The temperature of an organism provides key insights into its physiological and pathological status.Temperature monitoring can effectively assess potential health issues and plays a critical role in thermal treatment....The temperature of an organism provides key insights into its physiological and pathological status.Temperature monitoring can effectively assess potential health issues and plays a critical role in thermal treatment.Photoacoustic imaging(PAI)has enabled multi-scale imaging,from cells to tissues and organs,where its high contrast,deep penetration,and high resolution make it an emerging tool in biomedical imaging field.Benefiting from the linear correlation between the Grüneisen parameter and temperature within the range of 10–55∘C,the PAI has been developed as novel noninvasive label-free tool for temperature monitoring especially for thermotherapy mediated by laser,ultrasound,and microwave.Additionally,by utilizing temperature-responsive photoacoustic nanoprobes,the temperature information of the targeted organism can also be extracted with enhanced imaging contrast and specificity.This review elucidates the basic principles of temperature monitoring technology implemented by PAI,further highlighting the limitations of traditional photoacoustic thermometry,and summarizes recent technological advancements in analog simulation,calibration method,measurement accuracy,nanoprobe design,and wearable improvement.Furthermore,we discuss the biomedical applications of PA temperature monitoring technology in photothermal therapy and ultrasound therapy,finally,anticipating future developments in the field.展开更多
The power module of the Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor(IGBT)is the core component of the traction transmission system of high-speed trains.The module's junction temperature is a critical factor in determining d...The power module of the Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor(IGBT)is the core component of the traction transmission system of high-speed trains.The module's junction temperature is a critical factor in determining device reliability.Existing temperature monitoring methods based on the electro-thermal coupling model have limitations,such as ignoring device interactions and high computational complexity.To address these issues,an analysis of the parameters influencing IGBT failure is conducted,and a temperature monitoring method based on the Macro-Micro Attention Long Short-Term Memory(MMALSTM)recursive neural network is proposed,which takes the forward voltage drop and collector current as features.Compared with the traditional electricalthermal coupling model method,it requires fewer monitoring parameters and eliminates the complex loss calculation and equivalent thermal resistance network establishment process.The simulation model of a highspeed train traction system has been established to explore the accuracy and efficiency of MMALSTM-based prediction methods for IGBT power module junction temperature.The simulation outcomes,which deviate only 3.2% from the theoretical calculation results of the electric-thermal coupling model,confirm the reliability of this approach for predicting the temperature of IGBT power modules.展开更多
In an era where digital technology is paramount, higher education institutions like the University of Zambia (UNZA) are employing advanced computer networks to enhance their operational capacity and offer cutting-edge...In an era where digital technology is paramount, higher education institutions like the University of Zambia (UNZA) are employing advanced computer networks to enhance their operational capacity and offer cutting-edge services to their academic fraternity. Spanning across the Great East Road campus, UNZA has established one of the most extensive computer networks in Zambia, serving a burgeoning community of over 20,000 active users through a Metropolitan Area Network (MAN). However, as the digital landscape continues to evolve, it is besieged with burgeoning challenges that threaten the very fabric of network integrity—cyber security threats and the imperatives of maintaining high Quality of Service (QoS). In an effort to mitigate these threats and ensure network efficiency, the development of a mobile application to monitor temperatures in the server room was imperative. According to L. Wei, X. Zeng, and T. Shen, the use of wireless sensory networks to monitor the temperature of train switchgear contact points represents a cost-effective solution. The system is based on wireless communication technology and is detailed in their paper, “A wireless solution for train switchgear contact temperature monitoring and alarming system based on wireless communication technology”, published in the International Journal of Communications, Network and System Sciences, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 79-87, 2015 [1]. Therefore, in this study, a mobile application technology was explored for monitoring of temperatures in the server room in order to aid Cisco device performance. Additionally, this paper also explores the hardening of Cisco device security and QoS which are the cornerstones of this study.展开更多
High-temperature electromagnetic(EM) protection materials integrated of multiple EM protection mechanisms and functions are regarded as desirable candidates for solving EM interference over a wide temperature range.In...High-temperature electromagnetic(EM) protection materials integrated of multiple EM protection mechanisms and functions are regarded as desirable candidates for solving EM interference over a wide temperature range.In this work,a novel microwave modulator is fabricated by introducing carbonyl iron particles(CIP)/resin into channels of carbonized wood(C-wood).Innovatively,the spaced arrangement of two microwave absorbents not only achieves a synergistic enhancement of magnetic and dielectric losses,but also breaks the translational invariance of EM characteristics in the horizontal direction to obtain multiple phase discontinuities in the frequency range of 8.2-18.0 GHz achieving modulation of reflected wave radiation direction.Accordingly,CIP/C-wood microwave modulator demonstrates the maximum effective bandwidth of 5.2 GHz and the maximum EM protection efficiency over 97% with a thickness of only 1.5 mm in the temperature range 298-673 K.Besides,CIP/C-wood microwave modulator shows stable and low thermal conductivities,as well as monotonic electrical conductivity-temperature characteristics,therefore it can also achieve thermal infrared stealth and working temperature monitoring in wide temperature ranges.This work provides an inspiration for the design of high-temperature EM protection materials with multiple EM protection mechanisms and functions.展开更多
By combining cryogenic cryotherapy and high-temperature radiofrequency therapy,multimodal ablation generates a rapidly changing temperature field in tissue by heating after pre-freezing.This method completely breaks t...By combining cryogenic cryotherapy and high-temperature radiofrequency therapy,multimodal ablation generates a rapidly changing temperature field in tissue by heating after pre-freezing.This method completely breaks tumour cells and releases a large amount of active antigen.Compared with the traditional single modality,the thermal physical ablation method has been shown to have a greater therapeutic effect,but it presents challenges in terms of precise monitoring and rapid control of the temperature during the treatment process.To solve this problem,we propose a temperature control system design utilizing aspects of probe sensing,real-time software and hardware signal interfaces,and dynamic compensation control strategies to accurately monitor the temperature changes during multimodal ablation treatment.The results show that the design system has millisecond-level high-speed control capability,an accuracy of 0.5℃,and the dynamic response time is less than 0.1 s.Furthermore,the temperature fluctuation in in vivo experiments is less than 0.5℃.展开更多
Ultra-high-voltage direct current wall bushings are critical components in direct current transmission systems.Temperature variations and abnormal distributions can signal potential equipment failures that threaten sy...Ultra-high-voltage direct current wall bushings are critical components in direct current transmission systems.Temperature variations and abnormal distributions can signal potential equipment failures that threaten system stability.Therefore,monitoring these critical multi-point temperature variations is essential.However,the unique design of the bushings,featuring insulation sheds of periodic shape,distorts infrared temperature measurements by introducing interference points.These interference points,dependent on the measurement's angle and distance,appear irregularly in infrared images,severely impacting the accuracy of multi-point temperature distribution assessments.To address this challenge,an anomaly detection method is proposed that adaptively identifies interference points.The method identifies interference points by comparing pixels and uses a voting mechanism to improve identification accuracy.Compared with traditional methods,this approach presents two main advantages:adaptive identification capability,which enables it to recognise interference points and adapt to changing conditions,and unsupervised learning,which enables it to work effectively without requiring manually labelled data.Experimental tests on 161 bushing infrared images demonstrate the effectiveness of the method,achieving a 100%success rate in identifying localised overheating issues.The method has been integrated into high-voltage direct current transmission anomaly systems and can be used to monitor critical equipment,enhancing system reliability and safety.展开更多
Due to the limited thermoelectric(TE)performance of polymer materials and the inherent rigidity of inorganic materials,developing low-cost,highly flexible,and high-performance materials for flexible thermocouple senso...Due to the limited thermoelectric(TE)performance of polymer materials and the inherent rigidity of inorganic materials,developing low-cost,highly flexible,and high-performance materials for flexible thermocouple sensors(FTCSs)remains challenging.Additionally,dual-mode(contact/non-contact)temperature monitoring in FTCSs is underexplored.This study addresses these issues by using p-type(PEDOT:PSS/CNTs,2:1)and n-type(MXene/Bi_(2)Se_(3),2:1)TE materials applied via screen printing and compression onto a PPSN substrate(paper/PDMS/Si_(3)N_(4)).The resulting FTCSs exhibit excellent TE properties:electrical conductivities of 61,197.88 S/m(n-type)and 55,697.77 S/m(p-type),Seebeck coefficients of 39.88μV/K and-29.45μV/K,and power factors(PFs)of 97.66μW/mK^(2)and 55.64μW/mK^(2),respectively.In contact mode,the sensor shows high-temperature sensitivity(S_(T)=379.5μV/℃),a broad detection range(20-200℃),high resolution(~0.3℃),and fast response(~12.6 ms).In non-contact mode,it maintains good sensitivity(S_(Tmax)=52.67μV/℃),a broad detection range,high resolution(~0.8℃),and even faster response(~9.8 ms).The sensor also demonstrates strong mechanical durability,maintaining stable performance after 1000 bending cycles.When applied to dual-mode temperature monitoring in wearable devices and lithium batteries,the FTCS shows high accuracy and reliability compared to commercial K-type thermocouples,indicating significant potential for advanced medical monitoring systems and smart home technologies.展开更多
In comparison to internationally renowned liquors,China’s fen-flavor liquor is characterized by its milder taste and healthier properties.However,with the advancement of intelligent brewing technologies,the quality o...In comparison to internationally renowned liquors,China’s fen-flavor liquor is characterized by its milder taste and healthier properties.However,with the advancement of intelligent brewing technologies,the quality of foreign liquors has significantly improved,increasingly challenging the market position of Chinese liquors.This study begins with an overview of the liquor brewing process,emphasizing the critical role of temperature control in fermentation.Subsequently,we propose an innovative real-time temperature monitoring system specifically designed for liquor production.The system incorporates a precisely engineered temperature sensor,complemented by a robust data transmission framework and an efficient storage module for real-time temperature visualization.To validate the system’s effectiveness,field tests were conducted at a distillery in Xinghua Village,focusing on real-time temperature measurement of brewing materials.The experimental results demonstrate that our system successfully achieves real-time monitoring of temperature variations during both the cylinder fermentation and material processing stages of liquor production.Compared with traditional methods relying on manual sensory evaluation and empirical judgment,this system enables more precise control over raw material proportions,thereby enhancing both the flavor profile and production yield of fen-flavor liquor.This technological advancement represents a significant step toward the intelligent transformation of traditional Chinese liquor-making techniques.展开更多
With the rise in environmental awareness,the development of smart polymer materials is gradually becoming environmentally friendly and sustainable.Fluorescent liquid crystal elastomers(LCE)can change their shape or op...With the rise in environmental awareness,the development of smart polymer materials is gradually becoming environmentally friendly and sustainable.Fluorescent liquid crystal elastomers(LCE)can change their shape or optical properties in response to external stimuli,showing great potential for applications in sensing,information storage,and encryption.However,their life cycle is often unsustainable and not in line with the circular economy model.Based on the principle of green chemistry,a fluorescent LCE was developed through the co-polymerization of multiple monomers with 1,2-dithiolane end groups,which exhibited excellent self-healing,reprocessing,and closed-loop recyclability.In addition,by tailoring the phase transition temperature of the LCE,the transparency and fluorescence intensity of the resulting material can change at a low temperature of 8.0℃.By further integrating light or acid/base-triggered fluorescence information,a proof-of-concept for temperature monitoring during short-time vaccine transportation using the reusable fluorescent LCE film is demonstrated.This study establishes a new environmentally friendly manufacturing strategy for multifunctional LCE materials.展开更多
This paper presents a design for a self-powered radio frequency identification (RFID) tag with a thin film bulk acoustic reso- nating piezoelectric power supply (PPS), which can be used for portable remote temperature...This paper presents a design for a self-powered radio frequency identification (RFID) tag with a thin film bulk acoustic reso- nating piezoelectric power supply (PPS), which can be used for portable remote temperature monitoring. We call this system a PPS-RFID for short. The RFID systems have been found to have many applications in the internet of things (IOT) in the past decade. But semi-active RFID tags require an onboard battery which limits their applications in many fields. For these reasons, our research focuses on power sources for the RFID tags. This paper emphasizes the circuit design and simulation of PPS. In our tests, 0.283 mW was generated by PPS at 1 Hz vibration by a 650 N impact force. The results showed that the integrated PPS could supply sufficient power for the designed PPS-RFID tag. The PPS-RFID tag can be widely used for temperature monitoring during mobile transport of perishable items such as medicines or food.展开更多
Electrical sensing systems, such as those involving eutectic salt, are mostly used in connection to leakage from existing airborne high-temperature air-conducting pipelines. Such complex structured systems are suscept...Electrical sensing systems, such as those involving eutectic salt, are mostly used in connection to leakage from existing airborne high-temperature air-conducting pipelines. Such complex structured systems are susceptible to external interferences and, thus, cannot meet the increasingly strict monitoring needs of a complex air-conducting pipeline system of an aircraft. In view of this point, this paper studies an alternative sensor system based on a dense array fiber grating. To obtain a compact and light-weight airborne signal processing system, a field programmable gate array is used as the main control core that controls the output of the light source. The functions of pulse modulation, analog-to-digital conversion,data buffering and transmission are integrated into a single system, while the linear sensing monitoring is obtained by detecting the time-division and wavelength-division wavelength drift signals of the fiber Bragg grating array. Our experiments show that the spatial resolution of the linear sensing system approaches 5 cm, the temperature measurement accuracy reaches 2 ℃, the temperature measurement range is between 0–250 ℃, and the response time is within 4 s. Compared with the existing electrical monitoring systems, various monitoring indicators have been greatly improved and have broad application prospects.展开更多
We report a fiber Bragg grating（FBG）-based sensor for the simultaneous measurement of a train bearing’s vibration and temperature. A pre-stretched optical fiber with an FBG and a mass is designed for axial vibratio...We report a fiber Bragg grating（FBG）-based sensor for the simultaneous measurement of a train bearing’s vibration and temperature. A pre-stretched optical fiber with an FBG and a mass is designed for axial vibration sensing. Another multiplexed FBG is embedded in a selected copper-based alloy with a high thermal expansion to detect temperature. Experiments show that the sensor possesses a high resonant frequency of 970 Hz, an acceleration sensitivity of 27.28 pm/g, and a high temperature sensitivity of 35.165 pm/℃. A resonant excitation test is also carried out that demonstrates the robustness and reliability of the sensor.展开更多
The growing interest in biological skin mimicry has greatly contributed to the creation of high-performance artificial skin.Here,inspired by the optical-electrical signal co-transmission of chameleon skins,a bilayer b...The growing interest in biological skin mimicry has greatly contributed to the creation of high-performance artificial skin.Here,inspired by the optical-electrical signal co-transmission of chameleon skins,a bilayer biomimetic ion-conductive photoelectronic skin(BIPES)was constructed by compositing the mechanochromic nano-structured silica photonic crystal film with an adhesive,flexible hydrogel by a layer-by-layer design strategy.The BIPES has a highly sensitive strain response on electrical and optical signals(GF=3.27 at 0-100%,△λ/△ε=2.1 nm%^(-1))and temperature response(TCR=-2.27%℃^(-1)at 0-50℃).Importantly,through the temperature insensitivity of the mechanochromic film,the BIPES not only achieved dual-signal motion detection but also achieved real-time temperature monitoring excluding strain interference.This research provides new inspiration for the construction of multi-signal combined photoelectronic skins and further exploration for advanced accurate smart wearable electronics in appli-cations,especially in health detection for patients with non-spontaneous body-trembling.展开更多
The temperature monitoring of treated cancer cells is critical in photothermal therapy.Current methods of detecting intracellular temperatures have low accuracy and poor spatial resolution,which limits their applicati...The temperature monitoring of treated cancer cells is critical in photothermal therapy.Current methods of detecting intracellular temperatures have low accuracy and poor spatial resolution,which limits their application to photothermal therapy.Herein,a strategy for targeted recognition and selective capture of MCF-7 breast cancer cells based on fluorescent polymer poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-benzoxadiazole-2-vinyl-4,4-dimethyl azlactone,PNMV)and modified gold nanobipyramids(Au NBPs-PNMV)was developed for temperature sensing during photothermal therapy.A mucin-1 protein aptamer(Apt)was applied to selectively target mucin-1 protein overexpressed on the surfaces of the MCF-7 cells,which can reduce interference by affinity interaction between the Apt and proteins.During photothermal therapy,the significant Au NBPs photothermal effect increases the fluorescence intensity of PNMV with temperature.Irradiation of MCF-7 cells cultured with Au NBPs-PNMV@Apt by an 808 nm laser increases the temperature of the system,while the cells can be inactivated because of the remarkable Au NBPs-PNMV@Apt photothermal effect.The results indicate that variation in the fluorescence of Au NBPs-PNMV@Apt can be applied as thermometers to monitor the intracellular effect of photothermal therapy.展开更多
This study presents the long-term temperature monitoring in the Russian Altai Mountains. In contrast to the Mongolian and Chinese parts, the modern temperature regime of the Russian Altai remains unclear. The complexi...This study presents the long-term temperature monitoring in the Russian Altai Mountains. In contrast to the Mongolian and Chinese parts, the modern temperature regime of the Russian Altai remains unclear. The complexity of a comprehensive understanding of permafrost conditions in the Russian Altai is related to the high dissection of the terrain, the paucity of the latest observational data, and the sparse population of permafrost areas. The general objective of this study is to determine the temperature regime on the surface,in the active layer, and in the zero annual amplitude(ZAA) layer, based on the known patterns of permafrost distribution in the region. Using automatic measuring equipment(loggers), we obtained information on the temperature of frozen and thawed ground within the altitudes from 1484 to 2879 m a. s. l. during the period from 2014 to 2020.An array of 15 loggers determined the temperature regime of bare and vegetated areas within watersheds,slopes, and valleys. N-factor parameters and surface temperature are similar to those in the Mongolian Altai, but the mean annual ground temperature at the depth of 1 m has a wide range of fluctuations(more than 32℃) based on research results, and we allocated it into three groups based on altitudinal zonality. Snow cover has a strong influence on the temperature regime, but the determination of the fine-scale variability requires additional study.Ground temperature regime during the observation period remained stable, but continued monitoring allows a more detailed assessment of the response to climatic changes.展开更多
Purpose–This study aims to improve the availability of regenerative braking for urban metro vehicles by introducing a sensorless operational temperature estimation method for the braking resistor(BR)onboard the vehic...Purpose–This study aims to improve the availability of regenerative braking for urban metro vehicles by introducing a sensorless operational temperature estimation method for the braking resistor(BR)onboard the vehicle,which overcomes the vulnerability of having conventional temperature sensor.Design/methodology/approach–In this study,the energy model based sensorless estimation method is developed.By analyzing the structure and the convection dissipation process of the BR onboard the vehicle,the energy-based operational temperature model of the BR and its cooling domain is established.By adopting Newton’s law of cooling and the law of conservation of energy,the energy and temperature dynamic of the BR can be stated.To minimize the use of all kinds of sensors(including both thermal and electrical),a novel regenerative braking power calculation method is proposed,which involves only the voltage of DC traction network and the duty cycle of the chopping circuit;both of them are available for the traction control unit(TCU)of the vehicle.By utilizing a real-time iterative calculation and updating the parameter of the energy model,the operational temperature of the BR can be obtained and monitored in a sensorless manner.Findings–In this study,a sensorless estimation/monitoring method of the operational temperature of BR is proposed.The results show that it is possible to utilize the existing electrical sensors that is mandatory for the traction unit’s operation to estimate the operational temperature of BR,instead of adding dedicated thermal sensors.The results also validate the effectiveness of the proposal is acceptable for the engineering practical.Originality/value–The proposal of this study provides novel concepts for the sensorless operational temperature monitoring of BR onboard rolling stocks.The proposed method only involves quasi-global electrical variable and the internal control signal within the TCU.展开更多
Long-term measurements of air, near-surface (soil) and ground temperatures that were collected between 1994 and 2013 at the drill site of the Geothermal Climate Change Observatory (Prague) were analyzed to understand ...Long-term measurements of air, near-surface (soil) and ground temperatures that were collected between 1994 and 2013 at the drill site of the Geothermal Climate Change Observatory (Prague) were analyzed to understand the relationship between these variables and to reveal the mechanisms of heat transport at the land-atmosphere boundary layer. The 2D Thermal Orbit (TO) method was applied to detect regularities that were hidden in noisy and highly variable temperature time series. The results showed that the temperatures at shallow depths were affected by surface air temperature (SAT) variations on seasonal and annual time scales and could be regarded as an accurate proxy for low frequency temperature variations at the Earth’s surface. Only low-frequency/ high-amplitude surface temperature variations penetrate into the subsurface because of strong damping and the filtering effect of the ground surface. The borehole temperatures have good potential to capture temperature variations (periodicities) over long time scales that cannot be detected in the SAT series themselves because of the interference of higher frequency noise. The TO technique is a useful and powerful tool to quickly obtain diagnostics of the presence of long periodicities in borehole temperature time series.展开更多
High purity SiC crystal was used as a passive monitor to measure neutron irradiation temperature in the 49-2 research reactor.The SiC monitors were irradiated with fast neutrons at elevated temperatures to 3.2×10...High purity SiC crystal was used as a passive monitor to measure neutron irradiation temperature in the 49-2 research reactor.The SiC monitors were irradiated with fast neutrons at elevated temperatures to 3.2×10^(20)n/cm^(2).The isochronal and isothermal annealing behaviors of the irradiated SiC were investigated by x-ray diffraction and four-point probe techniques.Invisible point defects and defect clusters are found to be the dominating defect types in the neutron-irradiated SiC.The amount of defect recovery in SiC reaches a maximum value after isothermal annealing for 30 min.Based on the annealing temperature dependences of both lattice swelling and material resistivity,the irradiation temperature of the SiC monitors is determined to be~410℃,which is much higher than the thermocouple temperature of 275℃ recorded during neutron irradiation.The possible reasons for the difference are carefully discussed.展开更多
Lithium-ion batteries have extensive usage in various energy storage needs,owing to their notable benefits of high energy density and long lifespan.The monitoring of battery states and failure identification are indis...Lithium-ion batteries have extensive usage in various energy storage needs,owing to their notable benefits of high energy density and long lifespan.The monitoring of battery states and failure identification are indispensable for guaranteeing the secure and optimal functionality of the batteries.The impedance spectrum has garnered growing interest due to its ability to provide a valuable understanding of material characteristics and electrochemical processes.To inspire further progress in the investigation and application of the battery impedance spectrum,this paper provides a comprehensive review of the determination and utilization of the impedance spectrum.The sources of impedance inaccuracies are systematically analyzed in terms of frequency response characteristics.The applicability of utilizing diverse impedance features for the diagnosis and prognosis of batteries is further elaborated.Finally,challenges and prospects for future research are discussed.展开更多
Objective:To make and study computed system for external cardiac massage,monitor of heart and body temperature and observe its clinical effect.Method:The system was made and applied.Result:The effect of system was obv...Objective:To make and study computed system for external cardiac massage,monitor of heart and body temperature and observe its clinical effect.Method:The system was made and applied.Result:The effect of system was obvious.Conclusion: The system was an effective clinical equipment in treatment of patient with cardiac arrest.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12174125)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(Nos.2024A1515010522 and 2021A1515011874).
文摘The temperature of an organism provides key insights into its physiological and pathological status.Temperature monitoring can effectively assess potential health issues and plays a critical role in thermal treatment.Photoacoustic imaging(PAI)has enabled multi-scale imaging,from cells to tissues and organs,where its high contrast,deep penetration,and high resolution make it an emerging tool in biomedical imaging field.Benefiting from the linear correlation between the Grüneisen parameter and temperature within the range of 10–55∘C,the PAI has been developed as novel noninvasive label-free tool for temperature monitoring especially for thermotherapy mediated by laser,ultrasound,and microwave.Additionally,by utilizing temperature-responsive photoacoustic nanoprobes,the temperature information of the targeted organism can also be extracted with enhanced imaging contrast and specificity.This review elucidates the basic principles of temperature monitoring technology implemented by PAI,further highlighting the limitations of traditional photoacoustic thermometry,and summarizes recent technological advancements in analog simulation,calibration method,measurement accuracy,nanoprobe design,and wearable improvement.Furthermore,we discuss the biomedical applications of PA temperature monitoring technology in photothermal therapy and ultrasound therapy,finally,anticipating future developments in the field.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Project of the Headquarters of the State Grid Corporation of China(52199922001U).
文摘The power module of the Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor(IGBT)is the core component of the traction transmission system of high-speed trains.The module's junction temperature is a critical factor in determining device reliability.Existing temperature monitoring methods based on the electro-thermal coupling model have limitations,such as ignoring device interactions and high computational complexity.To address these issues,an analysis of the parameters influencing IGBT failure is conducted,and a temperature monitoring method based on the Macro-Micro Attention Long Short-Term Memory(MMALSTM)recursive neural network is proposed,which takes the forward voltage drop and collector current as features.Compared with the traditional electricalthermal coupling model method,it requires fewer monitoring parameters and eliminates the complex loss calculation and equivalent thermal resistance network establishment process.The simulation model of a highspeed train traction system has been established to explore the accuracy and efficiency of MMALSTM-based prediction methods for IGBT power module junction temperature.The simulation outcomes,which deviate only 3.2% from the theoretical calculation results of the electric-thermal coupling model,confirm the reliability of this approach for predicting the temperature of IGBT power modules.
文摘In an era where digital technology is paramount, higher education institutions like the University of Zambia (UNZA) are employing advanced computer networks to enhance their operational capacity and offer cutting-edge services to their academic fraternity. Spanning across the Great East Road campus, UNZA has established one of the most extensive computer networks in Zambia, serving a burgeoning community of over 20,000 active users through a Metropolitan Area Network (MAN). However, as the digital landscape continues to evolve, it is besieged with burgeoning challenges that threaten the very fabric of network integrity—cyber security threats and the imperatives of maintaining high Quality of Service (QoS). In an effort to mitigate these threats and ensure network efficiency, the development of a mobile application to monitor temperatures in the server room was imperative. According to L. Wei, X. Zeng, and T. Shen, the use of wireless sensory networks to monitor the temperature of train switchgear contact points represents a cost-effective solution. The system is based on wireless communication technology and is detailed in their paper, “A wireless solution for train switchgear contact temperature monitoring and alarming system based on wireless communication technology”, published in the International Journal of Communications, Network and System Sciences, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 79-87, 2015 [1]. Therefore, in this study, a mobile application technology was explored for monitoring of temperatures in the server room in order to aid Cisco device performance. Additionally, this paper also explores the hardening of Cisco device security and QoS which are the cornerstones of this study.
基金Supported by Program for the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52071053,U1704253)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(DUT20GF111)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2020M670748,2020M680946).
文摘High-temperature electromagnetic(EM) protection materials integrated of multiple EM protection mechanisms and functions are regarded as desirable candidates for solving EM interference over a wide temperature range.In this work,a novel microwave modulator is fabricated by introducing carbonyl iron particles(CIP)/resin into channels of carbonized wood(C-wood).Innovatively,the spaced arrangement of two microwave absorbents not only achieves a synergistic enhancement of magnetic and dielectric losses,but also breaks the translational invariance of EM characteristics in the horizontal direction to obtain multiple phase discontinuities in the frequency range of 8.2-18.0 GHz achieving modulation of reflected wave radiation direction.Accordingly,CIP/C-wood microwave modulator demonstrates the maximum effective bandwidth of 5.2 GHz and the maximum EM protection efficiency over 97% with a thickness of only 1.5 mm in the temperature range 298-673 K.Besides,CIP/C-wood microwave modulator shows stable and low thermal conductivities,as well as monotonic electrical conductivity-temperature characteristics,therefore it can also achieve thermal infrared stealth and working temperature monitoring in wide temperature ranges.This work provides an inspiration for the design of high-temperature EM protection materials with multiple EM protection mechanisms and functions.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51890892)。
文摘By combining cryogenic cryotherapy and high-temperature radiofrequency therapy,multimodal ablation generates a rapidly changing temperature field in tissue by heating after pre-freezing.This method completely breaks tumour cells and releases a large amount of active antigen.Compared with the traditional single modality,the thermal physical ablation method has been shown to have a greater therapeutic effect,but it presents challenges in terms of precise monitoring and rapid control of the temperature during the treatment process.To solve this problem,we propose a temperature control system design utilizing aspects of probe sensing,real-time software and hardware signal interfaces,and dynamic compensation control strategies to accurately monitor the temperature changes during multimodal ablation treatment.The results show that the design system has millisecond-level high-speed control capability,an accuracy of 0.5℃,and the dynamic response time is less than 0.1 s.Furthermore,the temperature fluctuation in in vivo experiments is less than 0.5℃.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Numbers:62106033,42367066。
文摘Ultra-high-voltage direct current wall bushings are critical components in direct current transmission systems.Temperature variations and abnormal distributions can signal potential equipment failures that threaten system stability.Therefore,monitoring these critical multi-point temperature variations is essential.However,the unique design of the bushings,featuring insulation sheds of periodic shape,distorts infrared temperature measurements by introducing interference points.These interference points,dependent on the measurement's angle and distance,appear irregularly in infrared images,severely impacting the accuracy of multi-point temperature distribution assessments.To address this challenge,an anomaly detection method is proposed that adaptively identifies interference points.The method identifies interference points by comparing pixels and uses a voting mechanism to improve identification accuracy.Compared with traditional methods,this approach presents two main advantages:adaptive identification capability,which enables it to recognise interference points and adapt to changing conditions,and unsupervised learning,which enables it to work effectively without requiring manually labelled data.Experimental tests on 161 bushing infrared images demonstrate the effectiveness of the method,achieving a 100%success rate in identifying localised overheating issues.The method has been integrated into high-voltage direct current transmission anomaly systems and can be used to monitor critical equipment,enhancing system reliability and safety.
基金supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFB3205903)Anhui Province Science and Technology Innovation Key Project(202423k09020047)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of China(No.2201187)Major R&D Innovation Project of Anhui Provincial Development and Reform Commission(JZ2021AFKJ0050).
文摘Due to the limited thermoelectric(TE)performance of polymer materials and the inherent rigidity of inorganic materials,developing low-cost,highly flexible,and high-performance materials for flexible thermocouple sensors(FTCSs)remains challenging.Additionally,dual-mode(contact/non-contact)temperature monitoring in FTCSs is underexplored.This study addresses these issues by using p-type(PEDOT:PSS/CNTs,2:1)and n-type(MXene/Bi_(2)Se_(3),2:1)TE materials applied via screen printing and compression onto a PPSN substrate(paper/PDMS/Si_(3)N_(4)).The resulting FTCSs exhibit excellent TE properties:electrical conductivities of 61,197.88 S/m(n-type)and 55,697.77 S/m(p-type),Seebeck coefficients of 39.88μV/K and-29.45μV/K,and power factors(PFs)of 97.66μW/mK^(2)and 55.64μW/mK^(2),respectively.In contact mode,the sensor shows high-temperature sensitivity(S_(T)=379.5μV/℃),a broad detection range(20-200℃),high resolution(~0.3℃),and fast response(~12.6 ms).In non-contact mode,it maintains good sensitivity(S_(Tmax)=52.67μV/℃),a broad detection range,high resolution(~0.8℃),and even faster response(~9.8 ms).The sensor also demonstrates strong mechanical durability,maintaining stable performance after 1000 bending cycles.When applied to dual-mode temperature monitoring in wearable devices and lithium batteries,the FTCS shows high accuracy and reliability compared to commercial K-type thermocouples,indicating significant potential for advanced medical monitoring systems and smart home technologies.
文摘In comparison to internationally renowned liquors,China’s fen-flavor liquor is characterized by its milder taste and healthier properties.However,with the advancement of intelligent brewing technologies,the quality of foreign liquors has significantly improved,increasingly challenging the market position of Chinese liquors.This study begins with an overview of the liquor brewing process,emphasizing the critical role of temperature control in fermentation.Subsequently,we propose an innovative real-time temperature monitoring system specifically designed for liquor production.The system incorporates a precisely engineered temperature sensor,complemented by a robust data transmission framework and an efficient storage module for real-time temperature visualization.To validate the system’s effectiveness,field tests were conducted at a distillery in Xinghua Village,focusing on real-time temperature measurement of brewing materials.The experimental results demonstrate that our system successfully achieves real-time monitoring of temperature variations during both the cylinder fermentation and material processing stages of liquor production.Compared with traditional methods relying on manual sensory evaluation and empirical judgment,this system enables more precise control over raw material proportions,thereby enhancing both the flavor profile and production yield of fen-flavor liquor.This technological advancement represents a significant step toward the intelligent transformation of traditional Chinese liquor-making techniques.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52073017 and 51773009)。
文摘With the rise in environmental awareness,the development of smart polymer materials is gradually becoming environmentally friendly and sustainable.Fluorescent liquid crystal elastomers(LCE)can change their shape or optical properties in response to external stimuli,showing great potential for applications in sensing,information storage,and encryption.However,their life cycle is often unsustainable and not in line with the circular economy model.Based on the principle of green chemistry,a fluorescent LCE was developed through the co-polymerization of multiple monomers with 1,2-dithiolane end groups,which exhibited excellent self-healing,reprocessing,and closed-loop recyclability.In addition,by tailoring the phase transition temperature of the LCE,the transparency and fluorescence intensity of the resulting material can change at a low temperature of 8.0℃.By further integrating light or acid/base-triggered fluorescence information,a proof-of-concept for temperature monitoring during short-time vaccine transportation using the reusable fluorescent LCE film is demonstrated.This study establishes a new environmentally friendly manufacturing strategy for multifunctional LCE materials.
基金supported by the MEMS subject construction fund of the Kunming University of Science and Technology (Grant No. 14078024)
文摘This paper presents a design for a self-powered radio frequency identification (RFID) tag with a thin film bulk acoustic reso- nating piezoelectric power supply (PPS), which can be used for portable remote temperature monitoring. We call this system a PPS-RFID for short. The RFID systems have been found to have many applications in the internet of things (IOT) in the past decade. But semi-active RFID tags require an onboard battery which limits their applications in many fields. For these reasons, our research focuses on power sources for the RFID tags. This paper emphasizes the circuit design and simulation of PPS. In our tests, 0.283 mW was generated by PPS at 1 Hz vibration by a 650 N impact force. The results showed that the integrated PPS could supply sufficient power for the designed PPS-RFID tag. The PPS-RFID tag can be widely used for temperature monitoring during mobile transport of perishable items such as medicines or food.
文摘Electrical sensing systems, such as those involving eutectic salt, are mostly used in connection to leakage from existing airborne high-temperature air-conducting pipelines. Such complex structured systems are susceptible to external interferences and, thus, cannot meet the increasingly strict monitoring needs of a complex air-conducting pipeline system of an aircraft. In view of this point, this paper studies an alternative sensor system based on a dense array fiber grating. To obtain a compact and light-weight airborne signal processing system, a field programmable gate array is used as the main control core that controls the output of the light source. The functions of pulse modulation, analog-to-digital conversion,data buffering and transmission are integrated into a single system, while the linear sensing monitoring is obtained by detecting the time-division and wavelength-division wavelength drift signals of the fiber Bragg grating array. Our experiments show that the spatial resolution of the linear sensing system approaches 5 cm, the temperature measurement accuracy reaches 2 ℃, the temperature measurement range is between 0–250 ℃, and the response time is within 4 s. Compared with the existing electrical monitoring systems, various monitoring indicators have been greatly improved and have broad application prospects.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51605348 and 51605344)in part by the Natural Science Foundation of the Hubei Province(No.2016CFB116)in part by the Open Research Fund of the Hubei Digital Manufacturing Key Laboratory(No.SZ1801)
文摘We report a fiber Bragg grating（FBG）-based sensor for the simultaneous measurement of a train bearing’s vibration and temperature. A pre-stretched optical fiber with an FBG and a mass is designed for axial vibration sensing. Another multiplexed FBG is embedded in a selected copper-based alloy with a high thermal expansion to detect temperature. Experiments show that the sensor possesses a high resonant frequency of 970 Hz, an acceleration sensitivity of 27.28 pm/g, and a high temperature sensitivity of 35.165 pm/℃. A resonant excitation test is also carried out that demonstrates the robustness and reliability of the sensor.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82172040).
文摘The growing interest in biological skin mimicry has greatly contributed to the creation of high-performance artificial skin.Here,inspired by the optical-electrical signal co-transmission of chameleon skins,a bilayer biomimetic ion-conductive photoelectronic skin(BIPES)was constructed by compositing the mechanochromic nano-structured silica photonic crystal film with an adhesive,flexible hydrogel by a layer-by-layer design strategy.The BIPES has a highly sensitive strain response on electrical and optical signals(GF=3.27 at 0-100%,△λ/△ε=2.1 nm%^(-1))and temperature response(TCR=-2.27%℃^(-1)at 0-50℃).Importantly,through the temperature insensitivity of the mechanochromic film,the BIPES not only achieved dual-signal motion detection but also achieved real-time temperature monitoring excluding strain interference.This research provides new inspiration for the construction of multi-signal combined photoelectronic skins and further exploration for advanced accurate smart wearable electronics in appli-cations,especially in health detection for patients with non-spontaneous body-trembling.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22074148,21874138,21635008,21727809)。
文摘The temperature monitoring of treated cancer cells is critical in photothermal therapy.Current methods of detecting intracellular temperatures have low accuracy and poor spatial resolution,which limits their application to photothermal therapy.Herein,a strategy for targeted recognition and selective capture of MCF-7 breast cancer cells based on fluorescent polymer poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-benzoxadiazole-2-vinyl-4,4-dimethyl azlactone,PNMV)and modified gold nanobipyramids(Au NBPs-PNMV)was developed for temperature sensing during photothermal therapy.A mucin-1 protein aptamer(Apt)was applied to selectively target mucin-1 protein overexpressed on the surfaces of the MCF-7 cells,which can reduce interference by affinity interaction between the Apt and proteins.During photothermal therapy,the significant Au NBPs photothermal effect increases the fluorescence intensity of PNMV with temperature.Irradiation of MCF-7 cells cultured with Au NBPs-PNMV@Apt by an 808 nm laser increases the temperature of the system,while the cells can be inactivated because of the remarkable Au NBPs-PNMV@Apt photothermal effect.The results indicate that variation in the fluorescence of Au NBPs-PNMV@Apt can be applied as thermometers to monitor the intracellular effect of photothermal therapy.
基金supported by the Russian Science Fund under basic project No.IX.135.2“Geotemperature field and transformation of the permafrost zone of North Asia and mountainous regions of Central Asia”。
文摘This study presents the long-term temperature monitoring in the Russian Altai Mountains. In contrast to the Mongolian and Chinese parts, the modern temperature regime of the Russian Altai remains unclear. The complexity of a comprehensive understanding of permafrost conditions in the Russian Altai is related to the high dissection of the terrain, the paucity of the latest observational data, and the sparse population of permafrost areas. The general objective of this study is to determine the temperature regime on the surface,in the active layer, and in the zero annual amplitude(ZAA) layer, based on the known patterns of permafrost distribution in the region. Using automatic measuring equipment(loggers), we obtained information on the temperature of frozen and thawed ground within the altitudes from 1484 to 2879 m a. s. l. during the period from 2014 to 2020.An array of 15 loggers determined the temperature regime of bare and vegetated areas within watersheds,slopes, and valleys. N-factor parameters and surface temperature are similar to those in the Mongolian Altai, but the mean annual ground temperature at the depth of 1 m has a wide range of fluctuations(more than 32℃) based on research results, and we allocated it into three groups based on altitudinal zonality. Snow cover has a strong influence on the temperature regime, but the determination of the fine-scale variability requires additional study.Ground temperature regime during the observation period remained stable, but continued monitoring allows a more detailed assessment of the response to climatic changes.
基金supported by the Fund of China Academy of Railway Sciences Corporation Limited(2022YJ230)the Scientific Research Projects of China Association of Metros(CAMET-KY-2022039).
文摘Purpose–This study aims to improve the availability of regenerative braking for urban metro vehicles by introducing a sensorless operational temperature estimation method for the braking resistor(BR)onboard the vehicle,which overcomes the vulnerability of having conventional temperature sensor.Design/methodology/approach–In this study,the energy model based sensorless estimation method is developed.By analyzing the structure and the convection dissipation process of the BR onboard the vehicle,the energy-based operational temperature model of the BR and its cooling domain is established.By adopting Newton’s law of cooling and the law of conservation of energy,the energy and temperature dynamic of the BR can be stated.To minimize the use of all kinds of sensors(including both thermal and electrical),a novel regenerative braking power calculation method is proposed,which involves only the voltage of DC traction network and the duty cycle of the chopping circuit;both of them are available for the traction control unit(TCU)of the vehicle.By utilizing a real-time iterative calculation and updating the parameter of the energy model,the operational temperature of the BR can be obtained and monitored in a sensorless manner.Findings–In this study,a sensorless estimation/monitoring method of the operational temperature of BR is proposed.The results show that it is possible to utilize the existing electrical sensors that is mandatory for the traction unit’s operation to estimate the operational temperature of BR,instead of adding dedicated thermal sensors.The results also validate the effectiveness of the proposal is acceptable for the engineering practical.Originality/value–The proposal of this study provides novel concepts for the sensorless operational temperature monitoring of BR onboard rolling stocks.The proposed method only involves quasi-global electrical variable and the internal control signal within the TCU.
文摘Long-term measurements of air, near-surface (soil) and ground temperatures that were collected between 1994 and 2013 at the drill site of the Geothermal Climate Change Observatory (Prague) were analyzed to understand the relationship between these variables and to reveal the mechanisms of heat transport at the land-atmosphere boundary layer. The 2D Thermal Orbit (TO) method was applied to detect regularities that were hidden in noisy and highly variable temperature time series. The results showed that the temperatures at shallow depths were affected by surface air temperature (SAT) variations on seasonal and annual time scales and could be regarded as an accurate proxy for low frequency temperature variations at the Earth’s surface. Only low-frequency/ high-amplitude surface temperature variations penetrate into the subsurface because of strong damping and the filtering effect of the ground surface. The borehole temperatures have good potential to capture temperature variations (periodicities) over long time scales that cannot be detected in the SAT series themselves because of the interference of higher frequency noise. The TO technique is a useful and powerful tool to quickly obtain diagnostics of the presence of long periodicities in borehole temperature time series.
文摘High purity SiC crystal was used as a passive monitor to measure neutron irradiation temperature in the 49-2 research reactor.The SiC monitors were irradiated with fast neutrons at elevated temperatures to 3.2×10^(20)n/cm^(2).The isochronal and isothermal annealing behaviors of the irradiated SiC were investigated by x-ray diffraction and four-point probe techniques.Invisible point defects and defect clusters are found to be the dominating defect types in the neutron-irradiated SiC.The amount of defect recovery in SiC reaches a maximum value after isothermal annealing for 30 min.Based on the annealing temperature dependences of both lattice swelling and material resistivity,the irradiation temperature of the SiC monitors is determined to be~410℃,which is much higher than the thermocouple temperature of 275℃ recorded during neutron irradiation.The possible reasons for the difference are carefully discussed.
文摘Lithium-ion batteries have extensive usage in various energy storage needs,owing to their notable benefits of high energy density and long lifespan.The monitoring of battery states and failure identification are indispensable for guaranteeing the secure and optimal functionality of the batteries.The impedance spectrum has garnered growing interest due to its ability to provide a valuable understanding of material characteristics and electrochemical processes.To inspire further progress in the investigation and application of the battery impedance spectrum,this paper provides a comprehensive review of the determination and utilization of the impedance spectrum.The sources of impedance inaccuracies are systematically analyzed in terms of frequency response characteristics.The applicability of utilizing diverse impedance features for the diagnosis and prognosis of batteries is further elaborated.Finally,challenges and prospects for future research are discussed.
文摘Objective:To make and study computed system for external cardiac massage,monitor of heart and body temperature and observe its clinical effect.Method:The system was made and applied.Result:The effect of system was obvious.Conclusion: The system was an effective clinical equipment in treatment of patient with cardiac arrest.
