Helium sorption cooler technology is a key means to realize highly reliable low-vibration very lowtemperature environments,which have important applications in fields such as quantum computing and space exploration.Th...Helium sorption cooler technology is a key means to realize highly reliable low-vibration very lowtemperature environments,which have important applications in fields such as quantum computing and space exploration.The laboratory designed a superfluid suppression small hole and a multi-ribbed condenser,developed a reliable-performance helium sorption cooler(HSC),and conducted experimental studies.Experimental results show that the prototype can achieve the lowest cooling temperature of 873 mK without load by filling 6MPa helium at room temperature.The low-temperature hold time is 26 h,and the temperature fluctuation is within 0.8 mK.The cooling power of the helium sorption cooler is 1 mW@0.98 K@3.5 h.Experimental results indicate that when the charging pressure is reduced to 4MPa,theminimum temperature decreases to 836mK,and the hold time shortens to 16 h.When the pre-cooling temperature increases from 3.9 to 4.9 K,the hold time is reduced to 3 h.展开更多
Membrane fouling remains the primary economic barrier to the widespread implementation of membrane bioreactors (MBRs), despite the fact that they lead to the production of high-quality effluent. Operational conditions...Membrane fouling remains the primary economic barrier to the widespread implementation of membrane bioreactors (MBRs), despite the fact that they lead to the production of high-quality effluent. Operational conditions are critical factors influencing membrane fouling. This study aimed to investigate the simultaneous impacts of temperature and hydraulic retention time (HRT) variations on membrane fouling. Experiments were conducted at three different temperatures (18°C, 25°C, and 32°C) and HRTs (6 h, 9 h, and 15 h). The results demonstrated that increases in both temperature and HRT contributed to a reduction in membrane fouling. Additionally, a positive interaction between temperature and HRT was observed in the linear slope variation of membrane permeation, with temperature variations exerting a greater influence on membrane fouling than HRT variations. Fouling factor analysis revealed that increases in temperature and HRT led to decreased concentrations of soluble microbial products (SMP) and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), particularly carbohydrates, in the activated sludge. Analyses of the cake layer of the membrane indicated that increasing temperature and HRT reduced EPS levels, particularly polysaccharides and proteins;altered primary protein structure;and increased the mean particle size distribution. Ultimately, these changes led to reductions in both reversible and irreversible hydraulic resistances. This study highlights the importance of optimizing operational parameters such as temperature and HRT to enhance membrane performance and treatment efficiency in MBR systems while mitigating fouling.展开更多
According to the Doehlert's matrix method, the adsorbent derived from sewage sludge was prepared through chemical activation under controlling the pyrolysis temperature and hold time. The characteristic parameters...According to the Doehlert's matrix method, the adsorbent derived from sewage sludge was prepared through chemical activation under controlling the pyrolysis temperature and hold time. The characteristic parameters including the total yield, adsorption of methylene blue, adsorption of iodine, BET surface area, micro-pore volume are 35%—49%, 16.5—38 mg/g, 285—362 mg/g, 185—359 m2/g, and 0.112—0.224 m3/g, respectively. According to the experimental data, the multi-linear regression method was adopted to fit the relations between the characteristic parameters and influential factors. At final, through optimization method, the optimal adsorbent is obtained when using 62 min as hold time and 1105K as pyrolysis temperature. Under the conditions, the adsorbent was produced and compared the characteristic parameters with model forecast value, the coherence is satisfied.展开更多
In this study,the effect of decarburization annealing temperature and time on the carbon content,microstructure,and texture of grain-oriented pure iron was investigated by optical microscopy and scanning electron micr...In this study,the effect of decarburization annealing temperature and time on the carbon content,microstructure,and texture of grain-oriented pure iron was investigated by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy with electron-backscatter diffraction. The results showed that the efficiency of decarburization dramatically increased with increasing decarburization temperature. However,when the annealing temperature was increased to 825°C and 850°C,the steel's carbon content remained essentially unchanged at 0.002%. With increasing decarburization time,the steel's carbon content generally decreased. When both the decarburization temperature and time were increased further,the average grain size dramatically increased and the number of fine grains decreased; meanwhile,some relatively larger grains developed. The main texture types of the decarburized sheets were approximately the same: {001}<110> and {112~115}<110>,with a γ-fiber texture. Furthermore,little change was observed in the texture. Compared with the experimental sheets,the texture of the cold-rolled sheet was very scattered. The best average magnetic induction(B_(800)) among the final products was 1.946 T.展开更多
Objective:To study the number of leptospirosis cases in relations to the seasonal pattern,and its association with climate factors.Methods:Time series analysis was used to study the time variations in the number of le...Objective:To study the number of leptospirosis cases in relations to the seasonal pattern,and its association with climate factors.Methods:Time series analysis was used to study the time variations in the number of leptospirosis cases.The Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model was used in data curve fitting and predicting the next leptospirosis cases. Results:We found that the amount of rainfall was correlated to leptospirosis cases in both regions of interest,namely the northern and northeastern region of Thailand,while the temperature played a role in the northeastern region only.The use of multivariate ARIMA(ARIMAX) model showed that factoring in rainfall(with an 8 months lag) yields the best model for the northern region while the model,which factors in rainfall(with a 10 months kg) and temperature(with an 8 months lag) was the best for the northeaslern region.Conclusions:The models are able to show the trend in leptospirosis cases and closely fit the recorded data in both regions.The models can also be used to predict the next seasonal peak quite accurately.展开更多
We aim in this research at synthesizing high-purity aluminium titanate with sludge from the aluminium profile factory by shock cooling method, and mainly discuss the effect of calcining reaction temperature and holdin...We aim in this research at synthesizing high-purity aluminium titanate with sludge from the aluminium profile factory by shock cooling method, and mainly discuss the effect of calcining reaction temperature and holding time on crystalline, microstructure and content of aluminum titanate materials to determine the preferred calcining temperature and holding time. XRD and SEM methods were utilized to characterize the crystalline and microstructure of each specimen, Rietveld Quantification software was used for the determination of different crystalline contents of specimens, and Philips plus software was applied to determine the cell parameters of aluminium titanate in different specimens. According to the experimental results, preferred calcining temperature is determined as 1400℃ and preferred holding time is 2 h, at which the grains of aluminum titanate grow completely and the purity of aluminum titanate is 97.2wt%.展开更多
Objective To examine the effect of hydraulic residence time （HRT） on the performance and stability, to treat dilute wastewater at different operational temperatures in a carrier anaerobic baffled reactor （CABR）, a...Objective To examine the effect of hydraulic residence time （HRT） on the performance and stability, to treat dilute wastewater at different operational temperatures in a carrier anaerobic baffled reactor （CABR）, and hence to gain a deeper insight into microbial responses to hydraulic shocks on the base of the relationships among macroscopic performance, catabolic intermediate, and microcosmic alternation. Methods COD, VFAs, and microbial activity were detected with constant feed strength （300 mg/L） at different HRTs （9-18 h） and temperatures （10℃-28℃） in a CABR. Results The removal efficiencies declined with the decreases of HRTs and temperatures. However, the COD removal load was still higher at short HRT than at long HRT. Devastating reactor performance happened at temperature of 10℃ and at HRT of 9 h. HRTs had effect on the VFAs in the reactor slightly both at high and low temperatures, but the reasons differed from each other. Microbial activity was sensitive to indicate changes of environmental and operational parameters in the reactor. Conclusion The CABR offers to certain extent an application to treat dilute wastewater under a hydraulic-shock at temperatures from 10℃to 28℃.展开更多
The uniaxial time-dependent strain cyclic behaviors and ratcheting of SS304 stainless steel were studied at high temperatures （350 ℃ and 700 ℃）. The effects of straining and stressing rates, holding time at the pe...The uniaxial time-dependent strain cyclic behaviors and ratcheting of SS304 stainless steel were studied at high temperatures （350 ℃ and 700 ℃）. The effects of straining and stressing rates, holding time at the peak and/or valley of each cycle in addition to ambient temperature on the cyclic softening/hardening behavior and ratcheting of the material were discussed. It can be seen from experimental results that the material presents remarkable time dependence at 700 ℃, and the ratcheting strain depends greatly on the stressing rate, holding time and ambient temperature. Some significant conclusions are obtained, which are useful to build a constitutive model describiog the time-dependent cyclic deformation of the material.展开更多
Using radiosonde temperatures of 92 selected stations in China,the uncertainties in homogenization processes caused by different reference series,including nighttime temperature,the NCEP （National Centers for Environ...Using radiosonde temperatures of 92 selected stations in China,the uncertainties in homogenization processes caused by different reference series,including nighttime temperature,the NCEP （National Centers for Environmental Prediction） and ERA-40 （European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts） forecasting background,are examined via a two-phase regression approach.Although the results showed limited consistency in the temporal and spatial distribution of identified break points （BPs） in the context of metadata events of instrument model change and correction method,significant uncertainties still existed in BP identification,adjustment,and impact on the estimated trend.Reanalysis reference series generally led to more BP identification in homogenization.However,those differences were parts of global climatic shifts,which may have confused the BP calculations.Discontinuities also existed in the reanalysis series due to changes in the satellite input.The adjustment values deduced from the reanalysis series ranged widely and were larger than those from the nighttime series and,therefore,impacted the estimated temperature trend.展开更多
In the paper, the finite element model(FEM) of wire arc additive manufacturing(WAAM) by TIG method was established by the ABAQUS soft, and the phase transformation latent heat was considered in the model. The evolutio...In the paper, the finite element model(FEM) of wire arc additive manufacturing(WAAM) by TIG method was established by the ABAQUS soft, and the phase transformation latent heat was considered in the model. The evolution rules of temperature field at the interlayer with the cooling time of 10 s, 30 s and 50 s were obtained by the model. The WAAM experiment were performed by 5356 aluminum alloy welding wire with φ1.2 mm, and the simulated temperature field were varified by the thermocouple. The result shows that the highest temperature at the molten pool center increases with the increased interlayers at the same interlayer cooling time;the highest temperature drops gradually and the decline is smaller with the increased interlayer cooling time at the same layer. No remelting occurs at the top layer, and at least two remelting times occur in the other layers, resulting in complex temperature field evolution.展开更多
This paper aims to detect the short-term as well as long-term change point in the surface air temperature time series for Asansol weather observation station, West Bengal, India. Temperature data for the period from 1...This paper aims to detect the short-term as well as long-term change point in the surface air temperature time series for Asansol weather observation station, West Bengal, India. Temperature data for the period from 1941 to 2010 of the said weather observatory have been collected from Indian Meteorological Department, Kolkata. Variations and trends of annual mean temperature, annual mean maximum temperature and annual minimum temperature time series were examined. The cumulative sum charts (CUSUM) and bootstrapping were used for the detection of abrupt changes in the time series data set. Statistically significant abrupt changes and trends have been detected. The major change point in the annual mean temperatures occurred around 1986 (0.57°C) at the period of 25 years in the long-term regional scale. On the other side, the annual mean maximum and annual mean minimum temperatures have distinct change points at level 1. There are abrupt changes in the year 1961 (Confidence interval 1961, 1963) for the annual mean maximum and 1994 (Confidence interval 1993, 1996) for the annual mean minimum temperatures at a confidence level of 100% and 98%, respectively. Before the change, the annual mean maximum and annual mean minimum temperatures were 30.90°C and 23.99°C, respectively, while after the change, the temperatures became 33.93°C and 24.84°C, respectively. Over the entire period of consideration (1941-2010), 11 forward and backward changes were found in total. Out of 11, there are 3 changes (1961, 1986 and 2001) in annual mean temperatures, 4 changes (1957, 1961, 1980 and 1994) in annual mean maximum temperatures, and rest 4 changes (1968, 1981, 1994 and 2001) are associated with annual mean minimum temperature data set.展开更多
The Northeast China cold vortex(NCCV)during late summer(from July to August)is identified and classified into three types in terms of its movement path using machine learning.The relationships of the three types of NC...The Northeast China cold vortex(NCCV)during late summer(from July to August)is identified and classified into three types in terms of its movement path using machine learning.The relationships of the three types of NCCV intensity with atmospheric circulations in late summer,the sea surface temperature(SST),and Arctic sea ice concentration(SIC)in the preceding months,are analyzed.The sensitivity tests by the Community Atmosphere Model version 5.3(CAM5.3)are used to verify the statistical results.The results show that the coordination pattern of East Asia-Pacific(EAP)and Lake Baikal high pressure forced by SST anomalies in the North Indian Ocean dipole mode(NIOD)during the preceding April and SIC anomalies in the Nansen Basin during the preceding June results in an intensity anomaly for the first type of NCCV.While the pattern of high pressure over the Urals and Okhotsk Sea and low pressure over Lake Baikal during late summer-which is forced by SST anomalies in the South Indian Ocean dipole mode(SIOD)in the preceding June and SIC anomalies in the Barents Sea in the preceding April-causes the intensity anomaly of the second type.The third type is atypical and is not analyzed in detail.Sensitivity tests,jointly forced by the SST and SIC in the preceding period,can well reproduce the observations.In contrast,the results forced separately by the SST and SIC are poor,indicating that the NCCV during late summer is likely influenced by the coordinated effects of both SST and SIC in the preceding months.展开更多
Eutrophication and harmful cyanobacterial blooms threaten water resources all over the world.There is a great controversy about controlling only phosphorus or controlling both nitrogen and phosphorus in the management...Eutrophication and harmful cyanobacterial blooms threaten water resources all over the world.There is a great controversy about controlling only phosphorus or controlling both nitrogen and phosphorus in the management of lake eutrophication.The primary argument against the dual nutrients control of eutrophication is that nitrogen fixation can compensate the nitrogen deficits.Thus,it is of great necessary to study the factors that can significantly affect the nitrogen fixation.Due to the difference of climate and human influence,the water quality of different lakes(such as water temperature,N:P ratio and water residence time)is also quite different.Numerous studies have reported that the low N:P ratio can intensify the nitrogen fixation capacities.However,the effects of temperature and water residence time on the nitrogen fixation remain unclear.Thus,30 shallows freshwater lakes in the eastern plain of China were selected to measure dissolved N_(2) and Ar concentrations through N_(2):Ar method using a membrane inlet mass spectrometer to quantify the nitrogen fixation capacities and investigate whether the temperature and water residence time have a great impact on nitrogen fixation.The results have shown that the short lake water residence time can severely inhibit the nitrogen fixation capacities through inhibiting the growth of nitrogenfixing cyanobacteria,changing the N:P ratio and resuspending the solids from sediments.Similarly,lakes with low water temperature also have a low nitrogen fixation capacity,suggesting that controlling nitrogen in such lakes is feasible if the growth of cyanobacteria is limited by nitrogen.展开更多
Background: The foraging and diving behavior of waterfowl are affected by a number of important factors. Hence, learning more about these major factors is of great concern in order to protect endangered species. In th...Background: The foraging and diving behavior of waterfowl are affected by a number of important factors. Hence, learning more about these major factors is of great concern in order to protect endangered species. In this study, we verified the effect of sex, temperature, time and flock size on the diving behavior of the Scaly-sided Merganser(Mergus squamatus).Methods: The study was conducted by means of focal animal sampling in the Wuyuan section of the Poyang Lake watershed in Jiangxi Province, China from December 2015 to March 2016. We used one-way ANOVA and LSD tests to investigate the differences among these factors. Pearson correlations were used to test the relation between pause duration and the previous or subsequent dive duration. The relations between these factors and dive/pause duration are illustrated using Spearman correlations.Results: Mean dive duration and mean time on the pause of males were significantly higher than those of females. With an increase in temperature, dive duration significantly increased. Along with the passage of time of year and daytime, dive duration significantly increased, while dive duration decreased significantly with the increase in flock size.Conclusions: Sex, temperature, time and flock size have an effect on the diving behavior of the wintering Scalysided Merganser. The difference of diving behavior between males and females is related to differences in body mass. The difference of diving behavior among various temperatures and time periods may be related to a low minimum rate of oxygen consumption, while the difference among various flock sizes may be caused by rising intraspecific competition.展开更多
To investigate the association between temperature and daily mortality in Shanghai from June 1, 2000 to December 31, 2001. Methods Time-series approach was used to estimate the effect of temperature on daily tota...To investigate the association between temperature and daily mortality in Shanghai from June 1, 2000 to December 31, 2001. Methods Time-series approach was used to estimate the effect of temperature on daily total and cause-specific mortality. We fitted generalized additive Poisson regression using non-parametric smooth functions to control for long-term time trend, season and other variables. We also controlled for day of the week. Results A gently sloping V-like relationship between total mortality and temperature was found, with an optimum temperature (e.g. temperature with lowest mortality risk) value of 26.7癈 in Shanghai. For temperatures above the optimum value, total mortality increased by 0.73% for each degree Celsius increase; while for temperature below the optimum value, total mortality decreased by 1.21% for each degree Celsius increase. Conclusions Our findings indicate that temperature has an effect on daily mortality in Shanghai, and the time-series approach is a useful tool for studying the temperature-mortality association.展开更多
Knowing the time extension degree of full mortality in phosphine fumigation at low temperature significantly contributes to successful insect pest control,especially for reducing fumigation failure and inhibiting resi...Knowing the time extension degree of full mortality in phosphine fumigation at low temperature significantly contributes to successful insect pest control,especially for reducing fumigation failure and inhibiting resistance development.The comparison ofmortality and lethal time on eggs,larvae,pupae and adults of Cryptolestes ferrugineus(Stephens)was conducted,and the strain with 1043 times of resistance factor to phosphine was assayed during fumigation with 300 mL/m^3 of phosphine concentration at 18,23 and 28℃.The LT50 values to eggs,larvae,pupae and adults of C.ferrugineus at 18℃ were postponed by 2,2,1 and 5 d comparedwith that at 23℃,and 5,4,5 and 7 d compared with that at 28℃,respectively.The LT99 values to eggs,larvae,pupae and adults at 18℃ were 5,1,2 and 7 d longer than that at 23℃,and 6,5,5 and 10 d longer than that at 28℃,respectively.The lethal time of different life stages of the C.ferrugineus strain significantly increased with temperature decreasing.The exposure time of full mortality on pupae at 300 mL/m^3 of phosphine at 18℃ reached 38 d,which was 12 d longer than that of larvae.The order of tolerance of different life stages of C.ferrugineus exposed to 300 mL/m^3 phosphine from high to low was pupae,eggs,adults,larvae at tested temperatures.展开更多
The development of the cotton fiber is very sensitive to temperature variation, and high temperature stress often causes reduced fiber yield and fiber quality. Short-term high temperature stress often occurs during co...The development of the cotton fiber is very sensitive to temperature variation, and high temperature stress often causes reduced fiber yield and fiber quality. Short-term high temperature stress often occurs during cotton production, but little is known about the specific timing and duration of stress that affects fiber development. To make this clear, pot experiments were carried in 2014 and 2015 in a climate chamber using cotton cultivars HY370WR（less sensitive variety） and Sumian 15（heat sensitive variety）, which present different temperature sensitivities. Changes of the most important fiber quality indices（i.e., fiber length, fiber strength and marcironaire） and three very important fiber development components（i.e., cellulose, sucrose and callose） were analyzed to define the time window and critical duration to the high temperature stress at 34°C（max38°C/min30°C）. When developing bolls were subjected to 5 days of high temperature stress at different days post-anthesis（DPA）, the changes（Δ%） of fiber length, strength and micronire, as a function of imposed time followed square polynomial eq. as y=a＋bx＋cx^2, and the time around 15 DPA was the most sensitive period for fiber quality development in response to heat stress. When 15 DPA bolls were heat-stressed for different durations（2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 days）, the changes（Δ%） of fiber length, strength and micronire, as a function of stress duration followed logistic equations y=A_1-A_2/1＋（x/x_0）~p＋A_2. Referred to that 5, 10 and 15% are usually used as criteria to decide whether techniques are effective or changes are significant in crop culture practice and reguard to the fiber quality indices change range, we suggested that 5% changes of the major fiber quality indices（fiber length, fiber strength and micronaire） and 10% changes of fiber development components（cellulose, sucrose and callose） could be taken as criteria to judge whether fiber development and fiber quality have been significantly affected by high temperature stress. The key time window for cotton fiber development in response to the high temperature stress was 13–19 DPA, and the critical duration was about 5 days.展开更多
To further understand the energy loss mechanism of the ＂charge transfer process＂ that was proposed in our previous work on Eu^2＋-Mn^2＋ co-doped phosphors, the influence of synthetic temperature and heating time on...To further understand the energy loss mechanism of the ＂charge transfer process＂ that was proposed in our previous work on Eu^2＋-Mn^2＋ co-doped phosphors, the influence of synthetic temperature and heating time on the photoluminescence（PL） behavior of M5（PO4）3Cl：Eu^2＋,Mn^2＋（M=Ca, Sr） phosphors was investigated by analyzing their PL spectra and decay curves. For the Ca phase, an increase in the synthetic temperature resulted in an increase in the loss from the ＂charge transfer process＂ since more Eu^2＋ ions were involved in the Eu^2＋-Mn^2＋ clusters. This was contrary to the thermodynamic expectation. To solve this contradiction, we proposed that the formation of Eu^2＋-Mn^2＋ clusters was kinetically blocked at lower synthetic temperatures. With an increase in heating time for the phosphors synthesized at lower temperature（such as 1100 ℃） the PL intensity decreased, which supported the above assertion.展开更多
Stress-dependence of the intrinsic time of viscoelastic materialsis investigated. The influence of stress level on the intrinsic timeis considered to be similar to that of temperature, pressure, solventcon- centration...Stress-dependence of the intrinsic time of viscoelastic materialsis investigated. The influence of stress level on the intrinsic timeis considered to be similar to that of temperature, pressure, solventcon- centration, damage and physical aging. Thetime-temperature-stress equivalence principle is proposed, byemploying which, the creep curves at different temperatures andstress level can be shifted into a master curve at referencetemperature and stress level.展开更多
This study evaluated the effects of time and temperature variables on routine Pro-thrombin Time test and Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT) test among subjects of African descent in Sokoto, North Western Nig...This study evaluated the effects of time and temperature variables on routine Pro-thrombin Time test and Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT) test among subjects of African descent in Sokoto, North Western Nigeria. Samples of 99 subjects made up of 49 male and 50 female subjects with mean age 38.3 ± 22.3 years. Coagulation tests were performed immediately specified times after phlebotomy up to 24 hours (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 24 hours at room temperature of 40 degrees C. Our data demonstrate that prothrombin time and APTT results are stable for up to 2 hours, remaining constant regardless of storage conditions. Post hoc tests using Bonferroni correction revealed that there were increases in PT time from 0 hour to 4 hours (17.82 ± 0.61 seconds vs 18.30 ± 0.59 seconds, respectively), from 0 hour to 24 hours (17.82 ± 0.61 seconds vs 18.48 ± 0.59 seconds, respectively), from 2 hours to 4 hours (17.89 ± 0.58 seconds vs 18.30 ± 0.59 seconds), from 2 hours to 24 hours (17.89 ± 0.58 seconds vs 18.48 ± 0.58 seconds), which were all statistically significant (p = 0.002 and p < 0.000, p < 0.000, p < 0.000, respectively). However, the increase in PT time from 0 hour to 2 hours (17.82 ± 0.61 seconds vs 17.89 ± 0.59 seconds, respectively) and from 4 hours to 24 hours (18.30 ± 0.59 vs 18.48 ± 0.59 seconds, respectively) were not statistically significant (p = 1, p = 0.428). A repeated measure ANOVA determined that mean PTTK time differed statistically significantly between time points F (3, 291) = 119.22, p < 0.001. Post hoc tests using Bonferroni correction revealed that there were increase in PTTK time from 0 hour to 2 hours (37.86 ± 1.04 seconds vs 39.94 ± 1.07 seconds, respectively), from 0 hour to 4 hours (37.86 ± 1.04 seconds vs 42.34 ± 1.11 seconds, respectively), from 0 hours to 24 hours (37.86 ± 1.04 seconds vs 44.93 ± 1.20 seconds), from 2 hours to 4 hours (39.94 ± 1.07 seconds vs 42.34 ± 1.11 seconds), from 2 hours to 24 hours (39.94 ± 1.07 seconds vs 44.93 ± 1.20 seconds) and from 4 hours to 24 hours (42.43 ± 1.11 vs 44.93 ± 1.20 seconds), which were all statistically significant at p < 0.001). Therefore, we conclude that there are no statistically significant differences in the PT and APTT between 0 and 2 hours. A longer timing (after 2 hours) from phlebotomy collection of blood from respondents elicited a statistically significant increase in the PT and APTT result. There were no statistically significant differences in the PT and APTT result determined 4 hours and 24 hours after phlebotomy. Longer timing from collection of blood from respondents elicited a statistically significant increment/increase in the clotting time using PTTK. Our data demonstrate that PT and APTT results are stable for 2 hours remaining constant regardless of storage conditions.展开更多
基金supported by the Hundred Talents Programof the Chinese Academy of Sciences,the Pre-Research Project JZX7Y20220414101801the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDB35000000)the National Natural Science Foundation Projects(No.51806231).
文摘Helium sorption cooler technology is a key means to realize highly reliable low-vibration very lowtemperature environments,which have important applications in fields such as quantum computing and space exploration.The laboratory designed a superfluid suppression small hole and a multi-ribbed condenser,developed a reliable-performance helium sorption cooler(HSC),and conducted experimental studies.Experimental results show that the prototype can achieve the lowest cooling temperature of 873 mK without load by filling 6MPa helium at room temperature.The low-temperature hold time is 26 h,and the temperature fluctuation is within 0.8 mK.The cooling power of the helium sorption cooler is 1 mW@0.98 K@3.5 h.Experimental results indicate that when the charging pressure is reduced to 4MPa,theminimum temperature decreases to 836mK,and the hold time shortens to 16 h.When the pre-cooling temperature increases from 3.9 to 4.9 K,the hold time is reduced to 3 h.
文摘Membrane fouling remains the primary economic barrier to the widespread implementation of membrane bioreactors (MBRs), despite the fact that they lead to the production of high-quality effluent. Operational conditions are critical factors influencing membrane fouling. This study aimed to investigate the simultaneous impacts of temperature and hydraulic retention time (HRT) variations on membrane fouling. Experiments were conducted at three different temperatures (18°C, 25°C, and 32°C) and HRTs (6 h, 9 h, and 15 h). The results demonstrated that increases in both temperature and HRT contributed to a reduction in membrane fouling. Additionally, a positive interaction between temperature and HRT was observed in the linear slope variation of membrane permeation, with temperature variations exerting a greater influence on membrane fouling than HRT variations. Fouling factor analysis revealed that increases in temperature and HRT led to decreased concentrations of soluble microbial products (SMP) and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), particularly carbohydrates, in the activated sludge. Analyses of the cake layer of the membrane indicated that increasing temperature and HRT reduced EPS levels, particularly polysaccharides and proteins;altered primary protein structure;and increased the mean particle size distribution. Ultimately, these changes led to reductions in both reversible and irreversible hydraulic resistances. This study highlights the importance of optimizing operational parameters such as temperature and HRT to enhance membrane performance and treatment efficiency in MBR systems while mitigating fouling.
文摘According to the Doehlert's matrix method, the adsorbent derived from sewage sludge was prepared through chemical activation under controlling the pyrolysis temperature and hold time. The characteristic parameters including the total yield, adsorption of methylene blue, adsorption of iodine, BET surface area, micro-pore volume are 35%—49%, 16.5—38 mg/g, 285—362 mg/g, 185—359 m2/g, and 0.112—0.224 m3/g, respectively. According to the experimental data, the multi-linear regression method was adopted to fit the relations between the characteristic parameters and influential factors. At final, through optimization method, the optimal adsorbent is obtained when using 62 min as hold time and 1105K as pyrolysis temperature. Under the conditions, the adsorbent was produced and compared the characteristic parameters with model forecast value, the coherence is satisfied.
文摘In this study,the effect of decarburization annealing temperature and time on the carbon content,microstructure,and texture of grain-oriented pure iron was investigated by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy with electron-backscatter diffraction. The results showed that the efficiency of decarburization dramatically increased with increasing decarburization temperature. However,when the annealing temperature was increased to 825°C and 850°C,the steel's carbon content remained essentially unchanged at 0.002%. With increasing decarburization time,the steel's carbon content generally decreased. When both the decarburization temperature and time were increased further,the average grain size dramatically increased and the number of fine grains decreased; meanwhile,some relatively larger grains developed. The main texture types of the decarburized sheets were approximately the same: {001}<110> and {112~115}<110>,with a γ-fiber texture. Furthermore,little change was observed in the texture. Compared with the experimental sheets,the texture of the cold-rolled sheet was very scattered. The best average magnetic induction(B_(800)) among the final products was 1.946 T.
基金supported by Centre of Encellecne Mathentatics CHEThailand finanieally Sudaral Chadsuthi is supported by the Commission on Higher Education Thailand for its grant support under the Strategie Scholarships for Frintier Research Network for joint Ph.D.Programssupported by the National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA) and Faculty of Science,Mahidol University
文摘Objective:To study the number of leptospirosis cases in relations to the seasonal pattern,and its association with climate factors.Methods:Time series analysis was used to study the time variations in the number of leptospirosis cases.The Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model was used in data curve fitting and predicting the next leptospirosis cases. Results:We found that the amount of rainfall was correlated to leptospirosis cases in both regions of interest,namely the northern and northeastern region of Thailand,while the temperature played a role in the northeastern region only.The use of multivariate ARIMA(ARIMAX) model showed that factoring in rainfall(with an 8 months lag) yields the best model for the northern region while the model,which factors in rainfall(with a 10 months kg) and temperature(with an 8 months lag) was the best for the northeaslern region.Conclusions:The models are able to show the trend in leptospirosis cases and closely fit the recorded data in both regions.The models can also be used to predict the next seasonal peak quite accurately.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province (No. T08J0129)the Science and Technology Developing Foundation of Fuzhou University (No. 2008-XQ-001)2007-year New Century Talents Supporting Program of Fujian Province (No.XSJRC2007-17)
文摘We aim in this research at synthesizing high-purity aluminium titanate with sludge from the aluminium profile factory by shock cooling method, and mainly discuss the effect of calcining reaction temperature and holding time on crystalline, microstructure and content of aluminum titanate materials to determine the preferred calcining temperature and holding time. XRD and SEM methods were utilized to characterize the crystalline and microstructure of each specimen, Rietveld Quantification software was used for the determination of different crystalline contents of specimens, and Philips plus software was applied to determine the cell parameters of aluminium titanate in different specimens. According to the experimental results, preferred calcining temperature is determined as 1400℃ and preferred holding time is 2 h, at which the grains of aluminum titanate grow completely and the purity of aluminum titanate is 97.2wt%.
基金project supported by the Science and Technology Department of Zhejiang Province (2005C13003).
文摘Objective To examine the effect of hydraulic residence time （HRT） on the performance and stability, to treat dilute wastewater at different operational temperatures in a carrier anaerobic baffled reactor （CABR）, and hence to gain a deeper insight into microbial responses to hydraulic shocks on the base of the relationships among macroscopic performance, catabolic intermediate, and microcosmic alternation. Methods COD, VFAs, and microbial activity were detected with constant feed strength （300 mg/L） at different HRTs （9-18 h） and temperatures （10℃-28℃） in a CABR. Results The removal efficiencies declined with the decreases of HRTs and temperatures. However, the COD removal load was still higher at short HRT than at long HRT. Devastating reactor performance happened at temperature of 10℃ and at HRT of 9 h. HRTs had effect on the VFAs in the reactor slightly both at high and low temperatures, but the reasons differed from each other. Microbial activity was sensitive to indicate changes of environmental and operational parameters in the reactor. Conclusion The CABR offers to certain extent an application to treat dilute wastewater under a hydraulic-shock at temperatures from 10℃to 28℃.
基金Item Sponsored by National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC10402037) Theoretical Research Fund of SouthwestJiaotong University (2005XJB23)
文摘The uniaxial time-dependent strain cyclic behaviors and ratcheting of SS304 stainless steel were studied at high temperatures （350 ℃ and 700 ℃）. The effects of straining and stressing rates, holding time at the peak and/or valley of each cycle in addition to ambient temperature on the cyclic softening/hardening behavior and ratcheting of the material were discussed. It can be seen from experimental results that the material presents remarkable time dependence at 700 ℃, and the ratcheting strain depends greatly on the stressing rate, holding time and ambient temperature. Some significant conclusions are obtained, which are useful to build a constitutive model describiog the time-dependent cyclic deformation of the material.
文摘Using radiosonde temperatures of 92 selected stations in China,the uncertainties in homogenization processes caused by different reference series,including nighttime temperature,the NCEP （National Centers for Environmental Prediction） and ERA-40 （European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts） forecasting background,are examined via a two-phase regression approach.Although the results showed limited consistency in the temporal and spatial distribution of identified break points （BPs） in the context of metadata events of instrument model change and correction method,significant uncertainties still existed in BP identification,adjustment,and impact on the estimated trend.Reanalysis reference series generally led to more BP identification in homogenization.However,those differences were parts of global climatic shifts,which may have confused the BP calculations.Discontinuities also existed in the reanalysis series due to changes in the satellite input.The adjustment values deduced from the reanalysis series ranged widely and were larger than those from the nighttime series and,therefore,impacted the estimated temperature trend.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51905423)Natural.Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China(Grant No.2021JM338)+1 种基金China Scholarship Council(Grant No.201908610042)Application Technology R&D Project of Beilin District(GX2102).
文摘In the paper, the finite element model(FEM) of wire arc additive manufacturing(WAAM) by TIG method was established by the ABAQUS soft, and the phase transformation latent heat was considered in the model. The evolution rules of temperature field at the interlayer with the cooling time of 10 s, 30 s and 50 s were obtained by the model. The WAAM experiment were performed by 5356 aluminum alloy welding wire with φ1.2 mm, and the simulated temperature field were varified by the thermocouple. The result shows that the highest temperature at the molten pool center increases with the increased interlayers at the same interlayer cooling time;the highest temperature drops gradually and the decline is smaller with the increased interlayer cooling time at the same layer. No remelting occurs at the top layer, and at least two remelting times occur in the other layers, resulting in complex temperature field evolution.
文摘This paper aims to detect the short-term as well as long-term change point in the surface air temperature time series for Asansol weather observation station, West Bengal, India. Temperature data for the period from 1941 to 2010 of the said weather observatory have been collected from Indian Meteorological Department, Kolkata. Variations and trends of annual mean temperature, annual mean maximum temperature and annual minimum temperature time series were examined. The cumulative sum charts (CUSUM) and bootstrapping were used for the detection of abrupt changes in the time series data set. Statistically significant abrupt changes and trends have been detected. The major change point in the annual mean temperatures occurred around 1986 (0.57°C) at the period of 25 years in the long-term regional scale. On the other side, the annual mean maximum and annual mean minimum temperatures have distinct change points at level 1. There are abrupt changes in the year 1961 (Confidence interval 1961, 1963) for the annual mean maximum and 1994 (Confidence interval 1993, 1996) for the annual mean minimum temperatures at a confidence level of 100% and 98%, respectively. Before the change, the annual mean maximum and annual mean minimum temperatures were 30.90°C and 23.99°C, respectively, while after the change, the temperatures became 33.93°C and 24.84°C, respectively. Over the entire period of consideration (1941-2010), 11 forward and backward changes were found in total. Out of 11, there are 3 changes (1961, 1986 and 2001) in annual mean temperatures, 4 changes (1957, 1961, 1980 and 1994) in annual mean maximum temperatures, and rest 4 changes (1968, 1981, 1994 and 2001) are associated with annual mean minimum temperature data set.
基金jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 42005037)Special Project of Innovative Development, CMA (CXFZ2021J022, CXFZ2022J008, and CXFZ2021J028)+1 种基金Liaoning Provincial Natural Science Foundation Project (Ph.D. Start-up Research Fund 2019-BS214)Research Project of the Institute of Atmospheric Environment, CMA (2021SYIAEKFMS08, 2020SYIAE08 and 2021SYIAEKFMS09)
文摘The Northeast China cold vortex(NCCV)during late summer(from July to August)is identified and classified into three types in terms of its movement path using machine learning.The relationships of the three types of NCCV intensity with atmospheric circulations in late summer,the sea surface temperature(SST),and Arctic sea ice concentration(SIC)in the preceding months,are analyzed.The sensitivity tests by the Community Atmosphere Model version 5.3(CAM5.3)are used to verify the statistical results.The results show that the coordination pattern of East Asia-Pacific(EAP)and Lake Baikal high pressure forced by SST anomalies in the North Indian Ocean dipole mode(NIOD)during the preceding April and SIC anomalies in the Nansen Basin during the preceding June results in an intensity anomaly for the first type of NCCV.While the pattern of high pressure over the Urals and Okhotsk Sea and low pressure over Lake Baikal during late summer-which is forced by SST anomalies in the South Indian Ocean dipole mode(SIOD)in the preceding June and SIC anomalies in the Barents Sea in the preceding April-causes the intensity anomaly of the second type.The third type is atypical and is not analyzed in detail.Sensitivity tests,jointly forced by the SST and SIC in the preceding period,can well reproduce the observations.In contrast,the results forced separately by the SST and SIC are poor,indicating that the NCCV during late summer is likely influenced by the coordinated effects of both SST and SIC in the preceding months.
基金jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41830757,41573076 and 41671494)。
文摘Eutrophication and harmful cyanobacterial blooms threaten water resources all over the world.There is a great controversy about controlling only phosphorus or controlling both nitrogen and phosphorus in the management of lake eutrophication.The primary argument against the dual nutrients control of eutrophication is that nitrogen fixation can compensate the nitrogen deficits.Thus,it is of great necessary to study the factors that can significantly affect the nitrogen fixation.Due to the difference of climate and human influence,the water quality of different lakes(such as water temperature,N:P ratio and water residence time)is also quite different.Numerous studies have reported that the low N:P ratio can intensify the nitrogen fixation capacities.However,the effects of temperature and water residence time on the nitrogen fixation remain unclear.Thus,30 shallows freshwater lakes in the eastern plain of China were selected to measure dissolved N_(2) and Ar concentrations through N_(2):Ar method using a membrane inlet mass spectrometer to quantify the nitrogen fixation capacities and investigate whether the temperature and water residence time have a great impact on nitrogen fixation.The results have shown that the short lake water residence time can severely inhibit the nitrogen fixation capacities through inhibiting the growth of nitrogenfixing cyanobacteria,changing the N:P ratio and resuspending the solids from sediments.Similarly,lakes with low water temperature also have a low nitrogen fixation capacity,suggesting that controlling nitrogen in such lakes is feasible if the growth of cyanobacteria is limited by nitrogen.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31560597)
文摘Background: The foraging and diving behavior of waterfowl are affected by a number of important factors. Hence, learning more about these major factors is of great concern in order to protect endangered species. In this study, we verified the effect of sex, temperature, time and flock size on the diving behavior of the Scaly-sided Merganser(Mergus squamatus).Methods: The study was conducted by means of focal animal sampling in the Wuyuan section of the Poyang Lake watershed in Jiangxi Province, China from December 2015 to March 2016. We used one-way ANOVA and LSD tests to investigate the differences among these factors. Pearson correlations were used to test the relation between pause duration and the previous or subsequent dive duration. The relations between these factors and dive/pause duration are illustrated using Spearman correlations.Results: Mean dive duration and mean time on the pause of males were significantly higher than those of females. With an increase in temperature, dive duration significantly increased. Along with the passage of time of year and daytime, dive duration significantly increased, while dive duration decreased significantly with the increase in flock size.Conclusions: Sex, temperature, time and flock size have an effect on the diving behavior of the wintering Scalysided Merganser. The difference of diving behavior between males and females is related to differences in body mass. The difference of diving behavior among various temperatures and time periods may be related to a low minimum rate of oxygen consumption, while the difference among various flock sizes may be caused by rising intraspecific competition.
文摘To investigate the association between temperature and daily mortality in Shanghai from June 1, 2000 to December 31, 2001. Methods Time-series approach was used to estimate the effect of temperature on daily total and cause-specific mortality. We fitted generalized additive Poisson regression using non-parametric smooth functions to control for long-term time trend, season and other variables. We also controlled for day of the week. Results A gently sloping V-like relationship between total mortality and temperature was found, with an optimum temperature (e.g. temperature with lowest mortality risk) value of 26.7癈 in Shanghai. For temperatures above the optimum value, total mortality increased by 0.73% for each degree Celsius increase; while for temperature below the optimum value, total mortality decreased by 1.21% for each degree Celsius increase. Conclusions Our findings indicate that temperature has an effect on daily mortality in Shanghai, and the time-series approach is a useful tool for studying the temperature-mortality association.
基金This work was supported by National Key Research and Development Program of the 13th Five-Year Plan(No.2017YFC1600800).
文摘Knowing the time extension degree of full mortality in phosphine fumigation at low temperature significantly contributes to successful insect pest control,especially for reducing fumigation failure and inhibiting resistance development.The comparison ofmortality and lethal time on eggs,larvae,pupae and adults of Cryptolestes ferrugineus(Stephens)was conducted,and the strain with 1043 times of resistance factor to phosphine was assayed during fumigation with 300 mL/m^3 of phosphine concentration at 18,23 and 28℃.The LT50 values to eggs,larvae,pupae and adults of C.ferrugineus at 18℃ were postponed by 2,2,1 and 5 d comparedwith that at 23℃,and 5,4,5 and 7 d compared with that at 28℃,respectively.The LT99 values to eggs,larvae,pupae and adults at 18℃ were 5,1,2 and 7 d longer than that at 23℃,and 6,5,5 and 10 d longer than that at 28℃,respectively.The lethal time of different life stages of the C.ferrugineus strain significantly increased with temperature decreasing.The exposure time of full mortality on pupae at 300 mL/m^3 of phosphine at 18℃ reached 38 d,which was 12 d longer than that of larvae.The order of tolerance of different life stages of C.ferrugineus exposed to 300 mL/m^3 phosphine from high to low was pupae,eggs,adults,larvae at tested temperatures.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31271654,31471444)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,China(BK20131318)
文摘The development of the cotton fiber is very sensitive to temperature variation, and high temperature stress often causes reduced fiber yield and fiber quality. Short-term high temperature stress often occurs during cotton production, but little is known about the specific timing and duration of stress that affects fiber development. To make this clear, pot experiments were carried in 2014 and 2015 in a climate chamber using cotton cultivars HY370WR（less sensitive variety） and Sumian 15（heat sensitive variety）, which present different temperature sensitivities. Changes of the most important fiber quality indices（i.e., fiber length, fiber strength and marcironaire） and three very important fiber development components（i.e., cellulose, sucrose and callose） were analyzed to define the time window and critical duration to the high temperature stress at 34°C（max38°C/min30°C）. When developing bolls were subjected to 5 days of high temperature stress at different days post-anthesis（DPA）, the changes（Δ%） of fiber length, strength and micronire, as a function of imposed time followed square polynomial eq. as y=a＋bx＋cx^2, and the time around 15 DPA was the most sensitive period for fiber quality development in response to heat stress. When 15 DPA bolls were heat-stressed for different durations（2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 days）, the changes（Δ%） of fiber length, strength and micronire, as a function of stress duration followed logistic equations y=A_1-A_2/1＋（x/x_0）~p＋A_2. Referred to that 5, 10 and 15% are usually used as criteria to decide whether techniques are effective or changes are significant in crop culture practice and reguard to the fiber quality indices change range, we suggested that 5% changes of the major fiber quality indices（fiber length, fiber strength and micronaire） and 10% changes of fiber development components（cellulose, sucrose and callose） could be taken as criteria to judge whether fiber development and fiber quality have been significantly affected by high temperature stress. The key time window for cotton fiber development in response to the high temperature stress was 13–19 DPA, and the critical duration was about 5 days.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21371015,51304086)the National Basic Research Program of China(2014CB643801)the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(2011AA03A101)
文摘To further understand the energy loss mechanism of the ＂charge transfer process＂ that was proposed in our previous work on Eu^2＋-Mn^2＋ co-doped phosphors, the influence of synthetic temperature and heating time on the photoluminescence（PL） behavior of M5（PO4）3Cl：Eu^2＋,Mn^2＋（M=Ca, Sr） phosphors was investigated by analyzing their PL spectra and decay curves. For the Ca phase, an increase in the synthetic temperature resulted in an increase in the loss from the ＂charge transfer process＂ since more Eu^2＋ ions were involved in the Eu^2＋-Mn^2＋ clusters. This was contrary to the thermodynamic expectation. To solve this contradiction, we proposed that the formation of Eu^2＋-Mn^2＋ clusters was kinetically blocked at lower synthetic temperatures. With an increase in heating time for the phosphors synthesized at lower temperature（such as 1100 ℃） the PL intensity decreased, which supported the above assertion.
基金the Nalional Natural Science Foundation of China (No.19632030,50003005)the Education Committee of Hunan Province (No.99C122)
文摘Stress-dependence of the intrinsic time of viscoelastic materialsis investigated. The influence of stress level on the intrinsic timeis considered to be similar to that of temperature, pressure, solventcon- centration, damage and physical aging. Thetime-temperature-stress equivalence principle is proposed, byemploying which, the creep curves at different temperatures andstress level can be shifted into a master curve at referencetemperature and stress level.
文摘This study evaluated the effects of time and temperature variables on routine Pro-thrombin Time test and Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT) test among subjects of African descent in Sokoto, North Western Nigeria. Samples of 99 subjects made up of 49 male and 50 female subjects with mean age 38.3 ± 22.3 years. Coagulation tests were performed immediately specified times after phlebotomy up to 24 hours (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 24 hours at room temperature of 40 degrees C. Our data demonstrate that prothrombin time and APTT results are stable for up to 2 hours, remaining constant regardless of storage conditions. Post hoc tests using Bonferroni correction revealed that there were increases in PT time from 0 hour to 4 hours (17.82 ± 0.61 seconds vs 18.30 ± 0.59 seconds, respectively), from 0 hour to 24 hours (17.82 ± 0.61 seconds vs 18.48 ± 0.59 seconds, respectively), from 2 hours to 4 hours (17.89 ± 0.58 seconds vs 18.30 ± 0.59 seconds), from 2 hours to 24 hours (17.89 ± 0.58 seconds vs 18.48 ± 0.58 seconds), which were all statistically significant (p = 0.002 and p < 0.000, p < 0.000, p < 0.000, respectively). However, the increase in PT time from 0 hour to 2 hours (17.82 ± 0.61 seconds vs 17.89 ± 0.59 seconds, respectively) and from 4 hours to 24 hours (18.30 ± 0.59 vs 18.48 ± 0.59 seconds, respectively) were not statistically significant (p = 1, p = 0.428). A repeated measure ANOVA determined that mean PTTK time differed statistically significantly between time points F (3, 291) = 119.22, p < 0.001. Post hoc tests using Bonferroni correction revealed that there were increase in PTTK time from 0 hour to 2 hours (37.86 ± 1.04 seconds vs 39.94 ± 1.07 seconds, respectively), from 0 hour to 4 hours (37.86 ± 1.04 seconds vs 42.34 ± 1.11 seconds, respectively), from 0 hours to 24 hours (37.86 ± 1.04 seconds vs 44.93 ± 1.20 seconds), from 2 hours to 4 hours (39.94 ± 1.07 seconds vs 42.34 ± 1.11 seconds), from 2 hours to 24 hours (39.94 ± 1.07 seconds vs 44.93 ± 1.20 seconds) and from 4 hours to 24 hours (42.43 ± 1.11 vs 44.93 ± 1.20 seconds), which were all statistically significant at p < 0.001). Therefore, we conclude that there are no statistically significant differences in the PT and APTT between 0 and 2 hours. A longer timing (after 2 hours) from phlebotomy collection of blood from respondents elicited a statistically significant increase in the PT and APTT result. There were no statistically significant differences in the PT and APTT result determined 4 hours and 24 hours after phlebotomy. Longer timing from collection of blood from respondents elicited a statistically significant increment/increase in the clotting time using PTTK. Our data demonstrate that PT and APTT results are stable for 2 hours remaining constant regardless of storage conditions.
