As a financial innovation of the information age,cryptocurrency is a complex concept with clear advantages and disadvantages and is worthy of discussion.Exploring from a terrorism perspective,this study uses the time-...As a financial innovation of the information age,cryptocurrency is a complex concept with clear advantages and disadvantages and is worthy of discussion.Exploring from a terrorism perspective,this study uses the time-varying parameter/stochastic volatil-ity vector autoregression model to explore the risk hedging and terrorist financing capabilities of Bitcoin.Empirical results show that both terrorist incidents and brutality may explain Bitcoin price,but their effects are slightly different.Compared to terrorist brutality,terrorist incidents have a weaker impact on Bitcoin price,showing that Bitcoin investors are more concerned about the number of deaths than the frequency of ter-rorist attacks.In turn,the impact of Bitcoin price on terrorist attacks is negligible.Bitcoin is a potential means of financing terrorism,but it does not currently play an important role.Our research findings can help investors analyze and predict Bitcoin prices and help improve the theoretical system of anti-terrorist financing,helping to maintain world peace and security.展开更多
Terrorism is a global issue and a constant international threat. As a result, anti-terrorism and emergency response strategies are tasks of critical importance that have a direct impact on the national security of eve...Terrorism is a global issue and a constant international threat. As a result, anti-terrorism and emergency response strategies are tasks of critical importance that have a direct impact on the national security of every country in the world. This paper reviews new characteristics of international anti-terrorism measures and offers an in-depth reflection on emergency medical response countermeasures; additionally, this paper presents the goals of related research, which include: 1) to present a model of a highly efficient medical response command; 2) to introduce the pre-planning phases of the emergency medical response; 3) to establish a response system capable of handling various types of terror attacks; 4) to promote anti-terrorism awareness to the general public and emphasize its prevention; and 5) to continue basic investigations into emergency medical responses for various types of terrorist attacks(for example, the classifications and characteristics of new injuries, pathophysiology, prevention and treatment of the resultant stress disorders, improved high-efficiency medical response measures and equipment, etc.).展开更多
Terrorism is a global phenomenon that over the last 44 years more than 140,000 terrorist events have been carried out. In the period from 1970-2001, the five countries with the largest number of terrorist attacks were...Terrorism is a global phenomenon that over the last 44 years more than 140,000 terrorist events have been carried out. In the period from 1970-2001, the five countries with the largest number of terrorist attacks were Colombia, Peru, El Salvador, United Kingdom, and India. On the other hand, in the post-2001 context, the five countries with the largest number of terrorist attacks were Iraq, Pakistan, Afghanistan, India, and Thailand. One method for measuring in an aggregate way, how many people have suffered under terrorist attacks at national level is to analyze the correlation between some national wellbeing indicators and the number of terrorist attacks. The aim of this study is to analyze empirically the correlation between the global terrorist attacks and the countries wellbeing indicators. Five indicators show a strong relationship with the number of terrorist attacks in the case of the four most attacked countries in the post-2001 context. The authors consider that their findings can support the design of new strategies for preventing terrorist activities taking into account certain socio-economic and political drivers. The authors conclude that as such drivers are socio-complex, so it is necessary to adopt the complex adaptive system （CAS） approach to provide a new way of thinking about terrorism.展开更多
Background:The global war on terrorism has prompted an increase in the deployment of security personnel from multi-national forces on foreign lands,especially in places where known terrorist groups are based.The aim o...Background:The global war on terrorism has prompted an increase in the deployment of security personnel from multi-national forces on foreign lands,especially in places where known terrorist groups are based.The aim of this study was to obtain U.S.military and security personnel's perceptions of the possibility of encountering a humanborne with bioagent(HBBA) terrorist at an entry control point(ECP).Methods:This study was a mixed-method,cross-sectional,survey-based,time-limited study.A validated,five-option Likert scale questionnaire with Cronbach's alphas of 0.82 and 0.894 for Constructs 1 and 2 was distributed to over 113 respondents with combat experience.Results:The results indicated that 92.3% of the respondents thought it was possible for a terrorist to employ a biological agent to cause terror; 61.5% claimed it was either possible or very possible,and 26.9% claimed it was somewhat possible for a terrorist carrying a biological agent to successfully breach a combat Forward Operating Bases(FOB) ECP undetected.26.9% of the respondents agreed that "ECP soldiers are knowledgeable about bioagents(BA)",only 15.4% responded that ECP soldiers have effective devices for detecting a BA on a terrorist at an ECP.Conclusion:Despite some limitations,this pre-study tends to indicate that while many U.S.military or security personnel acknowledge the possibility of an HBBA terrorist breach and the vulnerability of U.S.combat post ECPs to a BA breach,the soldiers at the ECPs lack adequate knowledge or devices to effectively detect a BA on a terrorist at an ECP.展开更多
Although terrorist bombings have tormented the world for a long time, currently they have reached unprecedented levels and become a continuous threat without borders, race or age. Almost all of them are caused by impr...Although terrorist bombings have tormented the world for a long time, currently they have reached unprecedented levels and become a continuous threat without borders, race or age. Almost all of them are caused by improvised explosive devices. The unpredictability of the terrorist bombings, leading to simultaneous generation of a large number of casualties and severe "multidimensional" blast trauma require a constant vigilance and preparedness of every hospital worldwide. Approximately 1.0%-2.6% of all trauma patients and 7% of the combat casualties require a massive blood transfusion. Coagulopathy is presented in 65% of them with mortality exceeding 50%. Damage control resuscitation is a novel approach, developed in the military practice for treatment of this subgroup of trauma patients. The comparison with the conventional approach revealed mortality reduction with 40%-74%, lower frequency of abdominal compartment syndrome(8% vs 16%), sepsis(9% vs 20%), multiorgan failure(16% vs 37%) and a significant reduction of resuscitation volumes, both crystalloids and blood products. Damage control surgery(DCS) and damage control resuscitation(DCR) are promising new approaches, contributing for the mortality reduction among the most severely wounded patients. Despite the lack of consensus about the optimal ratio of the blood products and the possible influence of the survival bias, we think that DCR carries survival benefit and recommend it in trauma patients with exsanguinating bleeding.展开更多
To date, few studies have investigated the impact of organizational factors such as organizational status or the rank of firefighters on the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following a terrorist at...To date, few studies have investigated the impact of organizational factors such as organizational status or the rank of firefighters on the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following a terrorist attack. To fill this gap in the scientific literature, this field study aimed to investigate the consequences of terrorist attacks on firefighters’ psychological health in terms of PTSD. Data were collected in France following two terrorist attacks. PTSD was assessed with the PCL-S (DSM-IV) 3 to 6 months after the events. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) with existing PTSD models were inconclusive, leading us to find a two-factor model via an exploratory factor analysis (EFA). A cluster analysis showed different symptom profiles that were influenced by the exposure level. Elements for a structural model explaining PTSD symptoms are proposed and suggest a central role of the exposure level. Firefighters I/II represented an at-risk sub-population, suggesting that PTSD was mainly experienced among those who performed tasks not common to their occupation.展开更多
Existing simulations of terrorist attacks do not consider individual variations.To overcome this lim-itation,we propose a framework to model heterogeneous behavior of individuals during terrorist attacks.We constructe...Existing simulations of terrorist attacks do not consider individual variations.To overcome this lim-itation,we propose a framework to model heterogeneous behavior of individuals during terrorist attacks.We constructed an emotional model that integrated personality and visual perception for pedestrians.The emotional model was then integrated with pedestrian relationship networks to establish a decision-making model that sup-ported pedestrians’altruistic behaviors.A mapping model has been developed to correlate antisocial personality traits with attack strategies employed by terrorists.Experiments demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can generate practical heterogeneous behaviors that align with existing psychological research findings.展开更多
Social media are interactive computer mediated technology that facilitates the sharing of information via virtual communities and networks. And Twitter is one of the most popular social media for social interaction an...Social media are interactive computer mediated technology that facilitates the sharing of information via virtual communities and networks. And Twitter is one of the most popular social media for social interaction and microblogging. This paper introduces an improved system model to analyze twitter data and detect terrorist attack event. In this model, a ternary search is used to find the weights of predefined keywords and the Aho-Corasick algorithm is applied to perform pattern matching and assign the weight which is the main contribution of this paper. Weights are categorized into three categories: Terror attack, Severe Terror Attack and Normal Data and the weights are used as attributes for classification. K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) are two machine learning algorithms used to predict whether a terror attack happened or not. We compare the accuracy with our actual data by using confusion matrix and measure whether our result is right or wrong and the achieved result shows that the proposed model performs better.展开更多
The authors present a methodology and an example of preparing an order of merit list to rank terrorist based upon decision maker weights. This research used an old terrorist data set as our base data to keep the infor...The authors present a methodology and an example of preparing an order of merit list to rank terrorist based upon decision maker weights. This research used an old terrorist data set as our base data to keep the information unclassified. This data is used to demonstrate this methodology. The authors perform numerical iterative criteria weight sensitivity analysis to show the effects on the model’s outputs in changes in the weights. Through their analysis the most critical criterion is identified.展开更多
Introduction: In December 2021, Beninese soldiers were victims of armed terrorist attacks. This study aims to determine the psychological impact of the events experienced on the victims in order to better prevent post...Introduction: In December 2021, Beninese soldiers were victims of armed terrorist attacks. This study aims to determine the psychological impact of the events experienced on the victims in order to better prevent post-traumatic stress disorder. Materials and methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted from December 13 to 14, 2021, i.e. 12 days after the oldest event and 4 days after the most recent. The experience of the event was assessed with the Peritraumatic Distress Inventory and the Peritraumatic Dissociation Experiences Questionnaire. Symptoms experienced in the hours and days after the event were assessed with the Revised Event Impact Scale. Results: 36 soldiers were included out of the 38 survivors, i.e. 94.73%. They were 51.43% victims of the night assault, 37.14% of the ambush on patrol and 11.43% of the explosion of vehicle on mine, all male. The average age was 31 years with extremes of 25 and 49 years. The 25 - 30 year olds predominated, 52.78%. 100% of soldiers had significant peritraumatic dissociation, of which 94.44% also had significant peritraumatic distress. 100% of the soldiers had manifestations of intrusion, 89% of manifestations of avoidance and 83% of manifestations of hyperexcitation. 88.89% had an index for acute stress including 100% of victims of night assault and vehicle explosion on mine. Conclusion: This study shows a high prevalence of peritraumatic reactions, recognized factors favoring post-traumatic stress disorder, and the interest of their evaluation for medical and psychological help adapted to the victims.展开更多
Terrorist attacks represent a significant threat to national order,social stability,and economic security.Accurate prediction of such attacks is a critical task for casualty reduction,enhanced decision-making,and opti...Terrorist attacks represent a significant threat to national order,social stability,and economic security.Accurate prediction of such attacks is a critical task for casualty reduction,enhanced decision-making,and optimal resource distribution in counter-terrorism efforts.This paper introduces an innovative spatio-temporal fusion framework that combines graph convolutional network(GCN)with long short-term memory(LSTM)models.By capturing and merging spatio-temporal features from relevant events,the proposed GCN-LSTM model achieves remarkable accuracy in predicting terrorist attacks.The experimental results demonstrate outstanding perfor-mance,with the model attaining minimal RMSE and MAE values of 0.037 and 0.031,respectively,surpassing all baseline models(LSTM,GCN,and CNN-LSTM-Transformer).Through its effective interpretation of complex spatio-temporal patterns underlying terrorist attacks,our model substantially enhances the predictive accuracy across diverse time horizons.These findings carry crucial implications for enhancing counter-terrorism strategies.展开更多
The terrorist attacks of November 2015 led to the immediate death of 129 victims admitted to the Legal and Forensic Medicine Institute of Paris,including 41 unidentified.During the Disaster Victim Identification(DVI)o...The terrorist attacks of November 2015 led to the immediate death of 129 victims admitted to the Legal and Forensic Medicine Institute of Paris,including 41 unidentified.During the Disaster Victim Identification(DVI)operations,22 bodies were examined by the postmortem(PM)dental team with the aim of establishing PM odontograms.At the same time,the dental expert in the antemortem(AM)unit collected a large number of dental files,progressively filtered as the list of missing persons became reduced.Feedback from these events has highlighted the difficulties of implementing the DVI chain principles in a legal framework,published the day before the attacks,and also the technical complexity of collecting dental data on a week end of terror.The return on experience after this event has represented a paradigm shift on previous methods of DVI in Paris and even more in France.Indeed,the victim identification procedure was redesigned,integrating new technical means such as a CT scan directly on spot,allowing the extraction of maxillofacial data as soon as possible in order to support the PM dental examination team.Moreover,the National Dental Council proceeded to the overall remodeling of the dental identification unit,which is composed of trained members,from local,regional and national aspects.These forensic experts are dedicated,at the request of the legal authorities,to DVI operations and deployed throughout the country capable of managing AM and PM data.This unit aims also to share experiences and awarenessraising among health professionals and investigators in order to optimize a better submission of AM elements and also to enhance the major interest of odontology as a primary identifier in disaster.展开更多
基金supported by Strategic Economy Interdisciplinarity(Beijing Universities Advanced Disciplines Initiative,No.GJJ2019163)CUFE Postgraduate students support program for the integration of research and teaching。
文摘As a financial innovation of the information age,cryptocurrency is a complex concept with clear advantages and disadvantages and is worthy of discussion.Exploring from a terrorism perspective,this study uses the time-varying parameter/stochastic volatil-ity vector autoregression model to explore the risk hedging and terrorist financing capabilities of Bitcoin.Empirical results show that both terrorist incidents and brutality may explain Bitcoin price,but their effects are slightly different.Compared to terrorist brutality,terrorist incidents have a weaker impact on Bitcoin price,showing that Bitcoin investors are more concerned about the number of deaths than the frequency of ter-rorist attacks.In turn,the impact of Bitcoin price on terrorist attacks is negligible.Bitcoin is a potential means of financing terrorism,but it does not currently play an important role.Our research findings can help investors analyze and predict Bitcoin prices and help improve the theoretical system of anti-terrorist financing,helping to maintain world peace and security.
文摘Terrorism is a global issue and a constant international threat. As a result, anti-terrorism and emergency response strategies are tasks of critical importance that have a direct impact on the national security of every country in the world. This paper reviews new characteristics of international anti-terrorism measures and offers an in-depth reflection on emergency medical response countermeasures; additionally, this paper presents the goals of related research, which include: 1) to present a model of a highly efficient medical response command; 2) to introduce the pre-planning phases of the emergency medical response; 3) to establish a response system capable of handling various types of terror attacks; 4) to promote anti-terrorism awareness to the general public and emphasize its prevention; and 5) to continue basic investigations into emergency medical responses for various types of terrorist attacks(for example, the classifications and characteristics of new injuries, pathophysiology, prevention and treatment of the resultant stress disorders, improved high-efficiency medical response measures and equipment, etc.).
文摘Terrorism is a global phenomenon that over the last 44 years more than 140,000 terrorist events have been carried out. In the period from 1970-2001, the five countries with the largest number of terrorist attacks were Colombia, Peru, El Salvador, United Kingdom, and India. On the other hand, in the post-2001 context, the five countries with the largest number of terrorist attacks were Iraq, Pakistan, Afghanistan, India, and Thailand. One method for measuring in an aggregate way, how many people have suffered under terrorist attacks at national level is to analyze the correlation between some national wellbeing indicators and the number of terrorist attacks. The aim of this study is to analyze empirically the correlation between the global terrorist attacks and the countries wellbeing indicators. Five indicators show a strong relationship with the number of terrorist attacks in the case of the four most attacked countries in the post-2001 context. The authors consider that their findings can support the design of new strategies for preventing terrorist activities taking into account certain socio-economic and political drivers. The authors conclude that as such drivers are socio-complex, so it is necessary to adopt the complex adaptive system （CAS） approach to provide a new way of thinking about terrorism.
文摘Background:The global war on terrorism has prompted an increase in the deployment of security personnel from multi-national forces on foreign lands,especially in places where known terrorist groups are based.The aim of this study was to obtain U.S.military and security personnel's perceptions of the possibility of encountering a humanborne with bioagent(HBBA) terrorist at an entry control point(ECP).Methods:This study was a mixed-method,cross-sectional,survey-based,time-limited study.A validated,five-option Likert scale questionnaire with Cronbach's alphas of 0.82 and 0.894 for Constructs 1 and 2 was distributed to over 113 respondents with combat experience.Results:The results indicated that 92.3% of the respondents thought it was possible for a terrorist to employ a biological agent to cause terror; 61.5% claimed it was either possible or very possible,and 26.9% claimed it was somewhat possible for a terrorist carrying a biological agent to successfully breach a combat Forward Operating Bases(FOB) ECP undetected.26.9% of the respondents agreed that "ECP soldiers are knowledgeable about bioagents(BA)",only 15.4% responded that ECP soldiers have effective devices for detecting a BA on a terrorist at an ECP.Conclusion:Despite some limitations,this pre-study tends to indicate that while many U.S.military or security personnel acknowledge the possibility of an HBBA terrorist breach and the vulnerability of U.S.combat post ECPs to a BA breach,the soldiers at the ECPs lack adequate knowledge or devices to effectively detect a BA on a terrorist at an ECP.
文摘Although terrorist bombings have tormented the world for a long time, currently they have reached unprecedented levels and become a continuous threat without borders, race or age. Almost all of them are caused by improvised explosive devices. The unpredictability of the terrorist bombings, leading to simultaneous generation of a large number of casualties and severe "multidimensional" blast trauma require a constant vigilance and preparedness of every hospital worldwide. Approximately 1.0%-2.6% of all trauma patients and 7% of the combat casualties require a massive blood transfusion. Coagulopathy is presented in 65% of them with mortality exceeding 50%. Damage control resuscitation is a novel approach, developed in the military practice for treatment of this subgroup of trauma patients. The comparison with the conventional approach revealed mortality reduction with 40%-74%, lower frequency of abdominal compartment syndrome(8% vs 16%), sepsis(9% vs 20%), multiorgan failure(16% vs 37%) and a significant reduction of resuscitation volumes, both crystalloids and blood products. Damage control surgery(DCS) and damage control resuscitation(DCR) are promising new approaches, contributing for the mortality reduction among the most severely wounded patients. Despite the lack of consensus about the optimal ratio of the blood products and the possible influence of the survival bias, we think that DCR carries survival benefit and recommend it in trauma patients with exsanguinating bleeding.
文摘To date, few studies have investigated the impact of organizational factors such as organizational status or the rank of firefighters on the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following a terrorist attack. To fill this gap in the scientific literature, this field study aimed to investigate the consequences of terrorist attacks on firefighters’ psychological health in terms of PTSD. Data were collected in France following two terrorist attacks. PTSD was assessed with the PCL-S (DSM-IV) 3 to 6 months after the events. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) with existing PTSD models were inconclusive, leading us to find a two-factor model via an exploratory factor analysis (EFA). A cluster analysis showed different symptom profiles that were influenced by the exposure level. Elements for a structural model explaining PTSD symptoms are proposed and suggest a central role of the exposure level. Firefighters I/II represented an at-risk sub-population, suggesting that PTSD was mainly experienced among those who performed tasks not common to their occupation.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(LZ23F020005)Ningbo Science Technology Plan projects(2022Z077 and 2021S091).
文摘Existing simulations of terrorist attacks do not consider individual variations.To overcome this lim-itation,we propose a framework to model heterogeneous behavior of individuals during terrorist attacks.We constructed an emotional model that integrated personality and visual perception for pedestrians.The emotional model was then integrated with pedestrian relationship networks to establish a decision-making model that sup-ported pedestrians’altruistic behaviors.A mapping model has been developed to correlate antisocial personality traits with attack strategies employed by terrorists.Experiments demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can generate practical heterogeneous behaviors that align with existing psychological research findings.
文摘Social media are interactive computer mediated technology that facilitates the sharing of information via virtual communities and networks. And Twitter is one of the most popular social media for social interaction and microblogging. This paper introduces an improved system model to analyze twitter data and detect terrorist attack event. In this model, a ternary search is used to find the weights of predefined keywords and the Aho-Corasick algorithm is applied to perform pattern matching and assign the weight which is the main contribution of this paper. Weights are categorized into three categories: Terror attack, Severe Terror Attack and Normal Data and the weights are used as attributes for classification. K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) are two machine learning algorithms used to predict whether a terror attack happened or not. We compare the accuracy with our actual data by using confusion matrix and measure whether our result is right or wrong and the achieved result shows that the proposed model performs better.
文摘The authors present a methodology and an example of preparing an order of merit list to rank terrorist based upon decision maker weights. This research used an old terrorist data set as our base data to keep the information unclassified. This data is used to demonstrate this methodology. The authors perform numerical iterative criteria weight sensitivity analysis to show the effects on the model’s outputs in changes in the weights. Through their analysis the most critical criterion is identified.
文摘Introduction: In December 2021, Beninese soldiers were victims of armed terrorist attacks. This study aims to determine the psychological impact of the events experienced on the victims in order to better prevent post-traumatic stress disorder. Materials and methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted from December 13 to 14, 2021, i.e. 12 days after the oldest event and 4 days after the most recent. The experience of the event was assessed with the Peritraumatic Distress Inventory and the Peritraumatic Dissociation Experiences Questionnaire. Symptoms experienced in the hours and days after the event were assessed with the Revised Event Impact Scale. Results: 36 soldiers were included out of the 38 survivors, i.e. 94.73%. They were 51.43% victims of the night assault, 37.14% of the ambush on patrol and 11.43% of the explosion of vehicle on mine, all male. The average age was 31 years with extremes of 25 and 49 years. The 25 - 30 year olds predominated, 52.78%. 100% of soldiers had significant peritraumatic dissociation, of which 94.44% also had significant peritraumatic distress. 100% of the soldiers had manifestations of intrusion, 89% of manifestations of avoidance and 83% of manifestations of hyperexcitation. 88.89% had an index for acute stress including 100% of victims of night assault and vehicle explosion on mine. Conclusion: This study shows a high prevalence of peritraumatic reactions, recognized factors favoring post-traumatic stress disorder, and the interest of their evaluation for medical and psychological help adapted to the victims.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,grant number 72274208.
文摘Terrorist attacks represent a significant threat to national order,social stability,and economic security.Accurate prediction of such attacks is a critical task for casualty reduction,enhanced decision-making,and optimal resource distribution in counter-terrorism efforts.This paper introduces an innovative spatio-temporal fusion framework that combines graph convolutional network(GCN)with long short-term memory(LSTM)models.By capturing and merging spatio-temporal features from relevant events,the proposed GCN-LSTM model achieves remarkable accuracy in predicting terrorist attacks.The experimental results demonstrate outstanding perfor-mance,with the model attaining minimal RMSE and MAE values of 0.037 and 0.031,respectively,surpassing all baseline models(LSTM,GCN,and CNN-LSTM-Transformer).Through its effective interpretation of complex spatio-temporal patterns underlying terrorist attacks,our model substantially enhances the predictive accuracy across diverse time horizons.These findings carry crucial implications for enhancing counter-terrorism strategies.
文摘The terrorist attacks of November 2015 led to the immediate death of 129 victims admitted to the Legal and Forensic Medicine Institute of Paris,including 41 unidentified.During the Disaster Victim Identification(DVI)operations,22 bodies were examined by the postmortem(PM)dental team with the aim of establishing PM odontograms.At the same time,the dental expert in the antemortem(AM)unit collected a large number of dental files,progressively filtered as the list of missing persons became reduced.Feedback from these events has highlighted the difficulties of implementing the DVI chain principles in a legal framework,published the day before the attacks,and also the technical complexity of collecting dental data on a week end of terror.The return on experience after this event has represented a paradigm shift on previous methods of DVI in Paris and even more in France.Indeed,the victim identification procedure was redesigned,integrating new technical means such as a CT scan directly on spot,allowing the extraction of maxillofacial data as soon as possible in order to support the PM dental examination team.Moreover,the National Dental Council proceeded to the overall remodeling of the dental identification unit,which is composed of trained members,from local,regional and national aspects.These forensic experts are dedicated,at the request of the legal authorities,to DVI operations and deployed throughout the country capable of managing AM and PM data.This unit aims also to share experiences and awarenessraising among health professionals and investigators in order to optimize a better submission of AM elements and also to enhance the major interest of odontology as a primary identifier in disaster.
