methods were used to evaluate the confidence level of the Total Column Ozone (TCO) measurements recorded by satellite systems measuring simultaneously, one using the normal distribution and ...Two statistical validation methods were used to evaluate the confidence level of the Total Column Ozone (TCO) measurements recorded by satellite systems measuring simultaneously, one using the normal distribution and another using the Mann-Whitney test. First, the reliability of the TCO measurements was studied hemispherically. While similar coincidences and levels of significance > 0.05 were found with the two statistical tests, an enormous variability in the levels of significance throughout the year was also exposed. Then, using the same statistical comparison methods, a latitudinal study was carried out in order to elucidate the geographical distribution that gave rise to this variability. Our study reveals that between the TOMS and OMI measurements in 2005 there was only a coincidence in 50% of the latitudes, which explained the variability. This implies that for 2005, the TOMS measurements are not completely reliable, except between the -50° and -15° latitude band in the southern hemisphere and between +15° and +50° latitude band in the northern hemisphere. In the case of OMI-OMPS, we observe that between 2011 and 2016 the measurements of both satellite systems are reasonably similar with a confidence level higher than 95%. However, in 2017 a band with a width of 20° latitude centered on the equator appeared, in which the significance levels were much less than 0.05, indicating that one of the measurement systems had begun to fail. In 2018, the fault was not only located in the equator, but was also replicated in various bands in the Southern Hemisphere. We interpret this as evidence of irreversible failure in one of the measurement systems.展开更多
Introduction: Cognitive impairment is common in patients with cancer;however, studies examining the adaptation and validation of instruments for use in patients with cancer are scarce. Purpose: The purpose of this stu...Introduction: Cognitive impairment is common in patients with cancer;however, studies examining the adaptation and validation of instruments for use in patients with cancer are scarce. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to validate the Trail Making Test B (TMT-B) for use in patients with cancer. Methods: Ninety-four outpatients receiving palliative treatment and 39 healthy companions were assessed. Patients were tested with the TMT-B and answered questions regarding the presence and intensity of pain, fatigue, quality of sleep, anxiety, and depression, at two time points with a 7-day inter-assessment interval. Results: The instrument discriminated between patients, who were slower, and healthy companions with respect to the time required to complete the test, but not in terms of the number of errors. The test was stable for the healthy companions across the two assessments in terms of time to complete the TMT-B and the number of errors;for patients, the instrument was stable only for the number of errors. Performance on the TMT-B did not correlate with pain, fatigue, depression, anxiety, or sensation of rest. Conclusions: TMT-B cannot be considered fully validated. Further studies incorporating and comparing other instruments evaluating executive function and mental flexibility are needed.展开更多
This paper dwells on the two important factors-reliability and validity in language testing: explain the concepts of reliability and validity; factors influencing reliability and validity; possible ways to achieve hig...This paper dwells on the two important factors-reliability and validity in language testing: explain the concepts of reliability and validity; factors influencing reliability and validity; possible ways to achieve high reliability and validity; comments on the modern language testing tendency on reliability and validity and authors' own ideas.展开更多
Language tests are frequently used as devices to evaluate language learning and teaching; therefore,we must be concerned about the quality—reliability and validity—of our tests.Many researches have showed that the q...Language tests are frequently used as devices to evaluate language learning and teaching; therefore,we must be concerned about the quality—reliability and validity—of our tests.Many researches have showed that the quality of language tests has been decreased owing to the misuse of multiple-choice items.It is necessary to reduce the percentage of objective items in the tests,but what is more important is test writers’ professional skills which can directly affect the quality of the tests. This essay focuses on how to optimize the quality of language tests through the training for test writers. It has become quite urgent and important now,which should involve in familiarizing the writers with basic testing theories,purposes and types of testing,and main specific testing methods.展开更多
基金Supported by Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ethnic Minority Medicine Technology Research Subject of Guizhou Administrative Bureau(QZYY2013-70,QZYY-2014-026)Joint Application of Basic Research Fund of Science and Technology Department o Yunnan Province-Guiyang University of Chinese Medicine(QKHLHZ[2014]7323)~~
文摘[Objective] This study was conducted to establish a microbial limit test method for Bupi Qiangli Ointment. [Method] The conventional method and medium dilution method were used for bacterial, mold and yeast counting in sample recovery test. [Result] The medium dilution method （1：10 test solution, 0.5 ml/plate） could effectively eliminate the inhibition effect of the Bupi Qiangli Ointment, and the recovery of Staphylococcus aureus was greater than 70% in the 3 batches of samples; and the conventional method exhibited the recoveries of E. coil, Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans and Aspergillus greater than 70% in the 3 batches of samples. [Conclusion] Due to Bupi Qiangli Ointment has strongly antibacterial effect on Staphylococcus au- reus, the medium dilution method was used for bacterial counting, and the conventional method was used for mold and yeast counting; and the conventional method was used for controlled bacterium examination of E. coll.
文摘Listening Comprehension test of CET-6 has a great adjustment in its item types and weighting of score since December,2015, however, there have been few researches concerning the validity of newly innovated CET-6 listening comprehension test.This paper tries to explore the construct validity and content validity of it. Based on the comparison between the test contents of lis-tening and the test requirements in CET syllabus,it is found that CET-6 listening shows good content relevance. Structural equa-tion modeling(SEM) was used to investigate the construct validity of CET-6 listening, which demonstrates that it mainly tests stu-dents' ability to understand details and inference, while ignoring socio-linguistic competence and psych-physiological compe-tence. Therefore, certain changes are desirable to increase the validity of the listening part of CET-6.
文摘Language testing is an important link in language teaching,in this paper,the two important criteria of language test the reliability and validity has carried on the detailed elaboration,in order to a language teacher proposition and evaluation test more scientific.
文摘For the purpose of establishing and validating aerodynamic performance predictions at transonic Mach numbers, a wind tunnel test was conducted in the High-Speed Tunnel（HST） of the German-Dutch Wind Tunnels. The test article is the aerodynamic validation model from the Chinese Aeronautical Establishment, which is a full-span scale model representation of a business jet aircraft. The wind tunnel test comprised of parallel deployments of balance, pressures, infrared thermography, and model marker measurement techniques. Dedicated investigations with a dummy support were conducted as well, in order to derive and correct for the interference that the support system imposed on the overall model loads. This enabled the establishment of a comprehensive dataset in which the steady overall model loads, the wing load distribution, the state of the wing boundary layer, and the aeroelastic wing shape were quantified for conditions up to and beyond the cruise Mach number of 0.85.
基金the Consortium for Research and Innovation in Aerospace in Quebec(CRIAQ)the National Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) for their funding of the CRIAQ MDO 505 project
文摘In aircraft wing design,engineers aim to provide the best possible aerodynamic performance under cruise flight conditions in terms of lift-to-drag ratio.Conventional control surfaces such as flaps,ailerons,variable wing sweep and spoilers are used to trim the aircraft for other flight conditions.The appearance of the morphing wing concept launched a new challenge in the area of overall wing and aircraft performance improvement during different flight segments by locally altering the flow over the aircraft＇s wings.This paper describes the development and application of a control system for an actuation mechanism integrated in a new morphing wing structure.The controlled actuation system includes four similar miniature electromechanical actuators disposed in two parallel actuation lines.The experimental model of the morphing wing is based on a full-scale portion of an aircraft wing,which is equipped with an aileron.The upper surface of the wing is a flexible one,being closed to the wing tip;the flexible skin is made of light composite materials.The four actuators are controlled in unison to change the flexible upper surface to improve the flow quality on the upper surface by delaying or advancing the transition point from laminar to turbulent regime.The actuators transform the torque into vertical forces.Their bases are fixed on the wing ribs and their top link arms are attached to supporting plates fixed onto the flexible skin with screws.The actuators push or pull the flexible skin using the necessary torque until the desired vertical displacement of each actuator is achieved.The four vertical displacements of the actuators,correlated with the new shape of the wing,are provided by a database obtained through a preliminary aerodynamic optimization for specific flight conditions.The control system is designed to control the positions of the actuators in real time in order to obtain and to maintain the desired shape of the wing for a specified flight condition.The feasibility and effectiveness of the developed control system by use of a proportional fuzzy feed-forward methodology are demonstrated experimentally through bench and wind tunnel tests of the morphing wing model.
基金Supported by Financial support for this clinical study was provided by GERD Society(Osaka,Japan)
文摘To evaluate the psychometric properties of a newly developed questionnaire,known as the gastroesophageal reflux and dyspepsia therapeutic efficacy and satisfaction test(GERD-TEST),in patients with GERD.METHODSJapanese patients with predominant GERD symptoms recruited according to the Montreal definition were treated for 4 wk using a standard dose of proton pump inhibitor(PPI).The GERD-TEST and the Medical Outcome Study Short Form-8 Health Survey(SF-8)were administered at baseline and after 4 wk of treatment.The GERD-TEST contains three domains:the severity of GERD and functional dyspepsia(FD)symptoms(5 items),the level of dissatisfaction with daily life(DS)(4 items),and the therapeutic efficacy as assessed by the patients and medication compliance(4 items).RESULTSA total of 290 patients were eligible at baseline;198 of these patients completed 4 wk of PPI therapy.The internal consistency reliability as evaluated using the Cronbach’sαvalues for the GERD,FD and DS subscales ranged from 0.75 to 0.82.The scores for the GERD,FD and DS items/subscales were significantly correlated with the physical and mental component summary scores of the SF-8.After 4 wk of PPI treatment,the scores for the GERD items/subscales were greatly reduced,ranging in value from 1.51 to 1.87 and with a large effect size(P<0.0001,Cohen’s d;1.29-1.63).Statistically significant differences in the changes in the scores for the GERD items/subscales were observed between treatment responders and non-responders(P<0.0001).CONCLUSIONThe GERD-TEST has a good reliability,a good convergent and concurrent validity,and is responsive to the effects of treatment.The GERD-TEST is a simple,easy to understand,and multifaceted PRO instrument applicable to both clinical trials and the primary care of GERD patients.
文摘Purpose: To translate the original 28-item Impact of Vision Impairment Profile into Turkish and to investigate its validity and reliability. Methods: Patients with no limitations to respond and affected by a chronic eye disease including retinitis pigmentosa (RP), age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) and diabetic macular edema which cause low vision were enrolled. The Turkish version of the IVI test was administered to all participants. The linguistic translation followed the international guidelines of forward and backward translation. 256 subjects who had a Snellen visual acuity of 6/12 or worse in the eye with best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) completed the Turkish version of the IVI-28 item. Psychometric evaluation of the Turkish IVI test involved the assessment of internal consistency, test-retest reliability, convergent and known-groups validity. Results: The mean (±SD) age of the participants was 53.67 ± 17.22 years. There were 256 patients with one of the following conditions: 105 RP (41%), 77 ARMD (30%), 74 DME (29%). Patients with lower visual acuity (VA) had lower index scores than those with higher VA (p = 0.001), which showed a sufficient responsiveness. Conclusion: Statistical analysis showed that Turkish version of the IVI-28 item is a valid and reliable instrument to measure vision-related quality of life (VRQoL) in patients with low vision.
文摘Technological trends in the automotive industry toward a software-defined and autonomous vehicle require a reassessment of today’s vehicle development process.The validation process soaringly shapes after starting with hardware-in-the-loop testing of control units and reproducing real-world maneuvers and physical interaction chains.Here,the road-to-rig approach offers a vast potential to reduce validation time and costs significantly.The present research study investigates the maneuver reproduction of drivability phenomena at a powertrain test bed.Although drivability phenomena occur in the frequency range of most up to 30∙Hz,the design and characteristics substantially impact the test setup’s validity.By utilization of modal analysis,the influence of the test bed on the mechanical characteristic is shown.Furthermore,the sensitivity of the natural modes of each component,from either specimen or test bed site,is determined.In contrast,the uncertainty of the deployed measurement equipment also affects the validity.Instead of an accuracy class indication,we apply the ISO/IEC Guide 98 to the measurement equipment and the test bed setup to increase the fidelity of the validation task.In conclusion,the present paper contributes to a traceable validity determination of the road-to-rig approach by providing objective metrics and methods.
文摘Flowering time is critically important for crop yield, and detection of its genetic factors with strongly associated DNA markers is necessary in breeding programs. This study was undertaken to validate the quantitative trait loci （QTLs） underlying flowering time of sorghum based on the association between genotypes at SSR marker loci and flowering time in F3 family lines from self-pollinated heterozygous F2 plants developed by crossing between ＂SC112＂---an early flowering variety from Ethiopia and ＂Kikuchi Zairai＂--a late flowering variety from Japan. The results showed that the SSR markers linked to the QTLs on sorghum chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 5b, 7 and 8b were significantly （P 〈 0.05） associated with flowering time, and these markers and the QTLs reported previously are valid. On the other hand, the genotypes at the marker locus SB596 of qFT1-2 on chromosome 1 was not significantly associated with flowering time. The valid DNA markers, SB258 in qFTI-1, SB 1512 in qFT2, SB 1839 in qFT3, SB3369 in qFT5b, SB4096 in qFT7 and SB4540 and SB4660 in qFT8b, might be useful for DNA-marker assisted breeding.
文摘The scoring system BESS （balance errors scoring system）, is a test commonly used by clinical investigators, however there is an increase of studies that couple the BESS system, as a measure of results beyond the scope of its original purpose introducing the field of sport, and in our case, as a possible assessment tool balance in physical education. In this paper, the application of BESS Test two different age groups, 5th-grade and 4 semester of high school, college Ypsilanti Puebla was conducted in order to validate it, using the Software ptets to analyze. It conducted a non-random selection of 26 elementary and 26 high school students, 13 men and 13 women in each case. The results were compared in 6 different positions, including 3 on a fiat surface and the other 3 on an implement with an unstable surface, each position must be maintained for 20 seconds. It was obtained as a result; the BESS Test is valid for children 5th-grade, not valid for high school students study.
文摘Two statistical validation methods were used to evaluate the confidence level of the Total Column Ozone (TCO) measurements recorded by satellite systems measuring simultaneously, one using the normal distribution and another using the Mann-Whitney test. First, the reliability of the TCO measurements was studied hemispherically. While similar coincidences and levels of significance > 0.05 were found with the two statistical tests, an enormous variability in the levels of significance throughout the year was also exposed. Then, using the same statistical comparison methods, a latitudinal study was carried out in order to elucidate the geographical distribution that gave rise to this variability. Our study reveals that between the TOMS and OMI measurements in 2005 there was only a coincidence in 50% of the latitudes, which explained the variability. This implies that for 2005, the TOMS measurements are not completely reliable, except between the -50° and -15° latitude band in the southern hemisphere and between +15° and +50° latitude band in the northern hemisphere. In the case of OMI-OMPS, we observe that between 2011 and 2016 the measurements of both satellite systems are reasonably similar with a confidence level higher than 95%. However, in 2017 a band with a width of 20° latitude centered on the equator appeared, in which the significance levels were much less than 0.05, indicating that one of the measurement systems had begun to fail. In 2018, the fault was not only located in the equator, but was also replicated in various bands in the Southern Hemisphere. We interpret this as evidence of irreversible failure in one of the measurement systems.
基金the Graduate Program in Adult Health Nursing at the University of Sao Paulo’s School of Nursingthe Agency for the Support and Development of Graduate Education(Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior,CAPES)for financing this study
文摘Introduction: Cognitive impairment is common in patients with cancer;however, studies examining the adaptation and validation of instruments for use in patients with cancer are scarce. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to validate the Trail Making Test B (TMT-B) for use in patients with cancer. Methods: Ninety-four outpatients receiving palliative treatment and 39 healthy companions were assessed. Patients were tested with the TMT-B and answered questions regarding the presence and intensity of pain, fatigue, quality of sleep, anxiety, and depression, at two time points with a 7-day inter-assessment interval. Results: The instrument discriminated between patients, who were slower, and healthy companions with respect to the time required to complete the test, but not in terms of the number of errors. The test was stable for the healthy companions across the two assessments in terms of time to complete the TMT-B and the number of errors;for patients, the instrument was stable only for the number of errors. Performance on the TMT-B did not correlate with pain, fatigue, depression, anxiety, or sensation of rest. Conclusions: TMT-B cannot be considered fully validated. Further studies incorporating and comparing other instruments evaluating executive function and mental flexibility are needed.
文摘This paper dwells on the two important factors-reliability and validity in language testing: explain the concepts of reliability and validity; factors influencing reliability and validity; possible ways to achieve high reliability and validity; comments on the modern language testing tendency on reliability and validity and authors' own ideas.
文摘Language tests are frequently used as devices to evaluate language learning and teaching; therefore,we must be concerned about the quality—reliability and validity—of our tests.Many researches have showed that the quality of language tests has been decreased owing to the misuse of multiple-choice items.It is necessary to reduce the percentage of objective items in the tests,but what is more important is test writers’ professional skills which can directly affect the quality of the tests. This essay focuses on how to optimize the quality of language tests through the training for test writers. It has become quite urgent and important now,which should involve in familiarizing the writers with basic testing theories,purposes and types of testing,and main specific testing methods.
