Tin sulfide(SnS_(2))is a promising anodematerial for sodium/potassium-ion batteries(SIBs/PIBs)due to its large interlayer spacing and high theoretical capacity.However,its application is hindered by sluggish kinetics,...Tin sulfide(SnS_(2))is a promising anodematerial for sodium/potassium-ion batteries(SIBs/PIBs)due to its large interlayer spacing and high theoretical capacity.However,its application is hindered by sluggish kinetics,volume expansion,and low conductivity.In this work,a synergistic engineering route is proposed that combining environmentally friendly chlorella with sulfurized polyacrylonitrile(SPAN)to achieve green doping and dual-mode confinement SnS_(2)-based anode.The SPANmatrix prevents SnS2 agglomeration,enhances charge transfer,and improves structural stability,while phosphorus(P)doping accelerates“solid‒solid”conversion kinetics.The SnS_(2)‒P‒SPAN anode demonstrates outstanding sodium/potassium storage performance across a wide temperature range(‒40◦C to 70◦C),delivering high reversible capacities,excellent rate capability,and exceptional long-term cycling stability.The reliability of the as-developed strategy in a SnS_(2)‒P‒SPAN//NaNi_(0.4)Fe_(0.2)Mn_(0.4)O_(2)full cell is also verified,which shows strong practical potential with high capacity and long durability(241 mAh g^(−1)/800 cycles/0.5 A g^(−1)/25℃;159 mAh g^(−1)/400 cycles/0.5 A g−1/60℃;105 mAh g^(−1)/800 cycles/0.5 A g^(−1)/‒15℃).The associated electrochemical mechanisms of SnS_(2)‒P‒SPAN are elucidated through comprehensive electrochemical tests,in/ex situ analyses.The theoretical calculation unveil that P-doping helps to enhance the adsorption capacity of the Na^(+)and discharge products.Thiswork may pave theway for developing promising yet imperfect electrode materials in the field of energy storage.展开更多
High-voltage dual-ion batteries(DIBs)face significant challenges,including graphite cathode degradation,cathode-electrolyte interphase(CEI)instability,and the thermodynamic instability of conventional carbonate-based ...High-voltage dual-ion batteries(DIBs)face significant challenges,including graphite cathode degradation,cathode-electrolyte interphase(CEI)instability,and the thermodynamic instability of conventional carbonate-based electrolytes,particularly at extreme temperatures.In this study,we develop a stable electrolyte incorporating lithium difluorophosphate(LiDFP)as an additive to enhance the electrochemical performance of DIBs over a wide temperature range.LiDFP preferentially decomposes to form a rapid anion-transporting,mechanically robust CEI layer on graphite,which provides better protection by suppressing graphite's volume expansion,preventing electrolyte oxidative decomposition,and enhancing reaction kinetics.As a result,Li||graphite half cells using LiDFP electrolyte exhibit outstanding rate performance(90.8% capacity retention at 30 C)and excellent cycle stability(82.2% capacity retention after 5000 cycles)at room temperature.Moreover,graphite||graphite full cells with LiDFP electrolyte demonstrate stable discharge capacity across a temperature range of-20 to 40℃,expanding the potential applications of LiDFP.This work establishes a novel strategy for optimizing the interphase through electrolyte design,paving the way for all-climate DIBs with improved performance and stability.展开更多
Due to its impact on cereal yields,vegetation growth,animal wellbeing,and human health,considerable attention has been paid to diurnal temperature range,focusing on the temporal dimension of surface air temperature.Ho...Due to its impact on cereal yields,vegetation growth,animal wellbeing,and human health,considerable attention has been paid to diurnal temperature range,focusing on the temporal dimension of surface air temperature.However,the characteristics of spatial temperature range and its response to climate change remain unclear,despite its importance to various natural and societal activities.Here,we proposed a daily spatial temperature range(DSTR,difference between spatial maximum and minimum temperature,STmax and STmin)indicator to measure the maximum spatial temperature range within a given region over a day.We analyzed the spatiotemporal pattern of DSTR and its trend under climate change at four scales(global,hemispheric,national,and provincial),with the following main results:(1)DSTR was scale dependent,provincial pattern of which were mainly related to sensible and latent heat fluxes.(2)The key regions affecting DSTR and temporal distribution at different scales were mapped out.(3)Under climate change,DSTR significantly decreased globally,hemispherically,and in several Chinese provinces due to the greater warming of STmin than STmax.The influence of latent heat flux and solar shortwave radiation was larger at global/hemispheric scales,while the albedo was a more critical driver at provincial scale.For the first time,we proposed the DSTR indicator and emphasized the importance of exploring spatial temperature heterogeneity.This spatial information is important to optimize relevant societal activities,and the response of DSTR to climate change has further led to the consideration of the relationship between DSTR and extreme events,biodiversity,etc.展开更多
Tin(Sn)is considered an effective anode material for stripping and plating due to its promising capacity,isotropic deposition,and relatively negative redox potential of-0.91 V vs.standard hydrogen electrode(SHE).Howev...Tin(Sn)is considered an effective anode material for stripping and plating due to its promising capacity,isotropic deposition,and relatively negative redox potential of-0.91 V vs.standard hydrogen electrode(SHE).However,the challenges of hydrogen evolution corrosion and“dead Sn”formation at the Snalkaline electrolyte interface restrict its reversibility,which poses challenges for flexible devices and in a broad temperature range.In this study,we successfully designed a corrosion-resistant Sn anode(CuPVDF@Sn)featuring a multilevel microchannel structure.The Sn-affinitive Cu mesh with good electronic conductivity lowers the nucleation energy barrier and enhances deposition uniformity,while PVDF improves hydrogen evolution potential.Additionally,the soft Cu mesh and PVDF provide flexibility in design.As a result,the flexible Cu-PVDF@Sn anode achieves a coulombic efficiency(CE)of 92.61% and stable cycling for over 800 h.The flexible Sn-air battery based on this anode exhibits an energy density of 504 Wh kg^(-1),a peak power density of 80 mW cm^(-2),and a cycling stability of 120 h at 5 mA cm^(-2).It also operates effectively within a wide temperature range of -15-60℃,providing strong support for excellent environmental adaptability.The proposed concept in this work might provide a promising alternative for developing stable Sn anodes in flexible Sn-air batteries.展开更多
Common anode materials in aqueous alkaline electrolytes,such as cadmium,metal hydrides and zinc,usually suffer from remarkable biotoxicity,high cost,and serious side reactions.To overcome these problems,we develop a c...Common anode materials in aqueous alkaline electrolytes,such as cadmium,metal hydrides and zinc,usually suffer from remarkable biotoxicity,high cost,and serious side reactions.To overcome these problems,we develop a conjugated porous polymer(CPP)in-situ grown on reduced graphene oxide(rGO)and Ketjen black(KB),noted as C_(4)N/rGO and C_(4)N/KB respectively,as the alternative anodes.The results show that C_(4)N/rGO electrode delivers a low redox potential(−0.905 V vs.Ag/AgCl),high specific capacity(268.8 mAh g^(-1) at 0.2 A g^(-1)),ultra-stable and fast sodium ion storage behavior(216 mAh g^(-1) at 20 A g^(-1))in 2 M NaOH electrolyte.The assembled C_(4)N/rGO//Ni(OH)_(2) full battery can cycle stably more than 38,000 cycles.Furthermore,by adding a small amount of antifreeze additive dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO)to adjust the hydrogen bonding network,the low-temperature performance of the electrolyte(0.1 DMSO/2 M NaOH)is significantly improved while hydrogen evolution is inhibited.Consequently,the C_(4)N/rGO//Ni(OH)_(2) full cell exhibits an energy density of 147.3 Wh Kg^(-1) and ultra-high cycling stability over a wide temperature range from−70 to 45℃.This work provides an ultra-stable high-capacity CPPbased anode and antifreeze electrolyte for aqueous alkaline batteries and will facilitate their practical applications under extreme conditions.展开更多
Doping modification is one of the most effective ways to optimize the thermoelectric properties of Bi_(2)Te_(3)-based alloys.P-type Bi_(2−x)Sb_(x)Te_(3) thermoelectric materials have been successfully prepared by dire...Doping modification is one of the most effective ways to optimize the thermoelectric properties of Bi_(2)Te_(3)-based alloys.P-type Bi_(2−x)Sb_(x)Te_(3) thermoelectric materials have been successfully prepared by direct Sb doping method.It can be found that doping Sb into Bi_(2)Te_(3) lattice array for Bi-site replacement facilitates the generation of Sb′Te anti-site defects.This anti-site defects can increase the hole concentration and optimize electrical transport properties of Bi_(2−x)Sb_(x)Te_(3) alloys.In addition,the point defects induced by mass and stress fluctuations and the Sb impurities produced during the sintering process can enhance the multi-scale phonon scattering and reduce the lattice thermal conductivity.As a result,the Bi_(0.47)Sb_(1.63)Te_(3) sample has a maximum thermoelectric figure of merit ZT of 1.04 at 350 K.It is worth noting that the bipolar effect of Bi_(2)Te_(3)-based alloys can be weakened with the increase of Sb content.The Bi_(0.44)Sb_(1.66)Te_(3) sample has a maximum average ZT value(0.93)in the temperature range of 300–500 K,indicating that direct doping of Sb can broaden the temperature range corresponding to the optimal ZT value.This work provides an idea for developing high-performance near room temperature thermoelectric materials with a wide temperature range.展开更多
To achieve good performance for LiFePO4-based batteries operated at a wide temperature range,mixed salts of LiBF4 LiBOB（lithium bis（oxalato）borate） and LiTFSI（lithium bis（trifluoromethanesulfonyl）imide）-LiBOB ...To achieve good performance for LiFePO4-based batteries operated at a wide temperature range,mixed salts of LiBF4 LiBOB（lithium bis（oxalato）borate） and LiTFSI（lithium bis（trifluoromethanesulfonyl）imide）-LiBOB were investigated as alternative lithium salts to LiPF6 in non-aqueous electrolytes.LiFePO4/Li half cells using LiPF6,LiBF4-LiBOB and LiTFSI-LiBOB slats as lithium salts were investigated by galvanostatic cycling,cyclic voltammetry,thermogravimetric analysis.The results show that LiBF4-LiBOB and LiTFSI-LiBOB mixed salts are much more thermally stable than LiPF6.Corrosion of Al foil in the LiTFSI-based electrolytes can be suppressed successfully by the addition of LiBOB as a co-salt.The electrochemical performance of LiBF4-LiBOB and LiTFSI-LiBOB mixed salts based cells are both better than that of LiPF6-based cell.LiTFSI-LiBOB mixed salt based electrolyte is considered to be a very promising electrolyte candidate for Li-ion batteries that will be used in wide-temperature applications.展开更多
We acclimated adult males of three Eremias lizards from different latitudes to 28℃,33℃ or 38℃ to examine whether temperature acclimation affects their thermal preference and tolerance and whether thermal preference...We acclimated adult males of three Eremias lizards from different latitudes to 28℃,33℃ or 38℃ to examine whether temperature acclimation affects their thermal preference and tolerance and whether thermal preference and tolerance of these lizards correspond with their latitudinal distributions.Overall,selected body temperature(Tsel)and viable temperature range(VTR)were both highest in E.brenchleyi and lowest in E.multiocellata,with E.argus in between;critical thermal minimum(CTMin)was highest in E.multiocellata and lowest in E.brenchleyi,with E.argus in between;critical thermal maximum(CTMax)was lower in E.multiocellata than in other two species.Lizards acclimated to 28℃ and 38℃ overall selected lower body temperatures than those acclimated to 33℃;lizards acclimated to high temperatures were less tolerant of low temperatures,and vice versa;lizards acclimated to 28℃ were less tolerant of high temperatures but had a wider VTR range than those acclimated to 33℃ and 38℃.Lizards of three species acclimated to the three temperatures always differed from each other in CTMin,but not in Tsel,CTMax and VTR.Our results show that:temperature acclimation plays an important role in influencing thermal preference and tolerance in the three Eremias lizards,although the degrees to which acclimation temperature affects thermal preference and tolerance differ among species;thermal preference rather than tolerance of the three Eremias lizards corresponds with their latitudinal distributions.展开更多
Objective This study aimed to assess the association between emergency-room visits for respiratory tract infection （RTI） with diurnal temperature range （DTR）, a weather parameter closely associated with urbanizati...Objective This study aimed to assess the association between emergency-room visits for respiratory tract infection （RTI） with diurnal temperature range （DTR）, a weather parameter closely associated with urbanization and global climate change. Methods We conducted a semiparametric time-series analysis to estimate the percentage increase in emergency-room visits for RTI associated with changes in DTR after adjustment for daily weather conditions （temperature and relative humidity） and outdoor air pollution. Results DTR was significantly associated with daily emergency-room visits for RTI. An increase of 1 ~C in the current-day （LO） and in the 2-day moving average （L01） DTR corresponded to a 0.94% [95% confidence interval （CI）, 0.34%-1.55%] and 2.08% （95% CI, 1.24%-2.93%） increase in emergency-room visits for RTI, respectively. Conclusion DTR was associated with increased risk of RTI. More studies are needed to understand the impact of DTR on respiratory health.展开更多
The diurnal surface temperature range （DTR） has become significantly smaller over the Tibetan Plateau （TP） but larger in southeastern China, despite the daily mean surface temperature having increased steadily in ...The diurnal surface temperature range （DTR） has become significantly smaller over the Tibetan Plateau （TP） but larger in southeastern China, despite the daily mean surface temperature having increased steadily in both areas during recent decades. Based on ERA-Interim reanalysis data covering 1979-2012, this study shows that the weakened DTR over TP is caused by stronger warming of daily minimum surface temperature （Tmin） and a weak cooling of the daily maximum surface temper- ature （Tmax）; meanwhile, the enhanced DTR over southeastern China is mainly associated with a relatively stronger/weaker warming of Tmax/Tmin. A further quantitative analysis of DTR changes through a process-based decomposition method-- the Coupled Surface-Atmosphere Climate Feedback Response Analysis Method （CFRAM）--indicates that changes in radia- tive processes are mainly responsible for the decreased DTR over the TR In particular, the increased low-level cloud cover tends to induce the radiative cooling/warming during daytime/nighttime, and the increased water vapor helps to decrease the DTR through the stronger radiative wanning during nighttime than daytime. Contributions from the changes in all radiative processes （over -2℃） are compensated for by those from the stronger decreased surface sensible heat flux during daytime than during nighttime （approximately 2.5℃）, but are co-contributed by the changes in atmospheric dynamics （approximately -0.4℃） and the stronger increased latent heat flux during daytime （approximately -0.8℃）. In contrast, the increased DTR over southeastern China is mainly contributed by the changes in cloud, water vapor and atmospheric dynamics. The changes in surface heat fluxes have resulted in a decrease in DTR over southeastern China.展开更多
Many shape memory alloys can support large recoverable strains of a few percent by reversible stressinduced martensite transformation,yet they behave non-linear within a narrow operating temperature ra nge.Developing ...Many shape memory alloys can support large recoverable strains of a few percent by reversible stressinduced martensite transformation,yet they behave non-linear within a narrow operating temperature ra nge.Developing the bulk metallic materials with ultra-large linear elasticity over a wide tempe rature range has proven to be difficult.In this work,a material design concept was proposed,that is true elastic deformation and reversible twinning-detwinning deformation run in parallel to overcome this challe nge.By engineering the residual internal stress to realize the concurrency of true elastic deformation and twinning-detwinning deformation,a bulk nanocrystalline NiTi that possesses an ultra-large linear elastic strain up to 5.1 % and a high yield stress of 2.16 GPa over a wide temperature range of 270℃ was developed.This study offers a new avenue for developing the metallic materials with ultra-large linear elasticity over a wide temperature range of 270℃(from 70℃ to-197℃).展开更多
Urban heat island(UHI),driving by urbanization,plays an important role in urban sustainability under climate change.However,the quantification of UHI’s response to urbanization is still challenging due to the lack of...Urban heat island(UHI),driving by urbanization,plays an important role in urban sustainability under climate change.However,the quantification of UHI’s response to urbanization is still challenging due to the lack of robust and continuous temperature and urbanization datasets and reliable quantification methods.This study proposed a framework to quantify the response of surface UHI(SUHI)to urban expansion using the annual temperate cycle model.We built a continuous annual SUHI series at the buffer level from 2003 to 2018 in the Jing-Jin-Ji region of China using MODIS land surface temperature and imperviousness derived from Landsat.We then investigated the spatiotemporal dynamic of SUHI under urban expansion and examined the underlying mechanism.Spatially,the largest SUHI interannual variations occurred in suburban areas compared to the urban center and rural areas.Temporally,the increase in SUHI under urban expansion was more significant in daytime compare to nighttime.We found that the seasonal variation of SUHI was largely affected by the seasonal variations of vegetation in rural areas and the interannual variation was mainly attributed to urban expansion in urban areas.Additionally,urban greening led to the decrease in summer daytime SHUI in central urban areas.These findings deepen the understanding of the long-term spatiotemporal dynamic of UHI and the quantitative relationship between UHI and urban expansion,providing a scientific basis for prediction and mitigation of UHI.展开更多
The plastic flow behavior of the rotating band material is investigated in this paper. The rotating band material is processed from H96 brass alloy, which is hardened to a much higher yield strength compared to the an...The plastic flow behavior of the rotating band material is investigated in this paper. The rotating band material is processed from H96 brass alloy, which is hardened to a much higher yield strength compared to the annealed one. The dynamically uniaxial compression behavior of the material is tested using the split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB) with temperature and strain rate ranging from 297 to 1073 K and500 to 3000 s^(-1), respectively, and a phenomenological plastic flow stress model is developed to describe the mechanical behavior of the material. The material is found to present noticeable temperature sensitivity and weak strain-rate sensitivity. The construction of the plastic flow stress model has two steps. Firstly, three univariate stress functions, taking plastic strain, plastic strain rate and temperature as independent variable, respectively, are proposed by fixing the other two variables. Then, as the three univariate functions describe the special cases of flow stress behavior under various conditions, the principle of stress compatibility is adopted to obtain the complete flow stress function. The numerical results show that the proposed plastic flow stress model is more suitable for the rotating band material than the existing well-known models.展开更多
High-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells(HT-PEMFC) possess distinct technical advantages of high output power, simplified water/heat management, increased tolerance to fuel impurities and diverse fuel sour...High-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells(HT-PEMFC) possess distinct technical advantages of high output power, simplified water/heat management, increased tolerance to fuel impurities and diverse fuel sources, within the temperature range of 120–200 ℃. However, for practical automobile applications, it was crucial to broaden their low-temperature operating window and enable cold start-up capability. Herein, gel-state phosphoric acid(PA) doped sulfonated polybenzimidazole(PBI) proton exchange membranes(PEMs) were designed and synthesized via PPA sol-gel process and in-situ sultone ring-opening reactions with various proton transport pathways based on absorbed PA, flexible alkyl chain connected sulfonic acid groups and imidazole sites. The effects of flexible alkyl sulfonic acid side chain length and content on PA doping level, proton conductivity, and membrane stability under different temperature and relative humidity(RH) were thoroughly investigated. The prepared gel-state membranes contained a self-assembled lamellar and porous structure that facilitated the absorption of a large amount of PA with rapid proton transporting mechanisms. At room temperature, the optimized membrane exhibited a proton conductivity of 0.069 S cm^(-1), which was further increased to 0.162 and 0.358 S cm^(-1)at 80 and 200 ℃, respectively, without additional humidification. The most significant contribution of this work was demonstrating the feasibility of gel-state sulfonated PBI membranes in expanding HT-PEMFC application opportunities over a wider operating range of 25 to 240 ℃.展开更多
The vertical distribution of vegetation types along an elevational gradient in mountain areas largely depends on the elevational changes in air temperature and humidity. In this study, we presented the seasonal and di...The vertical distribution of vegetation types along an elevational gradient in mountain areas largely depends on the elevational changes in air temperature and humidity. In this study, we presented the seasonal and diurnal variations in the elevational gradients of air temperature and humidity on the southern and northern slopes in the middle Tianshan Mountain Range using data collected throughout the year via HOBO data loggers. The measurements were conducted at 12 different elevations from 1548 to 3277 m from September 2004 to August 2005. The results showed that the annual mean air temperature decreased along the elevational gradients with temperature lapse rates of(0.71±0.20)°C/100 m and(0.59±0.05)°C/100 m on the northern and southern slopes, respectively. The annual mean absolute humidity significantly decreased with increasing elevation on the northern slope but showed no significant trend on the southern slope. The annual mean relative humidity did not show a significant trend on the northern slope but increased with increasing elevation on the southern slope. The mean air temperature lapse rate exhibited significant seasonal variation, which is steeper insummer and shallower in winter, and this value varied between 0.37°C/100 m and 0.75°C/100 m on the southern slope and between 0.30°C/100 m and 1.02°C/100 m on the northern slope. The mean absolute and relative humidity also exhibited significant seasonal variations on both slopes, with the maximum occurring in summer and the minimum occurring in winter or spring. The monthly diurnal range of air temperature on both slopes was higher in spring than in winter. The annual range of air temperature on the southern slope was higher than that on the northern slope. Our results suggest that significant spatiotemporal variations in humidity and temperature lapse rate are useful when analyzing the relationships between species range sizes and climate in mountain areas.展开更多
The diurnal temperature range(DTR)serves as a vital indicator reflecting both natural climate variability and anthropogenic climate change.This study investigates the historical and projected multitemporal DTR variati...The diurnal temperature range(DTR)serves as a vital indicator reflecting both natural climate variability and anthropogenic climate change.This study investigates the historical and projected multitemporal DTR variations over the Tibetan Plateau.It assesses 23 climate models from phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project(CMIP6)using CN05.1 observational data as validation,evaluating their ability to simulate DTR over the Tibetan Plateau.Then,the evolution of DTR over the Tibetan Plateau under different shared socioeconomic pathway(SSP)scenarios for the near,middle,and long term of future projection are analyzed using 11 selected robustly performing models.Key findings reveal:(1)Among the models examined,BCC-CSM2-MR,EC-Earth3,EC-Earth3-CC,EC-Earth3-Veg,EC-Earth3-Veg-LR,FGOALS-g3,FIO-ESM-2-0,GFDL-ESM4,MPI-ESM1-2-HR,MPI-ESM1-2-LR,and INM-CM5-0 exhibit superior integrated simulation capability for capturing the spatiotemporal variability of DTR over the Tibetan Plateau.(2)Projection indicates a slightly increasing trend in DTR on the Tibetan Plateau in the SSP1-2.6 scenario,and decreasing trends in the SSP2-4.5,SSP3-7.0,and SPP5-8.5 scenarios.In certain areas,such as the southeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau,western hinterland of the Tibetan Plateau,southern Kunlun,and the Qaidam basins,the changes in DTR are relatively large.(3)Notably,the warming rate of maximum temperature under SSP2-4.5,SSP3-7.0,and SPP5-8.5 is slower compared to that of minimum temperature,and it emerges as the primary contributor to the projected decrease in DTR over the Tibetan Plateau in the future.展开更多
Aqueous rechargeable batteries are safe and environmentally friendly and can be made at a low cost;as such,they are attracting attention in the field of energy storage.However,the temperature sensitivity of aqueous ba...Aqueous rechargeable batteries are safe and environmentally friendly and can be made at a low cost;as such,they are attracting attention in the field of energy storage.However,the temperature sensitivity of aqueous batteries hinders their practical application.The solvent water freezes at low temperatures,and there is a reduction in ionic conductivity,whereas it evaporates rapidly at high temperatures,which causes increased side reactions.This review discusses recent progress in improving the performance of aqueous batteries,mainly with respect to electrolyte engineering and the associated strategies employed to achieve such improvements over a wide temperature domain.The review focuses on fi ve electrolyte engineer-ing(aqueous high-concentration electrolytes,organic electrolytes,quasi-solid/solid electrolytes,hybrid electrolytes,and eutectic electrolytes)and investigates the mechanisms involved in reducing the solidifi cation point and boiling point of the electrolyte and enhancing the extreme-temperature electrochemical performance.Finally,the prospect of further improving the wide temperature range performance of aqueous rechargeable batteries is presented.展开更多
The long-term trend of diurnal temperature range(DTR)over Nigeria was examined using daily station-based datasets for the period 1971–2013.The results show that the regionally averaged DTR has decreased significantly...The long-term trend of diurnal temperature range(DTR)over Nigeria was examined using daily station-based datasets for the period 1971–2013.The results show that the regionally averaged DTR has decreased significantly(-0.34°C per decade)over the Nigerian Sahel(north of 10°N),but there has been a slight increasing trend(0.01°C per decade)over the Nigerian Guinea Coast.The annual decreasing trend of DTR in the Nigerian Sahel is mainly attributable to the significant increasing trend in daily minimum temperature(Tmin,0.51°C per decade),which far outstrips the rate of increase in the daily maximum(Tmax,0.17°C per decade).In contrast,the comparable trends in Tmin(0.19°C per decade)and Tmax(0.20°C per decade)may explain the non-significant trend of the DTR averaged over the Guinea Coast region.It is observed that the DTR has decreased more in boreal summer(June–July–August)than in boreal winter(December–January–February)for the regions.Furthermore,it is found that the significant DTR declining trend over the Nigerian Sahel is closely associated with an increasing trend of annual and summer precipitation in the region,but the increasing DTR trend in the Nigerian Guinea Coast region can be attributed to the decreasing trend of cloud cover over the region.展开更多
Germination at low spring temperatures may offer a competitive advantage for the growth and survival of plant species inhabiting temperate forest ecosystems.Pinus koraiensis is a dominant species in temperate forests ...Germination at low spring temperatures may offer a competitive advantage for the growth and survival of plant species inhabiting temperate forest ecosystems.Pinus koraiensis is a dominant species in temperate forests of northeastern China.Its seeds exhibit primary morphophysiological dormancy following dispersal in autumn,limiting natural or artificial regeneration:direct seeding and planting seedlings in spring.The aim of this study was to determine the optimum cold stratification temperature that induces germination to increase towards lower temperatures.Seeds from two populations(Changbaishan and Liangshui)were cold stratified at 0,5 and 10℃.Germination to incubation temperatures(10/5,20/10,25/15 and 30/20℃;14/10 h day/night)were determined after 2 and 4 weeks,and 5.5 and6.5 months of cold stratification.After 5.5 months,approximately 68-91%of seeds from both populations germinated at incubation temperatures of 25/15℃and 30/20℃,regardless of cold stratification temperatures.When the cold stratification temperature was reduced to 0℃and the period increased to 6.5 months,germination at 10/5℃significantly improved,reaching 37%and 64%for the Changbaishan and Liangshui populations,respectively.After 6.5 months of cold stratification,there was a significant linear regression between cold stratification temperatures and germination at10/5℃.The range in temperatures allowing for germination gradually expanded to include lower temperatures with decreasing cold stratification temperatures from 10 to 5℃and further to 0℃.展开更多
The electrolyte integrated with lithium metal anodes is subjected to the issues of interfacial compatibility and stability,which strongly influence the performances of high-energy lithium metal batteries.Here,we repor...The electrolyte integrated with lithium metal anodes is subjected to the issues of interfacial compatibility and stability,which strongly influence the performances of high-energy lithium metal batteries.Here,we report a new electrolyte recipe viz.a moderately concentrated electrolyte comprising of 2.4 M lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide(LiFSI)in a cosolvent mixture of fluorinated ethylene carbonate(FEC)and dimethyl carbonate(DMC)with relatively high ion conductivity.Owing to the preferential decomposition of LiFSI and FEC,an inorganic-rich interphase with abundant Li_(2)O and LiF nanocrystals is formed on lithium metal with improved robustness and ion transfer kinetics,enabling lithium plating/stripping with an extremely low overpotential of~8 mV and the average CE of 97%.When tested in Li||LiFePO_(4) cell,this electrolyte provides long-term cycling with a capacity retention of 98.3%after 1000 cycles at 1 C and an excellent rate performance of 20 C,as well as an areal capacity of 1.35 mA h cm^(-2)at the cathode areal loading of 9 mg cm^(-2).Moreover,the Li||LiFePO_(4) cell exhibits excellent wide-temperature performances(-40~60℃),including long-term cycling stability over 2600 cycles without visible capacity fading at 0℃,as well as extremely high average CEs of 99.6%and 99.8% over 400 cycles under-20℃ and 45℃.展开更多
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China 22479026,22225902,51502036,21875037,and 2220918National Key Research and Development Program of China 2023YFC3906300Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province 2023J02013,2023YZ038001,Self-Deployment Project Research Program of Haixi Institutes,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Young Top Talent of Fujian Young Eagle Program,Educational Commission of Fujian Province.
文摘Tin sulfide(SnS_(2))is a promising anodematerial for sodium/potassium-ion batteries(SIBs/PIBs)due to its large interlayer spacing and high theoretical capacity.However,its application is hindered by sluggish kinetics,volume expansion,and low conductivity.In this work,a synergistic engineering route is proposed that combining environmentally friendly chlorella with sulfurized polyacrylonitrile(SPAN)to achieve green doping and dual-mode confinement SnS_(2)-based anode.The SPANmatrix prevents SnS2 agglomeration,enhances charge transfer,and improves structural stability,while phosphorus(P)doping accelerates“solid‒solid”conversion kinetics.The SnS_(2)‒P‒SPAN anode demonstrates outstanding sodium/potassium storage performance across a wide temperature range(‒40◦C to 70◦C),delivering high reversible capacities,excellent rate capability,and exceptional long-term cycling stability.The reliability of the as-developed strategy in a SnS_(2)‒P‒SPAN//NaNi_(0.4)Fe_(0.2)Mn_(0.4)O_(2)full cell is also verified,which shows strong practical potential with high capacity and long durability(241 mAh g^(−1)/800 cycles/0.5 A g^(−1)/25℃;159 mAh g^(−1)/400 cycles/0.5 A g−1/60℃;105 mAh g^(−1)/800 cycles/0.5 A g^(−1)/‒15℃).The associated electrochemical mechanisms of SnS_(2)‒P‒SPAN are elucidated through comprehensive electrochemical tests,in/ex situ analyses.The theoretical calculation unveil that P-doping helps to enhance the adsorption capacity of the Na^(+)and discharge products.Thiswork may pave theway for developing promising yet imperfect electrode materials in the field of energy storage.
基金the financial support received from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22378426,22138013)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2022MB088)the Taishan Scholar Project(ts201712020)。
文摘High-voltage dual-ion batteries(DIBs)face significant challenges,including graphite cathode degradation,cathode-electrolyte interphase(CEI)instability,and the thermodynamic instability of conventional carbonate-based electrolytes,particularly at extreme temperatures.In this study,we develop a stable electrolyte incorporating lithium difluorophosphate(LiDFP)as an additive to enhance the electrochemical performance of DIBs over a wide temperature range.LiDFP preferentially decomposes to form a rapid anion-transporting,mechanically robust CEI layer on graphite,which provides better protection by suppressing graphite's volume expansion,preventing electrolyte oxidative decomposition,and enhancing reaction kinetics.As a result,Li||graphite half cells using LiDFP electrolyte exhibit outstanding rate performance(90.8% capacity retention at 30 C)and excellent cycle stability(82.2% capacity retention after 5000 cycles)at room temperature.Moreover,graphite||graphite full cells with LiDFP electrolyte demonstrate stable discharge capacity across a temperature range of-20 to 40℃,expanding the potential applications of LiDFP.This work establishes a novel strategy for optimizing the interphase through electrolyte design,paving the way for all-climate DIBs with improved performance and stability.
基金the financial support from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2023YFB3907402)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Category B,Geographic Intelligence,Grant No.XDB0740300)the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.GZC20241691).
文摘Due to its impact on cereal yields,vegetation growth,animal wellbeing,and human health,considerable attention has been paid to diurnal temperature range,focusing on the temporal dimension of surface air temperature.However,the characteristics of spatial temperature range and its response to climate change remain unclear,despite its importance to various natural and societal activities.Here,we proposed a daily spatial temperature range(DSTR,difference between spatial maximum and minimum temperature,STmax and STmin)indicator to measure the maximum spatial temperature range within a given region over a day.We analyzed the spatiotemporal pattern of DSTR and its trend under climate change at four scales(global,hemispheric,national,and provincial),with the following main results:(1)DSTR was scale dependent,provincial pattern of which were mainly related to sensible and latent heat fluxes.(2)The key regions affecting DSTR and temporal distribution at different scales were mapped out.(3)Under climate change,DSTR significantly decreased globally,hemispherically,and in several Chinese provinces due to the greater warming of STmin than STmax.The influence of latent heat flux and solar shortwave radiation was larger at global/hemispheric scales,while the albedo was a more critical driver at provincial scale.For the first time,we proposed the DSTR indicator and emphasized the importance of exploring spatial temperature heterogeneity.This spatial information is important to optimize relevant societal activities,and the response of DSTR to climate change has further led to the consideration of the relationship between DSTR and extreme events,biodiversity,etc.
基金funded by the National Nature Science Foundation of China(62264006)the Special Basic Cooperative Research Programs of Yunnan Provincial Undergraduate Universities’Association(202101BA070001-034)+1 种基金the“Thousand Talents Program”of Yunnan Province for Young Talents,XingDian Talent Support Program for Young TalentsFrontier Research Team of Kunming University 2023。
文摘Tin(Sn)is considered an effective anode material for stripping and plating due to its promising capacity,isotropic deposition,and relatively negative redox potential of-0.91 V vs.standard hydrogen electrode(SHE).However,the challenges of hydrogen evolution corrosion and“dead Sn”formation at the Snalkaline electrolyte interface restrict its reversibility,which poses challenges for flexible devices and in a broad temperature range.In this study,we successfully designed a corrosion-resistant Sn anode(CuPVDF@Sn)featuring a multilevel microchannel structure.The Sn-affinitive Cu mesh with good electronic conductivity lowers the nucleation energy barrier and enhances deposition uniformity,while PVDF improves hydrogen evolution potential.Additionally,the soft Cu mesh and PVDF provide flexibility in design.As a result,the flexible Cu-PVDF@Sn anode achieves a coulombic efficiency(CE)of 92.61% and stable cycling for over 800 h.The flexible Sn-air battery based on this anode exhibits an energy density of 504 Wh kg^(-1),a peak power density of 80 mW cm^(-2),and a cycling stability of 120 h at 5 mA cm^(-2).It also operates effectively within a wide temperature range of -15-60℃,providing strong support for excellent environmental adaptability.The proposed concept in this work might provide a promising alternative for developing stable Sn anodes in flexible Sn-air batteries.
基金financial support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22371010,21771017 and 51702009)the“Hundred Talents Program”of the Chinese Academy of Science,Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(JCYJ20210324115412035 JCYJ2021-0324123202008,JCYJ20210324122803009 and ZDSYS20210813095534001)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2021A1515110880).
文摘Common anode materials in aqueous alkaline electrolytes,such as cadmium,metal hydrides and zinc,usually suffer from remarkable biotoxicity,high cost,and serious side reactions.To overcome these problems,we develop a conjugated porous polymer(CPP)in-situ grown on reduced graphene oxide(rGO)and Ketjen black(KB),noted as C_(4)N/rGO and C_(4)N/KB respectively,as the alternative anodes.The results show that C_(4)N/rGO electrode delivers a low redox potential(−0.905 V vs.Ag/AgCl),high specific capacity(268.8 mAh g^(-1) at 0.2 A g^(-1)),ultra-stable and fast sodium ion storage behavior(216 mAh g^(-1) at 20 A g^(-1))in 2 M NaOH electrolyte.The assembled C_(4)N/rGO//Ni(OH)_(2) full battery can cycle stably more than 38,000 cycles.Furthermore,by adding a small amount of antifreeze additive dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO)to adjust the hydrogen bonding network,the low-temperature performance of the electrolyte(0.1 DMSO/2 M NaOH)is significantly improved while hydrogen evolution is inhibited.Consequently,the C_(4)N/rGO//Ni(OH)_(2) full cell exhibits an energy density of 147.3 Wh Kg^(-1) and ultra-high cycling stability over a wide temperature range from−70 to 45℃.This work provides an ultra-stable high-capacity CPPbased anode and antifreeze electrolyte for aqueous alkaline batteries and will facilitate their practical applications under extreme conditions.
基金supported by the Anhui Province Natural Science Foundation for Excellent Youth Scholars(2208085Y17)the University Synergy Innovation Program of Anhui Province(GXXT-2022-008+1 种基金GXXT-2021-022)the Anhui Key Lab of Metal Material and Processing Open Project.
文摘Doping modification is one of the most effective ways to optimize the thermoelectric properties of Bi_(2)Te_(3)-based alloys.P-type Bi_(2−x)Sb_(x)Te_(3) thermoelectric materials have been successfully prepared by direct Sb doping method.It can be found that doping Sb into Bi_(2)Te_(3) lattice array for Bi-site replacement facilitates the generation of Sb′Te anti-site defects.This anti-site defects can increase the hole concentration and optimize electrical transport properties of Bi_(2−x)Sb_(x)Te_(3) alloys.In addition,the point defects induced by mass and stress fluctuations and the Sb impurities produced during the sintering process can enhance the multi-scale phonon scattering and reduce the lattice thermal conductivity.As a result,the Bi_(0.47)Sb_(1.63)Te_(3) sample has a maximum thermoelectric figure of merit ZT of 1.04 at 350 K.It is worth noting that the bipolar effect of Bi_(2)Te_(3)-based alloys can be weakened with the increase of Sb content.The Bi_(0.44)Sb_(1.66)Te_(3) sample has a maximum average ZT value(0.93)in the temperature range of 300–500 K,indicating that direct doping of Sb can broaden the temperature range corresponding to the optimal ZT value.This work provides an idea for developing high-performance near room temperature thermoelectric materials with a wide temperature range.
基金Project(2013JSJJ027)supported by the Teacher Research Fund of Central South University,China
文摘To achieve good performance for LiFePO4-based batteries operated at a wide temperature range,mixed salts of LiBF4 LiBOB（lithium bis（oxalato）borate） and LiTFSI（lithium bis（trifluoromethanesulfonyl）imide）-LiBOB were investigated as alternative lithium salts to LiPF6 in non-aqueous electrolytes.LiFePO4/Li half cells using LiPF6,LiBF4-LiBOB and LiTFSI-LiBOB slats as lithium salts were investigated by galvanostatic cycling,cyclic voltammetry,thermogravimetric analysis.The results show that LiBF4-LiBOB and LiTFSI-LiBOB mixed salts are much more thermally stable than LiPF6.Corrosion of Al foil in the LiTFSI-based electrolytes can be suppressed successfully by the addition of LiBOB as a co-salt.The electrochemical performance of LiBF4-LiBOB and LiTFSI-LiBOB mixed salts based cells are both better than that of LiPF6-based cell.LiTFSI-LiBOB mixed salt based electrolyte is considered to be a very promising electrolyte candidate for Li-ion batteries that will be used in wide-temperature applications.
基金supported by a grant from Natural Science Foundation of China(Project No.30670281)
文摘We acclimated adult males of three Eremias lizards from different latitudes to 28℃,33℃ or 38℃ to examine whether temperature acclimation affects their thermal preference and tolerance and whether thermal preference and tolerance of these lizards correspond with their latitudinal distributions.Overall,selected body temperature(Tsel)and viable temperature range(VTR)were both highest in E.brenchleyi and lowest in E.multiocellata,with E.argus in between;critical thermal minimum(CTMin)was highest in E.multiocellata and lowest in E.brenchleyi,with E.argus in between;critical thermal maximum(CTMax)was lower in E.multiocellata than in other two species.Lizards acclimated to 28℃ and 38℃ overall selected lower body temperatures than those acclimated to 33℃;lizards acclimated to high temperatures were less tolerant of low temperatures,and vice versa;lizards acclimated to 28℃ were less tolerant of high temperatures but had a wider VTR range than those acclimated to 33℃ and 38℃.Lizards of three species acclimated to the three temperatures always differed from each other in CTMin,but not in Tsel,CTMax and VTR.Our results show that:temperature acclimation plays an important role in influencing thermal preference and tolerance in the three Eremias lizards,although the degrees to which acclimation temperature affects thermal preference and tolerance differ among species;thermal preference rather than tolerance of the three Eremias lizards corresponds with their latitudinal distributions.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program (973 program) of China (2011CB503802)the Gong-Yi Program of China Ministry of Environmental Protection (201209008)the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University (NCET-09-0314)
文摘Objective This study aimed to assess the association between emergency-room visits for respiratory tract infection （RTI） with diurnal temperature range （DTR）, a weather parameter closely associated with urbanization and global climate change. Methods We conducted a semiparametric time-series analysis to estimate the percentage increase in emergency-room visits for RTI associated with changes in DTR after adjustment for daily weather conditions （temperature and relative humidity） and outdoor air pollution. Results DTR was significantly associated with daily emergency-room visits for RTI. An increase of 1 ~C in the current-day （LO） and in the 2-day moving average （L01） DTR corresponded to a 0.94% [95% confidence interval （CI）, 0.34%-1.55%] and 2.08% （95% CI, 1.24%-2.93%） increase in emergency-room visits for RTI, respectively. Conclusion DTR was associated with increased risk of RTI. More studies are needed to understand the impact of DTR on respiratory health.
基金jointly supported by the China Meteorological Administration Special Public Welfare Research Fund(Grant No.GYHY201406001)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.91437105,41575041 and 41430533)Special Foundation for National Commonweal Institutes of China(Grant No.IUMKY201614)
文摘The diurnal surface temperature range （DTR） has become significantly smaller over the Tibetan Plateau （TP） but larger in southeastern China, despite the daily mean surface temperature having increased steadily in both areas during recent decades. Based on ERA-Interim reanalysis data covering 1979-2012, this study shows that the weakened DTR over TP is caused by stronger warming of daily minimum surface temperature （Tmin） and a weak cooling of the daily maximum surface temper- ature （Tmax）; meanwhile, the enhanced DTR over southeastern China is mainly associated with a relatively stronger/weaker warming of Tmax/Tmin. A further quantitative analysis of DTR changes through a process-based decomposition method-- the Coupled Surface-Atmosphere Climate Feedback Response Analysis Method （CFRAM）--indicates that changes in radia- tive processes are mainly responsible for the decreased DTR over the TR In particular, the increased low-level cloud cover tends to induce the radiative cooling/warming during daytime/nighttime, and the increased water vapor helps to decrease the DTR through the stronger radiative wanning during nighttime than daytime. Contributions from the changes in all radiative processes （over -2℃） are compensated for by those from the stronger decreased surface sensible heat flux during daytime than during nighttime （approximately 2.5℃）, but are co-contributed by the changes in atmospheric dynamics （approximately -0.4℃） and the stronger increased latent heat flux during daytime （approximately -0.8℃）. In contrast, the increased DTR over southeastern China is mainly contributed by the changes in cloud, water vapor and atmospheric dynamics. The changes in surface heat fluxes have resulted in a decrease in DTR over southeastern China.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2018YFB1105100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51971244 and 51731010)+3 种基金the Science Foundation of China University of Petroleum, Beijing (No. 2462018BJC005)the Pre-research Program of Frontier Science, Ministry of Education (No. 6141A020222)the Research Fund of China Manned Space Engineering (No. 040201)supported by the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, and Office of Basic Energy Science (No. DE-AC02-06CH11357)。
文摘Many shape memory alloys can support large recoverable strains of a few percent by reversible stressinduced martensite transformation,yet they behave non-linear within a narrow operating temperature ra nge.Developing the bulk metallic materials with ultra-large linear elasticity over a wide tempe rature range has proven to be difficult.In this work,a material design concept was proposed,that is true elastic deformation and reversible twinning-detwinning deformation run in parallel to overcome this challe nge.By engineering the residual internal stress to realize the concurrency of true elastic deformation and twinning-detwinning deformation,a bulk nanocrystalline NiTi that possesses an ultra-large linear elastic strain up to 5.1 % and a high yield stress of 2.16 GPa over a wide temperature range of 270℃ was developed.This study offers a new avenue for developing the metallic materials with ultra-large linear elasticity over a wide temperature range of 270℃(from 70℃ to-197℃).
基金supported by the National Science Foundation(CBET-1803920)。
文摘Urban heat island(UHI),driving by urbanization,plays an important role in urban sustainability under climate change.However,the quantification of UHI’s response to urbanization is still challenging due to the lack of robust and continuous temperature and urbanization datasets and reliable quantification methods.This study proposed a framework to quantify the response of surface UHI(SUHI)to urban expansion using the annual temperate cycle model.We built a continuous annual SUHI series at the buffer level from 2003 to 2018 in the Jing-Jin-Ji region of China using MODIS land surface temperature and imperviousness derived from Landsat.We then investigated the spatiotemporal dynamic of SUHI under urban expansion and examined the underlying mechanism.Spatially,the largest SUHI interannual variations occurred in suburban areas compared to the urban center and rural areas.Temporally,the increase in SUHI under urban expansion was more significant in daytime compare to nighttime.We found that the seasonal variation of SUHI was largely affected by the seasonal variations of vegetation in rural areas and the interannual variation was mainly attributed to urban expansion in urban areas.Additionally,urban greening led to the decrease in summer daytime SHUI in central urban areas.These findings deepen the understanding of the long-term spatiotemporal dynamic of UHI and the quantitative relationship between UHI and urban expansion,providing a scientific basis for prediction and mitigation of UHI.
基金the support from National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11702137 and U2141246)。
文摘The plastic flow behavior of the rotating band material is investigated in this paper. The rotating band material is processed from H96 brass alloy, which is hardened to a much higher yield strength compared to the annealed one. The dynamically uniaxial compression behavior of the material is tested using the split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB) with temperature and strain rate ranging from 297 to 1073 K and500 to 3000 s^(-1), respectively, and a phenomenological plastic flow stress model is developed to describe the mechanical behavior of the material. The material is found to present noticeable temperature sensitivity and weak strain-rate sensitivity. The construction of the plastic flow stress model has two steps. Firstly, three univariate stress functions, taking plastic strain, plastic strain rate and temperature as independent variable, respectively, are proposed by fixing the other two variables. Then, as the three univariate functions describe the special cases of flow stress behavior under various conditions, the principle of stress compatibility is adopted to obtain the complete flow stress function. The numerical results show that the proposed plastic flow stress model is more suitable for the rotating band material than the existing well-known models.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC-22209147)。
文摘High-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells(HT-PEMFC) possess distinct technical advantages of high output power, simplified water/heat management, increased tolerance to fuel impurities and diverse fuel sources, within the temperature range of 120–200 ℃. However, for practical automobile applications, it was crucial to broaden their low-temperature operating window and enable cold start-up capability. Herein, gel-state phosphoric acid(PA) doped sulfonated polybenzimidazole(PBI) proton exchange membranes(PEMs) were designed and synthesized via PPA sol-gel process and in-situ sultone ring-opening reactions with various proton transport pathways based on absorbed PA, flexible alkyl chain connected sulfonic acid groups and imidazole sites. The effects of flexible alkyl sulfonic acid side chain length and content on PA doping level, proton conductivity, and membrane stability under different temperature and relative humidity(RH) were thoroughly investigated. The prepared gel-state membranes contained a self-assembled lamellar and porous structure that facilitated the absorption of a large amount of PA with rapid proton transporting mechanisms. At room temperature, the optimized membrane exhibited a proton conductivity of 0.069 S cm^(-1), which was further increased to 0.162 and 0.358 S cm^(-1)at 80 and 200 ℃, respectively, without additional humidification. The most significant contribution of this work was demonstrating the feasibility of gel-state sulfonated PBI membranes in expanding HT-PEMFC application opportunities over a wider operating range of 25 to 240 ℃.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFA0605101)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31770489,41273098 and 31621091)
文摘The vertical distribution of vegetation types along an elevational gradient in mountain areas largely depends on the elevational changes in air temperature and humidity. In this study, we presented the seasonal and diurnal variations in the elevational gradients of air temperature and humidity on the southern and northern slopes in the middle Tianshan Mountain Range using data collected throughout the year via HOBO data loggers. The measurements were conducted at 12 different elevations from 1548 to 3277 m from September 2004 to August 2005. The results showed that the annual mean air temperature decreased along the elevational gradients with temperature lapse rates of(0.71±0.20)°C/100 m and(0.59±0.05)°C/100 m on the northern and southern slopes, respectively. The annual mean absolute humidity significantly decreased with increasing elevation on the northern slope but showed no significant trend on the southern slope. The annual mean relative humidity did not show a significant trend on the northern slope but increased with increasing elevation on the southern slope. The mean air temperature lapse rate exhibited significant seasonal variation, which is steeper insummer and shallower in winter, and this value varied between 0.37°C/100 m and 0.75°C/100 m on the southern slope and between 0.30°C/100 m and 1.02°C/100 m on the northern slope. The mean absolute and relative humidity also exhibited significant seasonal variations on both slopes, with the maximum occurring in summer and the minimum occurring in winter or spring. The monthly diurnal range of air temperature on both slopes was higher in spring than in winter. The annual range of air temperature on the southern slope was higher than that on the northern slope. Our results suggest that significant spatiotemporal variations in humidity and temperature lapse rate are useful when analyzing the relationships between species range sizes and climate in mountain areas.
基金supported by The Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research(STEP)program(Grant No.2019QZKK0102)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41975135)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan,China(Grant No.2022NSFSC1092)funded by the China Scholarship Council。
文摘The diurnal temperature range(DTR)serves as a vital indicator reflecting both natural climate variability and anthropogenic climate change.This study investigates the historical and projected multitemporal DTR variations over the Tibetan Plateau.It assesses 23 climate models from phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project(CMIP6)using CN05.1 observational data as validation,evaluating their ability to simulate DTR over the Tibetan Plateau.Then,the evolution of DTR over the Tibetan Plateau under different shared socioeconomic pathway(SSP)scenarios for the near,middle,and long term of future projection are analyzed using 11 selected robustly performing models.Key findings reveal:(1)Among the models examined,BCC-CSM2-MR,EC-Earth3,EC-Earth3-CC,EC-Earth3-Veg,EC-Earth3-Veg-LR,FGOALS-g3,FIO-ESM-2-0,GFDL-ESM4,MPI-ESM1-2-HR,MPI-ESM1-2-LR,and INM-CM5-0 exhibit superior integrated simulation capability for capturing the spatiotemporal variability of DTR over the Tibetan Plateau.(2)Projection indicates a slightly increasing trend in DTR on the Tibetan Plateau in the SSP1-2.6 scenario,and decreasing trends in the SSP2-4.5,SSP3-7.0,and SPP5-8.5 scenarios.In certain areas,such as the southeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau,western hinterland of the Tibetan Plateau,southern Kunlun,and the Qaidam basins,the changes in DTR are relatively large.(3)Notably,the warming rate of maximum temperature under SSP2-4.5,SSP3-7.0,and SPP5-8.5 is slower compared to that of minimum temperature,and it emerges as the primary contributor to the projected decrease in DTR over the Tibetan Plateau in the future.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2019YFC1904500)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21801251,51502036,and 21875037)+2 种基金Young Top Talent of Fujian Young Eagle Program of Fujian Province,Educational Commis-sion of Fujian Province(2022G02022)Natural Science Foundation of Fuzhou City(2022-Y-004)Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(2023J02013).
文摘Aqueous rechargeable batteries are safe and environmentally friendly and can be made at a low cost;as such,they are attracting attention in the field of energy storage.However,the temperature sensitivity of aqueous batteries hinders their practical application.The solvent water freezes at low temperatures,and there is a reduction in ionic conductivity,whereas it evaporates rapidly at high temperatures,which causes increased side reactions.This review discusses recent progress in improving the performance of aqueous batteries,mainly with respect to electrolyte engineering and the associated strategies employed to achieve such improvements over a wide temperature domain.The review focuses on fi ve electrolyte engineer-ing(aqueous high-concentration electrolytes,organic electrolytes,quasi-solid/solid electrolytes,hybrid electrolytes,and eutectic electrolytes)and investigates the mechanisms involved in reducing the solidifi cation point and boiling point of the electrolyte and enhancing the extreme-temperature electrochemical performance.Finally,the prospect of further improving the wide temperature range performance of aqueous rechargeable batteries is presented.
基金jointly supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)[grant number XDA19030403]the National Natural Science Foundation of China [grant number 41575095]+2 种基金the CAS ‘Belt and Road Initiatives’ Program on International Cooperation [grant number 134111KYSB20160010]Victor Nnamdi DIKE acknowledges support from the CAS–TWAS(The World Academy of Sciences)President FellowshipHyacinth NNAMCHI is supported by the International Federation for Science(W/4849)
文摘The long-term trend of diurnal temperature range(DTR)over Nigeria was examined using daily station-based datasets for the period 1971–2013.The results show that the regionally averaged DTR has decreased significantly(-0.34°C per decade)over the Nigerian Sahel(north of 10°N),but there has been a slight increasing trend(0.01°C per decade)over the Nigerian Guinea Coast.The annual decreasing trend of DTR in the Nigerian Sahel is mainly attributable to the significant increasing trend in daily minimum temperature(Tmin,0.51°C per decade),which far outstrips the rate of increase in the daily maximum(Tmax,0.17°C per decade).In contrast,the comparable trends in Tmin(0.19°C per decade)and Tmax(0.20°C per decade)may explain the non-significant trend of the DTR averaged over the Guinea Coast region.It is observed that the DTR has decreased more in boreal summer(June–July–August)than in boreal winter(December–January–February)for the regions.Furthermore,it is found that the significant DTR declining trend over the Nigerian Sahel is closely associated with an increasing trend of annual and summer precipitation in the region,but the increasing DTR trend in the Nigerian Guinea Coast region can be attributed to the decreasing trend of cloud cover over the region.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31901300)Natural Science Foundation of Guizhou Province+2 种基金China(No.(2019)1165)Science and Technology Foundation of Guizhou ProvinceChina(No.[2018]137,No.[2018]133)。
文摘Germination at low spring temperatures may offer a competitive advantage for the growth and survival of plant species inhabiting temperate forest ecosystems.Pinus koraiensis is a dominant species in temperate forests of northeastern China.Its seeds exhibit primary morphophysiological dormancy following dispersal in autumn,limiting natural or artificial regeneration:direct seeding and planting seedlings in spring.The aim of this study was to determine the optimum cold stratification temperature that induces germination to increase towards lower temperatures.Seeds from two populations(Changbaishan and Liangshui)were cold stratified at 0,5 and 10℃.Germination to incubation temperatures(10/5,20/10,25/15 and 30/20℃;14/10 h day/night)were determined after 2 and 4 weeks,and 5.5 and6.5 months of cold stratification.After 5.5 months,approximately 68-91%of seeds from both populations germinated at incubation temperatures of 25/15℃and 30/20℃,regardless of cold stratification temperatures.When the cold stratification temperature was reduced to 0℃and the period increased to 6.5 months,germination at 10/5℃significantly improved,reaching 37%and 64%for the Changbaishan and Liangshui populations,respectively.After 6.5 months of cold stratification,there was a significant linear regression between cold stratification temperatures and germination at10/5℃.The range in temperatures allowing for germination gradually expanded to include lower temperatures with decreasing cold stratification temperatures from 10 to 5℃and further to 0℃.
基金the Innovation-Driven Project of Central South University(2019CX033)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51904344 and 52172264)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province of China(2021JJ10060 and 2022GK2033)。
文摘The electrolyte integrated with lithium metal anodes is subjected to the issues of interfacial compatibility and stability,which strongly influence the performances of high-energy lithium metal batteries.Here,we report a new electrolyte recipe viz.a moderately concentrated electrolyte comprising of 2.4 M lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide(LiFSI)in a cosolvent mixture of fluorinated ethylene carbonate(FEC)and dimethyl carbonate(DMC)with relatively high ion conductivity.Owing to the preferential decomposition of LiFSI and FEC,an inorganic-rich interphase with abundant Li_(2)O and LiF nanocrystals is formed on lithium metal with improved robustness and ion transfer kinetics,enabling lithium plating/stripping with an extremely low overpotential of~8 mV and the average CE of 97%.When tested in Li||LiFePO_(4) cell,this electrolyte provides long-term cycling with a capacity retention of 98.3%after 1000 cycles at 1 C and an excellent rate performance of 20 C,as well as an areal capacity of 1.35 mA h cm^(-2)at the cathode areal loading of 9 mg cm^(-2).Moreover,the Li||LiFePO_(4) cell exhibits excellent wide-temperature performances(-40~60℃),including long-term cycling stability over 2600 cycles without visible capacity fading at 0℃,as well as extremely high average CEs of 99.6%and 99.8% over 400 cycles under-20℃ and 45℃.
