Studies on behavioral flexibility in response to habitat differences and degradation are crucial for developing conservation strategies for endangered species.Trachypithecus species inhabit various habitats and displa...Studies on behavioral flexibility in response to habitat differences and degradation are crucial for developing conservation strategies for endangered species.Trachypithecus species inhabit various habitats and display different patterns of strata use;however,the effect of habitat structure on strata use remains poorly studied.Here,we investigated strata use patterns of Indo-Chinese gray langurs(Trachypithecus crepusculus)in a primary evergreen forest in Mt.Wuliang,southwest China,from June2012 to January 2016.In addition,we compared T.crepusculus strata use and terrestriality with five other Trachypithecus species from previous studies.Unlike langurs living in karst forests,our study group was typically arboreal and spent only 2.9%of time on the ground.The group showed a preference for higher strata when resting and lower strata(<20 m)when moving.The langurs primarily used time on the ground for geophagy,but otherwise avoided the ground during feeding.These strata use patterns are similar to those of limestone langurs(T.francoisi)when using continuous forests.At the genus level(n=6 species),we found a negative relationship between habitat forest cover and terrestriality.This negative relationship was also true for the five limestone langur species,implying limestone langurs increase territoriality in response to decreased forest cover.Our results document behavioral flexibility in strata use of Trachypithecus langurs and highlight the importance of the protection of continuous forests to promote langur conservation.展开更多
Microplastics(MPs)are ubiquitous and pose an environmental risk.This review examined MP pollution in terrestrial ecosystems from a myriad of poorly understood sources.Knowledge regarding the occurrence sources,migrati...Microplastics(MPs)are ubiquitous and pose an environmental risk.This review examined MP pollution in terrestrial ecosystems from a myriad of poorly understood sources.Knowledge regarding the occurrence sources,migration behaviors,ecotoxicology,absorption mechanisms,and effects of MPs has also been fully summarized.Microplastics interact with contaminants,such as antibiotics,pesticides,heavy metals,etc.,and may act as vectors for contaminant transfer in terrestrial ecosystems.The transportation and retention of MPs in soil are governed by interactions among their inherent properties,such as size,shape,surface charge,and density.Interestingly,MP migration into soil is lacking research.The MPs and nanoplastics were also found in edible fruits and vegetables.The MP contamination in soil affects ecosystems,causing soil structure changes,fertility reduction,and pollutant leaching into groundwater.The MP concentration lies in the range of 43-2443 and 40-43000 items kg-1in agricultural and urban soils,respectively.This review provides a comprehensive roadmap for future research and a framework for soil MP risk assessment.Future studies on the uptake,accumulation,and translocation of MPs and their associated toxins by plants are essential for evaluating their risks to food security and human health.Research on MPs in terrestrial habitats lacks comprehensive data on their long-term persistence,degradation pathways,and interactions with soil components under varying environmental conditions.Additionally,limited understanding exists regarding MP impacts on soil biodiversity,pollutant mobility,and plant uptake,highlighting the need for innovative detection methods and effective pollution abatement strategies.展开更多
Acrylamide(AA)is a common carcinogen that affects the development and function of the central nervous system(CNS).At present,the toxic injuries of common AA are mainly divided into acute and chronic attacks,and the da...Acrylamide(AA)is a common carcinogen that affects the development and function of the central nervous system(CNS).At present,the toxic injuries of common AA are mainly divided into acute and chronic attacks,and the damage caused to the CNS is different.To investigate whether different doses of AA have different effects on brain cells,we performed single-nucleus RNA sequencing of the brain.The findings indicated that short-term high-dose(acute)AA directly disrupted protein synthesis and protein structure stability on the endoplasmic reticulum.Additionally,acute AA was observed to downregulate genes that inhibit apoptosis and autophagy,promote apoptosis,accelerate cell aging,and affect cell function in glial cells(Glia).Longterm low-dose(chronic)AA exposure elevated Ca^(2+)concentration,increased protein autophosphorylation,and induced mitochondrial dysfunction,resulting in impaired axonal transport and disrupted metabolism of Kenyon cells(KCs).These findings highlight the cell type-specific effects of AA,where acute exposure disrupts Glia protein homeostasis,and chronic exposure impairs calcium signaling and axonal transport in KCs.Such results deepen our understanding of AA-induced neurotoxicity and lay the groundwork for developing targeted therapeutic strategies to mitigate its effects on the CNS.展开更多
Trentepohliales is a completely terrestrial order within Ulvophyceae(the core Chlorophyta),and its closely related lineages are mainly marine macroalgae(green seaweeds).Despite the considerable interest in their biote...Trentepohliales is a completely terrestrial order within Ulvophyceae(the core Chlorophyta),and its closely related lineages are mainly marine macroalgae(green seaweeds).Despite the considerable interest in their biotechnological potential,little is known about their adaptations to challenging terrestrial habitats.Here,we assemble the high-quality reference genome of Trentepohlia odorata.This alga shows duplications of key genes associated with lipid metabolism and carotenoid synthesis,potentially facilitating intracellular accumulation of lipid droplets and carotenoids.We further reveal positive selection and expansion of gene families involved in vesicle trafficking and cell division regulation in T.odorata compared with other algae(cleavage furrow-mediated cell division)in Ulvophyceae,providing a genetic foundation for the evolution of phragmoplast-mediated cell division.The combined C_(4)-like and biophysical CO_(2)-concentrating mechanisms(CCMs)of T.odorata enable adaptation to fluctuating CO_(2) environments,and support efficient photosynthesis under CO_(2)-limited conditions.Adaptive strategies of T.odorata to terrestrial stressors,such as drought,intense light,and UV-B radiation,include horizontally acquired genes involved in cell wall synthesis and remodeling,homeostasis of aldehydes,and expanded genes associated with reactive oxygen species(ROS),DNA repair,and photoprotection.Our study provides a valuable genomic resource for studying aerial algae and improves understanding of plant terrestrialization.展开更多
Accurately assessing the carbon sequestration capacity of forests is crucial for mitigating climate change.Traditional methods for estimating Gross Primary Productivity(GPP)of vegetation involve significant uncertaint...Accurately assessing the carbon sequestration capacity of forests is crucial for mitigating climate change.Traditional methods for estimating Gross Primary Productivity(GPP)of vegetation involve significant uncertainties.As a novel remote sensing approach,Solar-Induced chlorophyll Fluorescence(SIF)is directly related to photosynthesis and has demonstrated strong correlations with GPP across various ecosystems,climate zones,and spatial scales.Current GPP estimation methods based on SIF include Light Use Efficiency(LUE)models,the SCOPE process models,and the latest mechanistic light response(MLR)models.Future research should focus on improving the mechanistic understanding of SIF-related processes and promoting the integration of multi-source remote sensing data with SIF-based modeling to enhance the accuracy and universality of GPP estimation.展开更多
This paper systematically analyzes the reservoir-forming characteristics and cretaceous shale oil types in four major hydrocarbon-generating sags(Qingxi,Ying'er,Huahai,and Shida)of the Jiuquan Basin,based on the d...This paper systematically analyzes the reservoir-forming characteristics and cretaceous shale oil types in four major hydrocarbon-generating sags(Qingxi,Ying'er,Huahai,and Shida)of the Jiuquan Basin,based on the data of experiments for microscopic and geochemical analysis of reservoirs.The hydrothermal alteration-induced reservoir-forming model and its reservoir-controlling effect in the Qingxi Sag are discussed,and the exploration potential of shale oil in these four sags are evaluated.(1)The Qingxi Sag is widely developed with mud shale,dolomitic shale,and laminated argillaceous dolomite in the Cretaceous,which can be defined as mixed shale as a whole.The source rocks in this area are of good quality and high maturity,formed in a saline water sedimentary environment,and rich in dolomite,with a strong hydrocarbon generation capacity and excellent oil generation conditions.The reservoir space has been significantly modified by hydrothermal process,with well-developed dissolution pores and microfractures,recording favorable reservoir conditions for shale oil enrichment.Overall,this sag has large reservoir thickness and large resource volume,making it the most realistic shale oil exploration target in the Jiuquan Basin.However,it faces challenges such as great burial depth(deeper than 4500 m)and strong tectonic stress.(2)The Ying'er,Huahai,and Shida sags all feature sand-mud interbeds consisting of fan delta front thin sandbodies and lacustrine mud shale in the Cretaceous,having good source rock quality and favorable conditions for interbedded-type shale oil accumulation.The source rocks are insufficient in thermal evolution degree and unevenly distributed,and favorable shale oil resources are mainly endowed near the center of the sags.Reservoirs are primarily composed of siltstone to fine sandstone,suggesting relatively good reservoir conditions,generally with small burial depth(3000-4000 m)and the possibility of local sweet spots.It is noted that the Ying'er Sag has already produced low-mature to mature oil,qualifying it as a near-term realistic shale oil exploration area.展开更多
The identification of rock mass hazard sources is fundamental for preventing rockfall and landslide disasters in mountainous regions,with rock mass structural characteristics playing a vital role in hazard assessment....The identification of rock mass hazard sources is fundamental for preventing rockfall and landslide disasters in mountainous regions,with rock mass structural characteristics playing a vital role in hazard assessment.In this study,terrestrial laser scanning(TLS)and unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)technologies were integrated to enhance the evaluation methodology for rock mass hazard sources,focusing on the Sichuan Yanjiang Expressway project in China.The findings demonstrate that TLS-UAV technology enhanced both spatial coverage and data density in slope modeling.Through integrated algorithmic analysis,rock discontinuities within heterogeneous datasets were systematically identified,enabling quantitative extraction and statistical analysis of key geometric parameters,including orientation,trace length,spacing,and roughness.Furthermore,quantitative models were developed for cohesion,friction angle and the morphology parameter M of in situ discontinuities,respectively,facilitating efficient mechanical parameter acquisition.A novel rock mass hazard index(RHI)was developed incorporating discontinuity geometric rating(DGR),discontinuity mechanical rating(DMR),and slope mass rating(SMR).Field validation confirmed the methodology's effectiveness in evaluating risk levels and spatial heterogeneity of rock mass hazard sources,revealing the contribution of different discontinuity sets to the rock mass hazard and identifying the primary discontinuity sets controlling instability mechanisms.This study is of great significance for evaluating discontinuity-controlled rock mass hazard sources and preventing rockfall disasters.展开更多
Climate change and anthropogenic activities have driven significant terrestrial water storage changes(TWSC)in the Three Rivers Source Region(TRSR),exerting profound impacts on freshwater availability across China and ...Climate change and anthropogenic activities have driven significant terrestrial water storage changes(TWSC)in the Three Rivers Source Region(TRSR),exerting profound impacts on freshwater availability across China and broader Asia.However,long-term TWSC characterization remains challenging due to limited observational data in this alpine region.Here,we integrate GRACE observations(2002-2020),ERA5-Land reanalysis,and GLDAS data to reconstruct TWSC using two methods:(1)the water balance method(PER)and(2)the component summation method(SS),applied to three input datasets(ERA5-Land,GLDAS,and their average,GLER).Comparative analysis reveals that the SS method applied to GL-ER yields the highest consistency with GRACE-derived TWSC.Using this optimal approach,we extend the analysis to 1951~2020,uncovering spatiotemporal TWSC patterns.Although annual TWSC trends appear negligible due to strong seasonality,we introduce the intra-year TWSC fluctuation(TWSCF)index to quantify cumulative variability.A significant(p<0.05)transition occurred in 1980,with TWSCF shifting from a declining trend(-0.39 mm/yr)to an increasing trend(0.56 mm/yr),primarily driven by soil moisture changes.However,Hurst exponent analysis suggests this upward trend may not persist.Drought and vegetation assessments indicate concurrent wetting and greening in the TRSR.TWSC correlates strongly with meteorological drought,acting as a reliable drought indicator while its linkage with vegetation dynamics suggests a potential contribution to greening.Our findings provide a robust framework for understanding long-term TWSC evolution and its hydrological-ecological interactions under climate change.展开更多
Clarifying the mechanisms through which coal mining affects groundwater storage(GWS)variations is crucial for water resource conservation and sustainable development.The Ordos Mining Region in China,a key energy base ...Clarifying the mechanisms through which coal mining affects groundwater storage(GWS)variations is crucial for water resource conservation and sustainable development.The Ordos Mining Region in China,a key energy base in China with significant strategic importance,has undergone intensive coal mining activities that have substantially disrupted regional groundwater circulation.This study integrated data from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Satellite(GRACE)and Famine Early Warning Systems Network(FEWS NET)Land Data Assimilation System(FLDAS)models,combined with weighted downscaling methodology and water balance principles,to reconstruct high-resolution(0.01°)terrestrial water storage(TWS)and GWS changes in the Ordos Mining Region,China from April 2002 to December 2021.The accuracy of GWS variations were validated through pumping test measurements.Subsequently,Geodetector analysis was implemented to quantify the contributions of natural and anthropogenic factors to groundwater storage dynamics.Key findings include:1)TWS in the study area showed a fluctuating but overall decreasing trend,with a total reduction of 8901.11 mm during study period.The most significant annual decrease occurred in 2021,reaching 1696.77 mm.2)GWS exhibited an accelerated decline,with an average annual change rate of 44.35 mm/yr,totaling a decrease of 887.05 mm.The lowest annual groundwater storage level was recorded in 2020,reaching 185.69 mm.3)Precipitation(PRE)contributed the most to GWS variation(q=0.52),followed by coal mining water consumption(MWS)(q=0.41).The interaction between PRE and MWS exhibited a nonlinear enhancement effect on GWS changes(0.54).The synergistic effect of natural hydrological factors has a great influence on the change of GWS,but coal mining water consumption will continue to reduce GWS.These findings provide critical references for the management and regulation of groundwater resource in mining regions.展开更多
Space-Terrestrial Integrated 6G Network:Architecture,Networking,and Transmission Technologies With the large-scale deployment of satellite constellations such as Starlink and the rapid advancement of technologies incl...Space-Terrestrial Integrated 6G Network:Architecture,Networking,and Transmission Technologies With the large-scale deployment of satellite constellations such as Starlink and the rapid advancement of technologies including artificial intelligence(AI)and non-terrestrial networks(NTNs),the integration of high,medium,and low Earth orbit satellite networks with terrestrial networks has become a critical direction for future communication technologies.展开更多
With the large-scale deployment of satellite constellations such as Starlink and the rapid advancement of technologies including artificial intelligence (AI) and non-terrestrial networks (NTNs), the integration of hig...With the large-scale deployment of satellite constellations such as Starlink and the rapid advancement of technologies including artificial intelligence (AI) and non-terrestrial networks (NTNs), the integration of high, medium, and low Earth orbit satellite networks with terrestrial networks has become a critical direction for future communication technologies. The objective is to develop a space-terrestrial integrated 6G network that ensures ubiquitous connectivity and seamless services, facilitating intelligent interconnection and collaborative symbiosis among humans, machines, and objects. This integration has become a central focus of global technological innovation.展开更多
Oil tanks are essential components of the oil industry, facilitating the safe storage and transportation of crude oil. Safely managing oil tanks is a crucial aspect of environmental protection. Oil tanks are often use...Oil tanks are essential components of the oil industry, facilitating the safe storage and transportation of crude oil. Safely managing oil tanks is a crucial aspect of environmental protection. Oil tanks are often used under extreme operational conditions, including dynamic loads, temperature variations, etc., which may result in unpredictable deformations that can cause severe damage or tank collapses. Therefore, it is essential to establish a monitoring system to prevent and predict potential deformations. Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) has played a significant role in oil tank monitoring over the past decades. However, the full extent of TLS capabilities for oil tank monitoring has not yet been thoroughly investigated. This study aims to evaluate TLS’s abilities in detecting deformations of oil tanks under various operating conditions. The paper has two objectives: first, to examine the deformations of two vertical oil tanks over six years, and second, to investigate potential deformations of the tanks’ surfaces during filling. Each tank was scanned three times—in the years 2015, 2016, and 2021. Mathematical models and appropriate software were developed to determine the achievable accuracy of TLS monitoring. The anticipated monitoring accuracy was simulated based on the design parameters of the oil tanks. This accuracy was subsequently used to differentiate between deformations and measurement errors. The tank surface was approximated utilizing the cylinder equation for each monitoring epoch. Additionally, deformations were analyzed at different cross-sections with the appropriate circular approximations. The results indicated that both tanks exhibited no significant deformations within a range of less than 20 mm. For the empty tanks, the average radius decreased by 4 mm, without any changes in shape. The total spatial inclination of the oil tanks was calculated using cylinder equations at different monitoring epochs. In the final stage, the observed deformations were employed to simulate the strain-stress conditions of the oil tanks. Thus, this paper presents a complex technology and the results of oil tank monitoring by TLS under various operating conditions.展开更多
Exoplanet imaging using the solar gravitational lens is an enticing prospect.The fundamental physical properties of the lens,including its angular resolution and light amplification,promise exceptional capabilities.Th...Exoplanet imaging using the solar gravitational lens is an enticing prospect.The fundamental physical properties of the lens,including its angular resolution and light amplification,promise exceptional capabilities.These expectations,however,are tempered by the realization of numerous challenges,including imperfections of the lens itself,noise sources,the properties of the imaging target and difficult technical issues.We discuss,in particular,a subject not previously addressed,the impact of temporally varying surface features,notably a variable cloud cover,obscuring the target exoplanet.This has a substantial detrimental effect on image recovery,leading to our cautious assessment of the practical feasibility of using the Sun’s gravitational field as an effective telescope.展开更多
In the context of global warming, the increasing wildfire frequency has become a critical climate research focus in North America. This study used the Community Earth System Model(CESM 1.2) to investigate the impacts ...In the context of global warming, the increasing wildfire frequency has become a critical climate research focus in North America. This study used the Community Earth System Model(CESM 1.2) to investigate the impacts of 20thcentury wildfires on North American climate and hydrology. Summer represents the peak wildfire season in North America, with the Gulf of Mexico and Midwest regions experiencing the most severe effects. Wildfires not only damage vegetation during the fire season but also extend prolonged impacts into non-fire periods, showing distinct seasonal variations. In spring, wildfires increase surface albedo, triggering a cooling effect through enhanced snow cover and delayed snowmelt. Conversely, summer and autumn surface warming stems primarily from wildfire-suppressed vegetation transpiration. Warming near the Gulf of Mexico enhances moisture transport and precipitation, particularly in summer and autumn. Reduced evaporation and increased precipitation from the Gulf of Mexico significantly altered the hydrological cycle across North America, leading to increased runoff continent-wide.展开更多
Branch angles are an important plant morphological trait affecting light interception within forest canopies.However,studies on branch angles have been limited due to the time-consuming nature of manual measurements u...Branch angles are an important plant morphological trait affecting light interception within forest canopies.However,studies on branch angles have been limited due to the time-consuming nature of manual measurements using a protractor.Terrestrial laser scanning(TLS),however,provides new opportunities to measure branch angles more efficiently.Despite this potential,studies validating branch angle measurements from TLS have been limited.Here,our aim is to evaluate both manual and automatic branch angle measurements of European beech from TLS data using traditional field-measurements with a protractor as a reference.We evaluated the accuracy of branch angle measurements based on four automated algorithms(aRchiQSM,TreeQSM,Laplacian,SemanticLaplacian)from TLS data.Additionally,we assessed different ways of manual branch angle measurements in the field.Our study was based on a dataset comprising 124 branch angles measured from six European beech in a European deciduous forest.Our results show that manual branch angle measurements from TLS data are in high agreement with the reference(root-mean-squared error,RMSE:[3.57°-4.18°],concordance correlation coefficient,CCC:[0.950.97])across different branch length positions.Automated algorithms also are in high agreement with the reference although RMSE is approximately twice as large compared to manual branch angle measurements from TLS(RMSE:[9.29°-10.55°],CCC:[0.830.86])with manual leaf points removal.When applying the automatic wood-leaf separation algorithm,the performance of the four methods declined significantly,with only approximately 20 branch angles successfully identified.Moreover,it is important to note that there is no influence of the measurement position(branch surface versus center)for branch angle measurements.However,for curved branches,the selection of branch measurement length significantly impacts the branch angle measurement.This study provides a comprehensive understanding of branch angle measurements in forests.We show that automated measurement methods based on TLS data of branch angles are a valuable tool to quantify branch angles at larger scales.展开更多
Areca nut is the basic ingredient of betel quid,which is chewed by hundreds of millions of people in South-Eastern Asia.Chewing of areca nut has been associated with oral cancers potentially due to its specific alkalo...Areca nut is the basic ingredient of betel quid,which is chewed by hundreds of millions of people in South-Eastern Asia.Chewing of areca nut has been associated with oral cancers potentially due to its specific alkaloids,among which arecoline constitutes about 90%of total fraction.Being the world’s fourth most commonly used psychoactive substance,arecoline evokes stimulation,addiction,and other direct neurological effects,while its misuse correlates to neurotoxic effects.However,what might underlie its neurotoxic mechanisms has been poorly documented.The brain is encoded by a complex network of neuronal and glial cell types,and neurotoxicity of hazardous compounds present transcriptional heterogeneity.Recently,the eusocial bumblebee has been used as a model for studying brain effects,with sophisticated cognitive capability and precisely measured brain architecture.Here,we decipher cell-type-specific mental risks to arecoline using bumblebees.Arecoline induced locomotor hyperactivity and cognitive impairment.Single nucleus RNA sequencing(snRNA-seq)unearthed arecoline-induced cell-specific responses,primarily targeted on Kenyon cells(KC).Moreover,high-dose arecoline induced distinctive cell responses among KC subtypes,particularly class I large Kenyon cell(lKC),leading to DNA damage,excitatory/inhibitory(E/I)imbalance,and calcium dyshomeostasis,which potentially resulted in cognitive impairment.Given arecoline’s popularity and growing exposure risks to humans,neurological health risks of areca nut warrant serious consideration.展开更多
The polar regions host one of the harshest and most unique ecosystems on Earth.These habitats,encompassing the Arctic and the Antarctic and from deep-marine sediments to glacial ice/ice sheets,represent one of the fin...The polar regions host one of the harshest and most unique ecosystems on Earth.These habitats,encompassing the Arctic and the Antarctic and from deep-marine sediments to glacial ice/ice sheets,represent one of the final frontiers of terrestrial biological exploration.Traditionally viewed as desolate,ice-covered lands,polar regions are now recognized as vibrant,complex,and highly sensitive ecosystems.展开更多
The Early Eocene Climate Optimum(EECO) represents the peak of the early Paleogene greenhouse climate.However,a comprehensive understanding of the terrestrial paleoenvironmental response to the EECO and its implication...The Early Eocene Climate Optimum(EECO) represents the peak of the early Paleogene greenhouse climate.However,a comprehensive understanding of the terrestrial paleoenvironmental response to the EECO and its implications for organic matter(OM) enrichment remains lacking.We integrated sedimentological,astrochronological,and geochemical data from South China Sea sediments to reconstruct the paleoenvironment and establish the OM enrichment model during the EECO.Astronomical time scales(ATS) for the Lower Wenchang Formation(Lower WC Fm.) in the Kaiping Sag,South China Sea,were established,spanning 55.4 to 43.9 Ma.During 51.5-48.7 Ma,records of astronomical signal(with overlapping cycles of 2.4 Ma,1.2 Ma,and 405 kyr),stratigraphy(organic-rich mudstone),and paleoclimatic reconstructions(warm and humid climate) provided convincing evidence for the EECO in Kaiping Sag.This study presented the first detailed record of the terrestrial paleoenvironment response to the EECO in the South China Sea,characterized by high terrestrial input,anoxia water conditions,and elevated paleo productivity.A transient pre-warming event before the EECO exhibited a similar paleoenvironmental response,highlighting the sensitivity of terrestrial records.Post-EECO conditions showed a reversal of paleoenviro nmental tre nds observed during the EECO.Pearson correlation analysis reveals that the EECO influenced OM enrichment by regulating paleo productivity and preservation conditions of lake.Elevated atmospheric pCO_(2) levels and increased terrestrial input promoted algal blooms,thereby enhancing lake productivity.OM preservation was controlled by water column stratification and bottom water anoxia,driven by increased terrestrial input and rising lake levels.Our findings enhance the understanding of feedback mechanisms in terrestrial environments during global warming and provide insights into future climate change predictions.展开更多
To explore the factors controlling human activity in Northeast Asia during the last deglaciation,this study synthesizes six pollen records from lakes and peatlands,alongside four paleotemperature records from terrestr...To explore the factors controlling human activity in Northeast Asia during the last deglaciation,this study synthesizes six pollen records from lakes and peatlands,alongside four paleotemperature records from terrestrial sedimentary sequences in this region.We simulated potential hunter-gatherer population densities using the Minimalist Terrestrial Resource Model(MTRM),and calculated vegetation openness,rate of change,and evenness based on pollen data.The results reveal a direct relationship between plant resources and hunter-gatherer populations from 20.9 to 10.2 ka BP.The synchronous increases in plant resources and population density from the Last Glacial(LG)to the B?lling-Aller?d(BA)warm period,as well as from the Younger Dryas(YD)to the early Holocene(EH),with stasis during the YD,suggest that resource availability was a key driver of human activity.Redundancy analysis(RDA)of pollen and paleotemperature records indicated that vegetation and plant resources were more closely linked to the mean annual air temperature,with winter characteristics,from the LG to the YD,whereas warm-season temperatures played a more significant role during the EH.This research emphasizes that variations in resource accessibility,rather than direct climate effects alone,were likely pivotal in shaping human activity responses to environmental changes.展开更多
基金This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31372216,31822049)。
文摘Studies on behavioral flexibility in response to habitat differences and degradation are crucial for developing conservation strategies for endangered species.Trachypithecus species inhabit various habitats and display different patterns of strata use;however,the effect of habitat structure on strata use remains poorly studied.Here,we investigated strata use patterns of Indo-Chinese gray langurs(Trachypithecus crepusculus)in a primary evergreen forest in Mt.Wuliang,southwest China,from June2012 to January 2016.In addition,we compared T.crepusculus strata use and terrestriality with five other Trachypithecus species from previous studies.Unlike langurs living in karst forests,our study group was typically arboreal and spent only 2.9%of time on the ground.The group showed a preference for higher strata when resting and lower strata(<20 m)when moving.The langurs primarily used time on the ground for geophagy,but otherwise avoided the ground during feeding.These strata use patterns are similar to those of limestone langurs(T.francoisi)when using continuous forests.At the genus level(n=6 species),we found a negative relationship between habitat forest cover and terrestriality.This negative relationship was also true for the five limestone langur species,implying limestone langurs increase territoriality in response to decreased forest cover.Our results document behavioral flexibility in strata use of Trachypithecus langurs and highlight the importance of the protection of continuous forests to promote langur conservation.
文摘Microplastics(MPs)are ubiquitous and pose an environmental risk.This review examined MP pollution in terrestrial ecosystems from a myriad of poorly understood sources.Knowledge regarding the occurrence sources,migration behaviors,ecotoxicology,absorption mechanisms,and effects of MPs has also been fully summarized.Microplastics interact with contaminants,such as antibiotics,pesticides,heavy metals,etc.,and may act as vectors for contaminant transfer in terrestrial ecosystems.The transportation and retention of MPs in soil are governed by interactions among their inherent properties,such as size,shape,surface charge,and density.Interestingly,MP migration into soil is lacking research.The MPs and nanoplastics were also found in edible fruits and vegetables.The MP contamination in soil affects ecosystems,causing soil structure changes,fertility reduction,and pollutant leaching into groundwater.The MP concentration lies in the range of 43-2443 and 40-43000 items kg-1in agricultural and urban soils,respectively.This review provides a comprehensive roadmap for future research and a framework for soil MP risk assessment.Future studies on the uptake,accumulation,and translocation of MPs and their associated toxins by plants are essential for evaluating their risks to food security and human health.Research on MPs in terrestrial habitats lacks comprehensive data on their long-term persistence,degradation pathways,and interactions with soil components under varying environmental conditions.Additionally,limited understanding exists regarding MP impacts on soil biodiversity,pollutant mobility,and plant uptake,highlighting the need for innovative detection methods and effective pollution abatement strategies.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China Project(32230081).
文摘Acrylamide(AA)is a common carcinogen that affects the development and function of the central nervous system(CNS).At present,the toxic injuries of common AA are mainly divided into acute and chronic attacks,and the damage caused to the CNS is different.To investigate whether different doses of AA have different effects on brain cells,we performed single-nucleus RNA sequencing of the brain.The findings indicated that short-term high-dose(acute)AA directly disrupted protein synthesis and protein structure stability on the endoplasmic reticulum.Additionally,acute AA was observed to downregulate genes that inhibit apoptosis and autophagy,promote apoptosis,accelerate cell aging,and affect cell function in glial cells(Glia).Longterm low-dose(chronic)AA exposure elevated Ca^(2+)concentration,increased protein autophosphorylation,and induced mitochondrial dysfunction,resulting in impaired axonal transport and disrupted metabolism of Kenyon cells(KCs).These findings highlight the cell type-specific effects of AA,where acute exposure disrupts Glia protein homeostasis,and chronic exposure impairs calcium signaling and axonal transport in KCs.Such results deepen our understanding of AA-induced neurotoxicity and lay the groundwork for developing targeted therapeutic strategies to mitigate its effects on the CNS.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(W2511024,32370228,32470232)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20250004)+3 种基金the Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production co-sponsored by Province and Ministry,the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD)the fund of Taxonomy Scientist Program'of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS-TAX-24-038)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS(2023355)Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(KYCX24_1846).
文摘Trentepohliales is a completely terrestrial order within Ulvophyceae(the core Chlorophyta),and its closely related lineages are mainly marine macroalgae(green seaweeds).Despite the considerable interest in their biotechnological potential,little is known about their adaptations to challenging terrestrial habitats.Here,we assemble the high-quality reference genome of Trentepohlia odorata.This alga shows duplications of key genes associated with lipid metabolism and carotenoid synthesis,potentially facilitating intracellular accumulation of lipid droplets and carotenoids.We further reveal positive selection and expansion of gene families involved in vesicle trafficking and cell division regulation in T.odorata compared with other algae(cleavage furrow-mediated cell division)in Ulvophyceae,providing a genetic foundation for the evolution of phragmoplast-mediated cell division.The combined C_(4)-like and biophysical CO_(2)-concentrating mechanisms(CCMs)of T.odorata enable adaptation to fluctuating CO_(2) environments,and support efficient photosynthesis under CO_(2)-limited conditions.Adaptive strategies of T.odorata to terrestrial stressors,such as drought,intense light,and UV-B radiation,include horizontally acquired genes involved in cell wall synthesis and remodeling,homeostasis of aldehydes,and expanded genes associated with reactive oxygen species(ROS),DNA repair,and photoprotection.Our study provides a valuable genomic resource for studying aerial algae and improves understanding of plant terrestrialization.
基金sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant number 42250205,42471510)the Open Found of Technology Innovation Center for Intelligent Monitoring and Spatial Regulation of Land Carbon Sinks,MNR(CUG-SRCS-0002)the Open Fund of Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Ecological Process and Environmental Evolution(REEC-OF-202405).
文摘Accurately assessing the carbon sequestration capacity of forests is crucial for mitigating climate change.Traditional methods for estimating Gross Primary Productivity(GPP)of vegetation involve significant uncertainties.As a novel remote sensing approach,Solar-Induced chlorophyll Fluorescence(SIF)is directly related to photosynthesis and has demonstrated strong correlations with GPP across various ecosystems,climate zones,and spatial scales.Current GPP estimation methods based on SIF include Light Use Efficiency(LUE)models,the SCOPE process models,and the latest mechanistic light response(MLR)models.Future research should focus on improving the mechanistic understanding of SIF-related processes and promoting the integration of multi-source remote sensing data with SIF-based modeling to enhance the accuracy and universality of GPP estimation.
基金Supported by the CNPC Science and Technology Project(2023YQX10110)。
文摘This paper systematically analyzes the reservoir-forming characteristics and cretaceous shale oil types in four major hydrocarbon-generating sags(Qingxi,Ying'er,Huahai,and Shida)of the Jiuquan Basin,based on the data of experiments for microscopic and geochemical analysis of reservoirs.The hydrothermal alteration-induced reservoir-forming model and its reservoir-controlling effect in the Qingxi Sag are discussed,and the exploration potential of shale oil in these four sags are evaluated.(1)The Qingxi Sag is widely developed with mud shale,dolomitic shale,and laminated argillaceous dolomite in the Cretaceous,which can be defined as mixed shale as a whole.The source rocks in this area are of good quality and high maturity,formed in a saline water sedimentary environment,and rich in dolomite,with a strong hydrocarbon generation capacity and excellent oil generation conditions.The reservoir space has been significantly modified by hydrothermal process,with well-developed dissolution pores and microfractures,recording favorable reservoir conditions for shale oil enrichment.Overall,this sag has large reservoir thickness and large resource volume,making it the most realistic shale oil exploration target in the Jiuquan Basin.However,it faces challenges such as great burial depth(deeper than 4500 m)and strong tectonic stress.(2)The Ying'er,Huahai,and Shida sags all feature sand-mud interbeds consisting of fan delta front thin sandbodies and lacustrine mud shale in the Cretaceous,having good source rock quality and favorable conditions for interbedded-type shale oil accumulation.The source rocks are insufficient in thermal evolution degree and unevenly distributed,and favorable shale oil resources are mainly endowed near the center of the sags.Reservoirs are primarily composed of siltstone to fine sandstone,suggesting relatively good reservoir conditions,generally with small burial depth(3000-4000 m)and the possibility of local sweet spots.It is noted that the Ying'er Sag has already produced low-mature to mature oil,qualifying it as a near-term realistic shale oil exploration area.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42177142 and 52378477)the Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi(Grant No.2023-YBSF-486).
文摘The identification of rock mass hazard sources is fundamental for preventing rockfall and landslide disasters in mountainous regions,with rock mass structural characteristics playing a vital role in hazard assessment.In this study,terrestrial laser scanning(TLS)and unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)technologies were integrated to enhance the evaluation methodology for rock mass hazard sources,focusing on the Sichuan Yanjiang Expressway project in China.The findings demonstrate that TLS-UAV technology enhanced both spatial coverage and data density in slope modeling.Through integrated algorithmic analysis,rock discontinuities within heterogeneous datasets were systematically identified,enabling quantitative extraction and statistical analysis of key geometric parameters,including orientation,trace length,spacing,and roughness.Furthermore,quantitative models were developed for cohesion,friction angle and the morphology parameter M of in situ discontinuities,respectively,facilitating efficient mechanical parameter acquisition.A novel rock mass hazard index(RHI)was developed incorporating discontinuity geometric rating(DGR),discontinuity mechanical rating(DMR),and slope mass rating(SMR).Field validation confirmed the methodology's effectiveness in evaluating risk levels and spatial heterogeneity of rock mass hazard sources,revealing the contribution of different discontinuity sets to the rock mass hazard and identifying the primary discontinuity sets controlling instability mechanisms.This study is of great significance for evaluating discontinuity-controlled rock mass hazard sources and preventing rockfall disasters.
基金funded by the Postdoctoral Research Startup Foundation of University of Jinan(Grant No.100389917).
文摘Climate change and anthropogenic activities have driven significant terrestrial water storage changes(TWSC)in the Three Rivers Source Region(TRSR),exerting profound impacts on freshwater availability across China and broader Asia.However,long-term TWSC characterization remains challenging due to limited observational data in this alpine region.Here,we integrate GRACE observations(2002-2020),ERA5-Land reanalysis,and GLDAS data to reconstruct TWSC using two methods:(1)the water balance method(PER)and(2)the component summation method(SS),applied to three input datasets(ERA5-Land,GLDAS,and their average,GLER).Comparative analysis reveals that the SS method applied to GL-ER yields the highest consistency with GRACE-derived TWSC.Using this optimal approach,we extend the analysis to 1951~2020,uncovering spatiotemporal TWSC patterns.Although annual TWSC trends appear negligible due to strong seasonality,we introduce the intra-year TWSC fluctuation(TWSCF)index to quantify cumulative variability.A significant(p<0.05)transition occurred in 1980,with TWSCF shifting from a declining trend(-0.39 mm/yr)to an increasing trend(0.56 mm/yr),primarily driven by soil moisture changes.However,Hurst exponent analysis suggests this upward trend may not persist.Drought and vegetation assessments indicate concurrent wetting and greening in the TRSR.TWSC correlates strongly with meteorological drought,acting as a reliable drought indicator while its linkage with vegetation dynamics suggests a potential contribution to greening.Our findings provide a robust framework for understanding long-term TWSC evolution and its hydrological-ecological interactions under climate change.
基金Under the National Key R&D Program Key Project(No.2021YFC3201201)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52360032)+2 种基金Basic Scientific Research Business Fee Project of Colleges And Universities Directly Under the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(No.JBYYWF2022001)Development Plan of Innovation Team of Colleges And Universities in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(No.NMGIRT2313)the Innovation Team of‘Grassland Talents’。
文摘Clarifying the mechanisms through which coal mining affects groundwater storage(GWS)variations is crucial for water resource conservation and sustainable development.The Ordos Mining Region in China,a key energy base in China with significant strategic importance,has undergone intensive coal mining activities that have substantially disrupted regional groundwater circulation.This study integrated data from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Satellite(GRACE)and Famine Early Warning Systems Network(FEWS NET)Land Data Assimilation System(FLDAS)models,combined with weighted downscaling methodology and water balance principles,to reconstruct high-resolution(0.01°)terrestrial water storage(TWS)and GWS changes in the Ordos Mining Region,China from April 2002 to December 2021.The accuracy of GWS variations were validated through pumping test measurements.Subsequently,Geodetector analysis was implemented to quantify the contributions of natural and anthropogenic factors to groundwater storage dynamics.Key findings include:1)TWS in the study area showed a fluctuating but overall decreasing trend,with a total reduction of 8901.11 mm during study period.The most significant annual decrease occurred in 2021,reaching 1696.77 mm.2)GWS exhibited an accelerated decline,with an average annual change rate of 44.35 mm/yr,totaling a decrease of 887.05 mm.The lowest annual groundwater storage level was recorded in 2020,reaching 185.69 mm.3)Precipitation(PRE)contributed the most to GWS variation(q=0.52),followed by coal mining water consumption(MWS)(q=0.41).The interaction between PRE and MWS exhibited a nonlinear enhancement effect on GWS changes(0.54).The synergistic effect of natural hydrological factors has a great influence on the change of GWS,but coal mining water consumption will continue to reduce GWS.These findings provide critical references for the management and regulation of groundwater resource in mining regions.
文摘Space-Terrestrial Integrated 6G Network:Architecture,Networking,and Transmission Technologies With the large-scale deployment of satellite constellations such as Starlink and the rapid advancement of technologies including artificial intelligence(AI)and non-terrestrial networks(NTNs),the integration of high,medium,and low Earth orbit satellite networks with terrestrial networks has become a critical direction for future communication technologies.
文摘With the large-scale deployment of satellite constellations such as Starlink and the rapid advancement of technologies including artificial intelligence (AI) and non-terrestrial networks (NTNs), the integration of high, medium, and low Earth orbit satellite networks with terrestrial networks has become a critical direction for future communication technologies. The objective is to develop a space-terrestrial integrated 6G network that ensures ubiquitous connectivity and seamless services, facilitating intelligent interconnection and collaborative symbiosis among humans, machines, and objects. This integration has become a central focus of global technological innovation.
文摘Oil tanks are essential components of the oil industry, facilitating the safe storage and transportation of crude oil. Safely managing oil tanks is a crucial aspect of environmental protection. Oil tanks are often used under extreme operational conditions, including dynamic loads, temperature variations, etc., which may result in unpredictable deformations that can cause severe damage or tank collapses. Therefore, it is essential to establish a monitoring system to prevent and predict potential deformations. Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) has played a significant role in oil tank monitoring over the past decades. However, the full extent of TLS capabilities for oil tank monitoring has not yet been thoroughly investigated. This study aims to evaluate TLS’s abilities in detecting deformations of oil tanks under various operating conditions. The paper has two objectives: first, to examine the deformations of two vertical oil tanks over six years, and second, to investigate potential deformations of the tanks’ surfaces during filling. Each tank was scanned three times—in the years 2015, 2016, and 2021. Mathematical models and appropriate software were developed to determine the achievable accuracy of TLS monitoring. The anticipated monitoring accuracy was simulated based on the design parameters of the oil tanks. This accuracy was subsequently used to differentiate between deformations and measurement errors. The tank surface was approximated utilizing the cylinder equation for each monitoring epoch. Additionally, deformations were analyzed at different cross-sections with the appropriate circular approximations. The results indicated that both tanks exhibited no significant deformations within a range of less than 20 mm. For the empty tanks, the average radius decreased by 4 mm, without any changes in shape. The total spatial inclination of the oil tanks was calculated using cylinder equations at different monitoring epochs. In the final stage, the observed deformations were employed to simulate the strain-stress conditions of the oil tanks. Thus, this paper presents a complex technology and the results of oil tank monitoring by TLS under various operating conditions.
文摘Exoplanet imaging using the solar gravitational lens is an enticing prospect.The fundamental physical properties of the lens,including its angular resolution and light amplification,promise exceptional capabilities.These expectations,however,are tempered by the realization of numerous challenges,including imperfections of the lens itself,noise sources,the properties of the imaging target and difficult technical issues.We discuss,in particular,a subject not previously addressed,the impact of temporally varying surface features,notably a variable cloud cover,obscuring the target exoplanet.This has a substantial detrimental effect on image recovery,leading to our cautious assessment of the practical feasibility of using the Sun’s gravitational field as an effective telescope.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(42175022)。
文摘In the context of global warming, the increasing wildfire frequency has become a critical climate research focus in North America. This study used the Community Earth System Model(CESM 1.2) to investigate the impacts of 20thcentury wildfires on North American climate and hydrology. Summer represents the peak wildfire season in North America, with the Gulf of Mexico and Midwest regions experiencing the most severe effects. Wildfires not only damage vegetation during the fire season but also extend prolonged impacts into non-fire periods, showing distinct seasonal variations. In spring, wildfires increase surface albedo, triggering a cooling effect through enhanced snow cover and delayed snowmelt. Conversely, summer and autumn surface warming stems primarily from wildfire-suppressed vegetation transpiration. Warming near the Gulf of Mexico enhances moisture transport and precipitation, particularly in summer and autumn. Reduced evaporation and increased precipitation from the Gulf of Mexico significantly altered the hydrological cycle across North America, leading to increased runoff continent-wide.
基金supported by the Chinese Scholarship Council under Grant 202106910006.
文摘Branch angles are an important plant morphological trait affecting light interception within forest canopies.However,studies on branch angles have been limited due to the time-consuming nature of manual measurements using a protractor.Terrestrial laser scanning(TLS),however,provides new opportunities to measure branch angles more efficiently.Despite this potential,studies validating branch angle measurements from TLS have been limited.Here,our aim is to evaluate both manual and automatic branch angle measurements of European beech from TLS data using traditional field-measurements with a protractor as a reference.We evaluated the accuracy of branch angle measurements based on four automated algorithms(aRchiQSM,TreeQSM,Laplacian,SemanticLaplacian)from TLS data.Additionally,we assessed different ways of manual branch angle measurements in the field.Our study was based on a dataset comprising 124 branch angles measured from six European beech in a European deciduous forest.Our results show that manual branch angle measurements from TLS data are in high agreement with the reference(root-mean-squared error,RMSE:[3.57°-4.18°],concordance correlation coefficient,CCC:[0.950.97])across different branch length positions.Automated algorithms also are in high agreement with the reference although RMSE is approximately twice as large compared to manual branch angle measurements from TLS(RMSE:[9.29°-10.55°],CCC:[0.830.86])with manual leaf points removal.When applying the automatic wood-leaf separation algorithm,the performance of the four methods declined significantly,with only approximately 20 branch angles successfully identified.Moreover,it is important to note that there is no influence of the measurement position(branch surface versus center)for branch angle measurements.However,for curved branches,the selection of branch measurement length significantly impacts the branch angle measurement.This study provides a comprehensive understanding of branch angle measurements in forests.We show that automated measurement methods based on TLS data of branch angles are a valuable tool to quantify branch angles at larger scales.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China Project(32200387)the Emergency Project for Risk Assessment of Areca Nut(Key Project of the Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Hainan Province&Wanning Municipal People’s Government).
文摘Areca nut is the basic ingredient of betel quid,which is chewed by hundreds of millions of people in South-Eastern Asia.Chewing of areca nut has been associated with oral cancers potentially due to its specific alkaloids,among which arecoline constitutes about 90%of total fraction.Being the world’s fourth most commonly used psychoactive substance,arecoline evokes stimulation,addiction,and other direct neurological effects,while its misuse correlates to neurotoxic effects.However,what might underlie its neurotoxic mechanisms has been poorly documented.The brain is encoded by a complex network of neuronal and glial cell types,and neurotoxicity of hazardous compounds present transcriptional heterogeneity.Recently,the eusocial bumblebee has been used as a model for studying brain effects,with sophisticated cognitive capability and precisely measured brain architecture.Here,we decipher cell-type-specific mental risks to arecoline using bumblebees.Arecoline induced locomotor hyperactivity and cognitive impairment.Single nucleus RNA sequencing(snRNA-seq)unearthed arecoline-induced cell-specific responses,primarily targeted on Kenyon cells(KC).Moreover,high-dose arecoline induced distinctive cell responses among KC subtypes,particularly class I large Kenyon cell(lKC),leading to DNA damage,excitatory/inhibitory(E/I)imbalance,and calcium dyshomeostasis,which potentially resulted in cognitive impairment.Given arecoline’s popularity and growing exposure risks to humans,neurological health risks of areca nut warrant serious consideration.
文摘The polar regions host one of the harshest and most unique ecosystems on Earth.These habitats,encompassing the Arctic and the Antarctic and from deep-marine sediments to glacial ice/ice sheets,represent one of the final frontiers of terrestrial biological exploration.Traditionally viewed as desolate,ice-covered lands,polar regions are now recognized as vibrant,complex,and highly sensitive ecosystems.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42372147)State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (Beijing) for their support of this research。
文摘The Early Eocene Climate Optimum(EECO) represents the peak of the early Paleogene greenhouse climate.However,a comprehensive understanding of the terrestrial paleoenvironmental response to the EECO and its implications for organic matter(OM) enrichment remains lacking.We integrated sedimentological,astrochronological,and geochemical data from South China Sea sediments to reconstruct the paleoenvironment and establish the OM enrichment model during the EECO.Astronomical time scales(ATS) for the Lower Wenchang Formation(Lower WC Fm.) in the Kaiping Sag,South China Sea,were established,spanning 55.4 to 43.9 Ma.During 51.5-48.7 Ma,records of astronomical signal(with overlapping cycles of 2.4 Ma,1.2 Ma,and 405 kyr),stratigraphy(organic-rich mudstone),and paleoclimatic reconstructions(warm and humid climate) provided convincing evidence for the EECO in Kaiping Sag.This study presented the first detailed record of the terrestrial paleoenvironment response to the EECO in the South China Sea,characterized by high terrestrial input,anoxia water conditions,and elevated paleo productivity.A transient pre-warming event before the EECO exhibited a similar paleoenvironmental response,highlighting the sensitivity of terrestrial records.Post-EECO conditions showed a reversal of paleoenviro nmental tre nds observed during the EECO.Pearson correlation analysis reveals that the EECO influenced OM enrichment by regulating paleo productivity and preservation conditions of lake.Elevated atmospheric pCO_(2) levels and increased terrestrial input promoted algal blooms,thereby enhancing lake productivity.OM preservation was controlled by water column stratification and bottom water anoxia,driven by increased terrestrial input and rising lake levels.Our findings enhance the understanding of feedback mechanisms in terrestrial environments during global warming and provide insights into future climate change predictions.
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China,No.2020YFA0607700,No.2023YFF0804702National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.T2192954,No.42030507,No.42372352。
文摘To explore the factors controlling human activity in Northeast Asia during the last deglaciation,this study synthesizes six pollen records from lakes and peatlands,alongside four paleotemperature records from terrestrial sedimentary sequences in this region.We simulated potential hunter-gatherer population densities using the Minimalist Terrestrial Resource Model(MTRM),and calculated vegetation openness,rate of change,and evenness based on pollen data.The results reveal a direct relationship between plant resources and hunter-gatherer populations from 20.9 to 10.2 ka BP.The synchronous increases in plant resources and population density from the Last Glacial(LG)to the B?lling-Aller?d(BA)warm period,as well as from the Younger Dryas(YD)to the early Holocene(EH),with stasis during the YD,suggest that resource availability was a key driver of human activity.Redundancy analysis(RDA)of pollen and paleotemperature records indicated that vegetation and plant resources were more closely linked to the mean annual air temperature,with winter characteristics,from the LG to the YD,whereas warm-season temperatures played a more significant role during the EH.This research emphasizes that variations in resource accessibility,rather than direct climate effects alone,were likely pivotal in shaping human activity responses to environmental changes.
