The influence of initial groove angle on strain rate inside and outside groove of Ti6Al4V alloy was investigated.Based on the evolution of strain rate inside and outside groove,the effect of strain rate difference on ...The influence of initial groove angle on strain rate inside and outside groove of Ti6Al4V alloy was investigated.Based on the evolution of strain rate inside and outside groove,the effect of strain rate difference on the evolution of normal stress and effective stress inside and outside groove was also analyzed.The results show that when linear loading path changes from uniaxial tension to equi-biaxial tension,the initial groove angle plays a weaker role in the evolution of strain rate in the M-K model.Due to the constraint of force equilibrium between inside and outside groove,the strain rate difference makes the normal stress inside groove firstly decrease and then increase during calculation,which makes the prediction algorithm of forming limit convergent at elevated temperature.The decrease of normal stress inside groove is mainly caused by high temperature softening effect and the rotation of groove,while the increase of normal stress inside groove is mainly due to strain rate hardening effect.展开更多
Human activities have significantly impacted the land surface temperature(LST),endangering human health;however,the relationship between these two factors has not been adequately quantified.This study comprehensively ...Human activities have significantly impacted the land surface temperature(LST),endangering human health;however,the relationship between these two factors has not been adequately quantified.This study comprehensively constructs a Human Activity Intensity(HAI)index and employs the Maximal Information Coefficient,four-quadrant model,and XGBoostSHAP model to investigate the spatiotemporal relationship and influencing factors of HAI-LST in the Yellow River Basin(YRB)from 2000 to 2020.The results indicated that from 2000 to 2020,as HAI and LST increased,the static HAI-LST relationship in the YRB showed a positive correlation that continued to strengthen.This dynamic relationship exhibited conflicting development,with the proportion of coordinated to conflicting regions shifting from 1:4 to 1:2,indicating a reduction in conflict intensity.Notably,only the degree of conflict in the source area decreased significantly,whereas it intensified in the upper and lower reaches.The key factors influencing the HAI-LST relationship include fractional vegetation cover,slope,precipitation,and evapotranspiration,along with region-specific factors such as PM_(2.5),biodiversity,and elevation.Based on these findings,region-specific ecological management strategies have been proposed to mitigate conflict-prone areas and alleviate thermal stress,thereby providing important guidance for promoting harmonious development between humans and nature.展开更多
In recent years,the research on superconductivity in one-dimensional(1D)materials has been attracting increasing attention due to its potential applications in low-dimensional nanodevices.However,the critical temperat...In recent years,the research on superconductivity in one-dimensional(1D)materials has been attracting increasing attention due to its potential applications in low-dimensional nanodevices.However,the critical temperature(T_(c))of 1D superconductors is low.In this work,we theoretically investigate the possible high T_(c) superconductivity of(5,5)carbon nanotube(CNT).The pristine(5,5)CNT is a Dirac semimetal and can be modulated into a semiconductor by full hydrogenation.Interestingly,by further hole doping,it can be regulated into a metallic state with the sp3-hybridized𝜎electrons metalized,and a giant Kohn anomaly appears in the optical phonons.The two factors together enhance the electron–phonon coupling,and lead to high-T_(c) superconductivity.When the hole doping concentration of hydrogenated-(5,5)CNT is 2.5 hole/cell,the calculated T_(c) is 82.3 K,exceeding the boiling point of liquid nitrogen.Therefore,the predicted hole-doped hydrogenated-(5,5)CNT provides a new platform for 1D high-T_(c) superconductivity and may have potential applications in 1D nanodevices.展开更多
The annual, interannual and inter-decadal variability of convection intensity of South China Sea (SCS) summer monsoon and air-sea temperature difference in the tropical ocean is analyzed, and their relationship is dis...The annual, interannual and inter-decadal variability of convection intensity of South China Sea (SCS) summer monsoon and air-sea temperature difference in the tropical ocean is analyzed, and their relationship is discussed using two data sets of 48-a SODA (simple ocean data assimilation) and NCEP/NCAR. Analyses show that in wintertime Indian Ocean (WIO), springtime central tropical Pacific (SCTP) and summertime South China Sea-West Pacific (SSCSWP), air-sea temperature difference is significantly associated with the convection intensity of South China Sea summer monsoon. Correlation of the inter-decadal time scale (above 10 a) is higher and more stable. There is inter-decadal variability of correlation in scales less than 10 a and it is related with the air-sea temperature difference itself for corresponding waters. The inter-decadal variability of the convection intensity during the South China Sea summer monsoon is closely related to the inter-decadal variability of the general circulation of the atmosphere. Since the late period of the 1970s, in the lower troposphere, the cross-equatorial flow from the Southern Hemisphere has intensified. At the upper troposphere layer, the South Asian high and cross-equatorial flow from the Northern Hemisphere has intensified at the same time. Then the monsoon cell has also strengthened and resulted in the reinforcing of the convection of South China Sea summer monsoon.展开更多
Rechargeable Zn/Sn-air batteries have received considerable attention as promising energy storage devices.However,the electrochemical performance of these batteries is significantly constrained by the sluggish electro...Rechargeable Zn/Sn-air batteries have received considerable attention as promising energy storage devices.However,the electrochemical performance of these batteries is significantly constrained by the sluggish electrocatalytic reaction kinetics at the cathode.The integration of light energy into Zn/Sn-air batteries is a promising strategy for enhancing their performance.However,the photothermal and photoelectric effects generate heat in the battery under prolonged solar irradiation,leading to air cathode instability.This paper presents the first design and synthesis of Ni_(2)-1,5-diamino-4,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone(Ni_(2)DDA),an electronically conductiveπ-d conjugated metal-organic framework(MOF).Ni_(2)DDA exhibits both photoelectric and photothermal effects,with an optical band gap of~1.14 eV.Under illumination,Ni_(2)DDA achieves excellent oxygen evolution reaction performance(with an overpotential of 245 mV vs.reversible hydrogen electrode at 10 mA cm^(−2))and photothermal stability.These properties result from the synergy between the photoelectric and photothermal effects of Ni_(2)DDA.Upon integration into Zn/Sn-air batteries,Ni_(2)DDA ensures excellent cycling stability under light and exhibits remarkable performance in high-temperature environments up to 80℃.This study experimentally confirms the stable operation of photo-assisted Zn/Sn-air batteries under high-temperature conditions for the first time and provides novel insights into the application of electronically conductive MOFs in photoelectrocatalysis and photothermal catalysis.展开更多
The impact of extreme temperatures on the health of individuals in different organizations remains uncertain.We employed stratified analyses to examine the impacts of summer(April-September)daily maximum temperatures ...The impact of extreme temperatures on the health of individuals in different organizations remains uncertain.We employed stratified analyses to examine the impacts of summer(April-September)daily maximum temperatures and winter(October-March)daily minimum temperatures on blood pressure and lipid profiles across government staff,com-pany employees,and researchers.We examined 209,477 physical examination records from a physical examination center in the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC from 2017 to 2021.Employing a segmented regression model within the frame-work of generalized linear regression(GLM),we examined the causal impact of extreme temperatures on health outcomes.Additionally,sensitivity analyses were conducted via distributed lag nonlinear models(DLNMs),with a focus on ob-serving the long-term effects over a period of 21 days.Our findings indicate that government staff face increased health risks during extremely low temperatures,regardless of the season.Compared with participants experiencing median tem-peratures,government staff exposed to extremely low temperatures(below the 10th percentile,below 24℃)in the sum-mer presented maximum increases of 2.32 mmHg(95%CI:1.542-3.098)in diastolic blood pressure and 6.481 mmHg(95%CI:5.368-7.594)in systolic blood pressure.In winter,government staff exposed to temperatures below the 10th per-centile(below 1℃)demonstrated maximum increases of 0.278 mmol/L(95%CI:0.210-0.346)in total cholesterol,0.153 mmol/L(95%CI:0.032-0.274)in triglycerides,and 0.077 mmol/L(95%CI:0.192-0.134)in low-density lipoprotein.Conversely,warm winters benefit company employees,whereas researchers exhibit lower sensitivity to temperature changes in winter.The maximum temperatures in summer and minimum temperatures in winter had greater impacts on in-dividuals.Small temperature fluctuations impact health more than large changes do.Notably,both the maximum and min-imum temperatures were better predictors of health outcomes than the daily average temperature was.Blood pressure con-sistently displayed significant associations with temperature across all three groups,with extremely low temperatures in-creasing the risk and extremely high temperatures reducing it.However,the relationship between temperature and blood lipids is complex.展开更多
The difference between ground soil and air temperature （Ts-Ta） was studied by using the data of ground and air temperature of 99 stations over the Qinghai-Xizang （Tibet） Plateau from 1960 to 2000,and its spatial d...The difference between ground soil and air temperature （Ts-Ta） was studied by using the data of ground and air temperature of 99 stations over the Qinghai-Xizang （Tibet） Plateau from 1960 to 2000,and its spatial distribution and time changing tendency have been diagnosed by principal component analysis and power spectral analysis methods. The results show that the values of （Ts-Ta） are the maximum in June and the minimum in December. The first three loading eigenvectors, which reflect the main spatially anomalous structure of （Ts-Ta） over the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, contain the contrary changing pattern between the northwestern and the southeastern regions, the pattern response of the sea level elevation and the geography, and the pattern response of the distribution of the permafrost. There are four patterns of time evolution including the patterns of monotonous increasing or decreasing trends, the basic stability pattern and the parabola pattern with the minimum value. （Ts-Ta） has a periodic variation about 2 years. According to the spatial distribution of the third loading eigenvectors of （Ts-Ta） over the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau in cold season, the permafrost response region and the seasonal frozen ground response region are identified.展开更多
Thickness of the intermetallic compounds(IMC)layer at the interface has a significant effect on the mechanical properties of Mg/Al dissimilar joints.However,the thickness of IMC layer can be only obtained by metallurg...Thickness of the intermetallic compounds(IMC)layer at the interface has a significant effect on the mechanical properties of Mg/Al dissimilar joints.However,the thickness of IMC layer can be only obtained by metallurgical microscopy,which is destructive and has to break down the weld.Therefore,it is crucial to find a reliable approach that can non-destructively predict the thickness of IMC layer in practical application.In the current study,Mg alloy and Al alloy were friction stir butt welded(FSW)under different tool rotation speeds(TRS)to obtain different thicknesses of IMC layers.As the TRS increased from 400 rpm to 1000 rpm,thickness of the IMC layer increased from 0.4μm to 1.3μm,the peak welding temperatures increased from 259℃to 402℃,and the Z-axis downforces decreased from10.5 kN to 3.2 k N during welding process.Higher TRS would generally induce higher welding heat input,which promotes the growth of the IMC layer and the softening of base materials.The IMC layer formed through solid-state diffusion and transformation instead of eutectic reaction according to the welding temperature history and interfacial microstructure,and its evolution process was clearly observed by plan view.In order to incorporate the effect of dramatic change of welding temperature which is the characteristic feature of FSW,Psd Voigt function was used to fit the welding temperature histories.A new prediction formula was then established to predict thicknesses of IMC layers with considering sharp welding temperature change.Predicted thicknesses gave good agreement with measured thicknesses obtained experimentally under different welding parameters,which confirmed the accuracy and reliability of the new prediction formula.Based on this prediction formula,the time period of temperature higher than 200℃during welding was found critical for the thickening of interfacial IMC layers.展开更多
Based on the experiment of measuring panicles and leaves, air temperature, and humidity above the canopy of rice cultivars after heading in 2005 and 2006, we investigated the temperature difference （TD） between the ...Based on the experiment of measuring panicles and leaves, air temperature, and humidity above the canopy of rice cultivars after heading in 2005 and 2006, we investigated the temperature difference （TD） between the air and organs of rice plant and its relationship with spikelet fertility. The results showed that TDs between the air and organs of rice varied with air temperature, air humidity, and plant type. For similar air humidity, TDs were lower at the air temperature of 28.5℃ than at higher temperature of 35.5℃, whereas for the same air temperature, the TDs decreased as the air humidity increased. TDs were also affected by plant type of the cultivars. Erect panicle cultivars showed higher TDs than those with droopy panicles under similar climatic conditions, and cultivars with panicles above flag leaf （PAFL） had higher TDs than those with panicles below the flag leaf （PBFL）. Cultivars grown in a location with lower air humidity and higher temperature, such as Taoyuan, China, had higher spikelet fertility than those in higher humidity under the similar air temperature during the grain filling stage. This is partially attributed to the larger TDs under the lower humidity. Rowspacing and the ratio of basal-tillering to panicle-spikelet fertilizer showed a significant influence on TD and subsequently on spikelet fertility, suggesting the possibility of increasing spikelet fertility by agronomic management.展开更多
The study examined the association between weekly mean temperature and influenza cases across 122 countries/regions(2014–2019)using a distributed lag non-linear model.We analyzed 3145206 cases of overall influenza(Fl...The study examined the association between weekly mean temperature and influenza cases across 122 countries/regions(2014–2019)using a distributed lag non-linear model.We analyzed 3145206 cases of overall influenza(Flu-All),with influenza A(Flu-A)and influenza B(Flu-B)accounting for 73.49%and 26.51%,respectively.Within a lag of two weeks,Flu-All incidence demonstrated a bimodal temperature relationship,with peak relative risks(RR)of 6.02(95%confidence interval[CI]:1.92–20.77)at–8℃and 3.08(95%CI:1.27–7.49)at 22℃.Flu-A exhibited a similar bimodal pattern,with RRs of 3.76(95%CI:2.39–5.91)at-8℃and 2.08(95%CI:1.55–2.80)at 22℃.Flu-B demonstrated a single risk peak at 1℃(RR=4.48,95%CI:1.74–11.55).Subgroup analyses of climate zones revealed variations:tropical zones peaked at 12℃(RR=1.37,95%CI:1.08–1.74),while dry and temperate zones exhibited the highest risks at-5℃,with RRs of 4.49(95%CI:2.46–7.15)and 5.23(95%CI:3.17–8.64),respectively.Cold zones peaked at 1℃(RR=5.96,95%CI:3.76–9.43).Subgroup analyses of influenza transmission zones revealed variations:Africa showed a higher risk between 6℃and 14℃,Asia showed a higher risk below 3℃,and Europe exhibited distinct risks of influenza peaks at-1℃(Eastern Europe),1℃(Southwestern Europe),and-20℃(Northern Europe).Elevated risks above 11℃were identified in the Americas and Oceania.These findings establish a predictive framework for influenza outbreak preparedness by integrating regional temperature patterns with global climate variability.展开更多
The effects of extrusion temperature on the microstructure and tensile properties of extruded AZ61 and AZ91 alloys are investigated by subjecting them to hot extrusion at 300 and 400℃.Although the average grain size ...The effects of extrusion temperature on the microstructure and tensile properties of extruded AZ61 and AZ91 alloys are investigated by subjecting them to hot extrusion at 300 and 400℃.Although the average grain size of the extruded AZ61 alloy slightly increases from 9.5 to 12.6μm with increasing extrusion temperature,its resultant microstructural variation is insignificant.In contrast,the average grain size of the extruded AZ91 alloy significantly increases from 5.7 to 22.5μm with increasing extrusion temperature,and the type of Mg17Al12 precipitates formed in it changes from fine dynamic precipitates with a spherical shape to coarse static precipitates with a lamellar structure.As the extrusion temperature increases,the tensile yield strength of the extruded AZ61 alloy increases from 183 to 197 MPa while that of the extruded AZ91 alloy decreases from 232 to 224 MPa.The tensile elongations of the extruded AZ61 and AZ91 alloys decrease with increasing extrusion temperature,but the degree of decrease is significant in the latter alloy.These different extrusion temperature dependences of the tensile properties of the extruded AZ61 and AZ91 alloys are discussed in terms of their microstructural characteristics,strengthening mechanisms,and crack initiation sites.展开更多
Temperature of a plant organ constitutes an integrative index to its eco-physiological properties and status.However,little attempt has been made to dissect the combined effect of ecological and physiological factors ...Temperature of a plant organ constitutes an integrative index to its eco-physiological properties and status.However,little attempt has been made to dissect the combined effect of ecological and physiological factors on the surface temperature of a plant organ such as the rice spikelet.In this study,using a deactivated plant as reference,we developed a novel comparison method to dissect the environmental and physiological effects on temperature of rice spikelet.Three japonica rice cultivars with contrasting canopy features were used as testing materials.Temperatures of flag leaf,superior and inferior spikelets and their diurnal rhythm during grain filling stage were precisely measured by a hand-held infrared thermometer.The results showed that the variation of environmental conditions within a panicle was relatively minor,posing a limited influence on temperature difference between the superior and inferior spikelet.On the other hand,it was the intrinsic physiological properties that considerably affected the spatial variations of spikelet temperature within a panicle.Chemical analysis of sucrose and starch in grains and bracts indicated that the superior spikelet is more physiologically active at photosynthetic assimilation and starch biosynthesis.Interestingly,sugar in bracts exhibited a pattern of diurnal changes similar to the source leaf but different from the sink grain,confirming that bracts are source organs for grain filling.Our findings yield penetrating insight into the eco-physiological foundation of spikelet temperature,thus being helpful for the application of physiological approaches in crop breeding for cooler canopy.展开更多
To determine whether any difference exists in the skin-temperature responses of the lower limbs to hot-stone application relative to one-site and three-site abdominal application. METHODS： Twenty-five female students...To determine whether any difference exists in the skin-temperature responses of the lower limbs to hot-stone application relative to one-site and three-site abdominal application. METHODS： Twenty-five female students participated in experimental sessions after a random allocation： 14 participants received a hot-stone application on the umbilicus, superior-umbilicus, and inferior-umbilicus regions （hereafter referred to as the three-site stimulation group）; and 11 participants received the hot-stone application on the umbilicus region only （hereafter referred to as the one-site stimulation group）. Heated stones were applied for 9 min to participants in both groups. Four arbitrary frames （the lower leg, ankle, proximal foot, and distal foot regions） were created in order to observe and analyze the skin temperature of a lower limb using a thermograph. Observation periods were as follows： before hot-stone stimulation, immediately after stimulation, and 5, 10, 15, and 20 min after stimulation. RESULTS： There was a significant offset interaction of distal foot skin temperature between the groups. The left-side distal foot skin temperature increased at 15 and 20 min following the three-site abdominal hot-stone stimulation. The right-side distal foot skin temperature increased immediately and at 5, 10, 15, and 20 min following the three-site abdominal hot-stone stimulation. No significant change in distal foot skin temperature was observed following the one-site stimulation. CONCLUSION： Lower-limb skin temperature was altered following hot-stone stimulation applied to the abdomen, and the one-site stimulation and three-site stimulation yielded different distal foot skin-temperature reactions.展开更多
[ Objective] The research aimed to study differences of temperature and humidity and vertical distribution of human comfort between city and countryside of Heilongjiang in summer. [Method] By using temperature, humidi...[ Objective] The research aimed to study differences of temperature and humidity and vertical distribution of human comfort between city and countryside of Heilongjiang in summer. [Method] By using temperature, humidity and wind velocity data at 10 and 70 m of two iron towers in urban and rural districts of Heilongjiang from June 1 to August 31,2010, the characteristics at temperature and humidity fields and change rule of human comfort index in urban and rural areas in summer were analyzed. [Result] Compared with rural areas, heat island effect of urban districts was obvious, and it was the strongest during 21：00 -23：00 and the weakest during 05：00 -06：00. Daily change rules of wind velocity at 10 m of two anemometer towers were basically consistent. Wind velocity was big at daytime and small at night. Daily change of wind velocity at 70 m of urban districts was consistent with that at 10 m, while wind velocity change at 70 m of rural areas was different from that at 10 m, which had obvious high-altitude wind characteristics. Daily change rules of humidity in two towers were basically consistent, and occurrence time of extremum at 70 m delayed for 1 h. At vertical height, humidity at 10 m was higher than that at 70 m at daytime, and was lower than that at 70 m at night. [ Conclusion] The city had obvious wet island effect during 00：00 -06：00 and dry island effect at nightfall. Comfort index of urban districts was higher than that in rural areas, and difference was the maximum during 19：00 -21：00. Comfort index at 10 m was higher than that at 70 m at daytime in the city and countryside, and was lower than that at 70 m at night. Occurrence frequencies of Grade Zero of comfort at 10 and 70 m of urban districts were both over 60%, while occurrence frequency of ≥ Grade Three of comfort was very small. At vertical height, human comfort had small difference at night. At daytime, as height rise, human comfort index significantly declined, and human feeling was more comfortable than that at low layer.展开更多
The experiment was mainly used to study the effect of insect-proof net mulching cultivation technology on the temperature and humidity of the greenhouse and the spring shoot growth of citrus Shatangju. The results sho...The experiment was mainly used to study the effect of insect-proof net mulching cultivation technology on the temperature and humidity of the greenhouse and the spring shoot growth of citrus Shatangju. The results showed that the 40-mesh translucent insect-proof net had a positive effect on the spring shoot growth of Shatangju in the spring from January to April. In the meantime,according to the change of the temperature and humidity inside and outside the insect-proof net and the change of quantity of Aleyrodidae,Tetranychidae and Phyllocnisidae,it was found that the role of insect-proof net in enhancing the spring shoot growth of Shatangju was possibly achieved by the regulation of citrus pests and the temperature and humidity inside the net.展开更多
A statistical analysis on the simultaneous observation data of the temperature inside and outside the themometer shelter in Changsha during summer of 2011 and 2012 was carried out. The results show that the temperatur...A statistical analysis on the simultaneous observation data of the temperature inside and outside the themometer shelter in Changsha during summer of 2011 and 2012 was carried out. The results show that the temperature outside the themometer shelter is higher（ lower） than that inside the themometer shelter in the daytime（ nighttime）. However,there exists a similar variation trend for the average temperature and the extremely maximum temperature inside and outside the themometer shelter in summer. The average temperature and the extremely maximum temperature outside the themometer shelter are higher than that inside the themometer shelter. Furthermore,there exists a difference between the temperatures inside and outside the themometer shelter during different weather conditions. The difference of average temperature reaches 1. 2 ℃ in rainy day,2. 8 ℃ in cloudy day and 3. 1 ℃ in sunny day,and the extremely maximum temperature difference reaches 6. 4 ℃. Especially for the days of high temperature ≥35 ℃,there is 61 high temperature days inside the themometer shelter,while there is 125 high temperature days inside the themometer shelter during 2011- 2012. Furthermore,the extremely maximum temperatures inside and outside the themometer shelter are 38. 9 and42. 0 ℃ respectively. Rainfall and showery rain are the most effective ways to relieve the high temperature in summer. Therefore,the difference between the temperatures inside and outside the themometer shelter should be taken into account in the high temperature forecast and public meteorological service.展开更多
A study was conducted to identify the differences in the decompositions of leaf litter, lignin and carbohydrate between coniferous forest and broadleaf forest at 20℃ and 30℃ in Huangshan Mountain, Anhui Province, Ch...A study was conducted to identify the differences in the decompositions of leaf litter, lignin and carbohydrate between coniferous forest and broadleaf forest at 20℃ and 30℃ in Huangshan Mountain, Anhui Province, China. Results showed that at 20℃ mass loss of leaf litter driven by microbial decomposers was higher in broadleaf forest than that in coniferous forest, whereas the difference in mass loss of leaf litter was not significant at 30℃. The temperature increase did not affect the mass loss of leaf litter for coniferous forest treatment, but significantly reduced the decomposition rate for broadleaf forest treatment. The functional decomposers of microorganism in broadleaf forest produced a higher lignin decomposition rate at 20℃, compared to that in coniferous forest, but the difference in lignin decomposition was not found between two forest types at 30℃. Improved temperature increased the lignin decomposition for both broadleaf and coniferous forest. Additionally, the functional group of microorganism from broadleaf forest showed marginally higher carbohydrate loss than that from coniferous forest at both temperatures. Temperature increase reduced the carbohydrate decomposition for broadleaf forest, while only a little reduce was found for coniferous forest. Remarkable differences occurred in responses between most enzymes （Phenoloxidase, peroxidase, !5-glucosidase and endocellulase） and decomposition rate of leaf litter to forest type and temperature, although there exist strong relationships between measured enzyme activities and decomposition rate in most cases. The reason is that more than one enzyme contribute to the mass loss of leaf litter and organic chemical components. In conclusion, at a community scale the coniferous and broadleaf forests differed in their temperature-decomposition relationships.展开更多
The basic principles of sea surface temperature （SST） remote sensing using infrared and microwave radiometers are introduced, and the differences between two sensors for retrieving sea surface temperature are invest...The basic principles of sea surface temperature （SST） remote sensing using infrared and microwave radiometers are introduced, and the differences between two sensors for retrieving sea surface temperature are investigated. The ground resolution, atmospheric effect, sea surface wind, skin depth and so on have important influence on precision of sea surface temperature retrieved by two sensors. The better understanding of the advantage and disadvantage of sea surface temperature detected by infrared and microwave radiometers would help us to imply SST remote sensing data more effectively and correctly.展开更多
[Objective] This study was conducted to investigate the pathogenicity of Plasmodiophora brassicae on cabbage grown under different temperature and soil pH conditions. [Method] The pathogenicity of P. brassicae were te...[Objective] This study was conducted to investigate the pathogenicity of Plasmodiophora brassicae on cabbage grown under different temperature and soil pH conditions. [Method] The pathogenicity of P. brassicae were tested at seven different temperatures and at six different soil pH values with the resting spore concentration of lx108 （spores/g） in the soil. The plant survival rate and incidence rate of clubroot were investigated after 90 d. [Result] The incidence rate of clubroot on cabbage among the different temperature sets varied in a descending order as follows： 30 ℃〉25 ℃〉20 ℃〉35 ℃〉15 ℃〉10 ℃〉5 ℃ at soil pH value of 6, indicating that the pathogenicity of P. brassicae was weak at 5 and 10 ~（3. The incidence rate increased with soil temperature increasing from 15 to 30 ℃, but decreased at 35 ℃. The incidence rates of clubroot were 80.36%, 100%, 65%, 10.77%, 3.23% and 0% at soil pH 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 at 25 ℃, respectively. The growth of cabbage was inhibited and the survival rate was reduced at pH 4.The incidence rates of clubroot were low at pH value of 7 and 8, and was 0% at pH 9. The Chinese cabbage grew better at pH value of 5 and 6, but had high incidence rates of clubroot. [Conclusion] The results revealed that the incidence rate of clubroot on cabbage was closely related to the temperature and soil pH.展开更多
By dint of the summer precipitation data from 21 stations in the Dongting Lake region during 1960-2008 and the sea surface temperature(SST) data from NOAA,the spatial and temporal distributions of summer precipitation...By dint of the summer precipitation data from 21 stations in the Dongting Lake region during 1960-2008 and the sea surface temperature(SST) data from NOAA,the spatial and temporal distributions of summer precipitation and their correlations with SST are analyzed.The coupling relationship between the anomalous distribution in summer precipitation and the variation of SST has between studied with the Singular Value Decomposition(SVD) analysis.The increase or decrease of summer precipitation in the Dongting Lake region is closely associated with the SST anomalies in three key regions.The variation of SST in the three key regions has been proved to be a significant previous signal to anomaly of summer rainfall in Dongting region.展开更多
基金Project(51775023)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(YWF-18-BJ-J-75)supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China
文摘The influence of initial groove angle on strain rate inside and outside groove of Ti6Al4V alloy was investigated.Based on the evolution of strain rate inside and outside groove,the effect of strain rate difference on the evolution of normal stress and effective stress inside and outside groove was also analyzed.The results show that when linear loading path changes from uniaxial tension to equi-biaxial tension,the initial groove angle plays a weaker role in the evolution of strain rate in the M-K model.Due to the constraint of force equilibrium between inside and outside groove,the strain rate difference makes the normal stress inside groove firstly decrease and then increase during calculation,which makes the prediction algorithm of forming limit convergent at elevated temperature.The decrease of normal stress inside groove is mainly caused by high temperature softening effect and the rotation of groove,while the increase of normal stress inside groove is mainly due to strain rate hardening effect.
基金Shanxi Province Graduate Research Practice Innovation Project,No.2023KY465Project on the Reform of Graduate Education and Teaching in Shanxi Province,No.2021YJJG146+1 种基金Research Project of Shanxi Provincial Cultural Relics Bureau,No.22-8-14-1400-119National Key R&D Program of China,No.2021YFB3901300。
文摘Human activities have significantly impacted the land surface temperature(LST),endangering human health;however,the relationship between these two factors has not been adequately quantified.This study comprehensively constructs a Human Activity Intensity(HAI)index and employs the Maximal Information Coefficient,four-quadrant model,and XGBoostSHAP model to investigate the spatiotemporal relationship and influencing factors of HAI-LST in the Yellow River Basin(YRB)from 2000 to 2020.The results indicated that from 2000 to 2020,as HAI and LST increased,the static HAI-LST relationship in the YRB showed a positive correlation that continued to strengthen.This dynamic relationship exhibited conflicting development,with the proportion of coordinated to conflicting regions shifting from 1:4 to 1:2,indicating a reduction in conflict intensity.Notably,only the degree of conflict in the source area decreased significantly,whereas it intensified in the upper and lower reaches.The key factors influencing the HAI-LST relationship include fractional vegetation cover,slope,precipitation,and evapotranspiration,along with region-specific factors such as PM_(2.5),biodiversity,and elevation.Based on these findings,region-specific ecological management strategies have been proposed to mitigate conflict-prone areas and alleviate thermal stress,thereby providing important guidance for promoting harmonious development between humans and nature.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.12074213 and 11574108)the Major Basic Program of Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (Grant No.ZR2021ZD01)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (Grant No.ZR2023MA082)。
文摘In recent years,the research on superconductivity in one-dimensional(1D)materials has been attracting increasing attention due to its potential applications in low-dimensional nanodevices.However,the critical temperature(T_(c))of 1D superconductors is low.In this work,we theoretically investigate the possible high T_(c) superconductivity of(5,5)carbon nanotube(CNT).The pristine(5,5)CNT is a Dirac semimetal and can be modulated into a semiconductor by full hydrogenation.Interestingly,by further hole doping,it can be regulated into a metallic state with the sp3-hybridized𝜎electrons metalized,and a giant Kohn anomaly appears in the optical phonons.The two factors together enhance the electron–phonon coupling,and lead to high-T_(c) superconductivity.When the hole doping concentration of hydrogenated-(5,5)CNT is 2.5 hole/cell,the calculated T_(c) is 82.3 K,exceeding the boiling point of liquid nitrogen.Therefore,the predicted hole-doped hydrogenated-(5,5)CNT provides a new platform for 1D high-T_(c) superconductivity and may have potential applications in 1D nanodevices.
基金This study was supported by the project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China"Response of inter-decadal variability of South China Sea summer monsoon to the whole globe variability”under contract number 9021l010“Interannual to interdecadal variability in circulation in the tropical Pa-cific Ocean”under contract number 40136010.
文摘The annual, interannual and inter-decadal variability of convection intensity of South China Sea (SCS) summer monsoon and air-sea temperature difference in the tropical ocean is analyzed, and their relationship is discussed using two data sets of 48-a SODA (simple ocean data assimilation) and NCEP/NCAR. Analyses show that in wintertime Indian Ocean (WIO), springtime central tropical Pacific (SCTP) and summertime South China Sea-West Pacific (SSCSWP), air-sea temperature difference is significantly associated with the convection intensity of South China Sea summer monsoon. Correlation of the inter-decadal time scale (above 10 a) is higher and more stable. There is inter-decadal variability of correlation in scales less than 10 a and it is related with the air-sea temperature difference itself for corresponding waters. The inter-decadal variability of the convection intensity during the South China Sea summer monsoon is closely related to the inter-decadal variability of the general circulation of the atmosphere. Since the late period of the 1970s, in the lower troposphere, the cross-equatorial flow from the Southern Hemisphere has intensified. At the upper troposphere layer, the South Asian high and cross-equatorial flow from the Northern Hemisphere has intensified at the same time. Then the monsoon cell has also strengthened and resulted in the reinforcing of the convection of South China Sea summer monsoon.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.62464010)Spring City Plan-Special Program for Young Talents(K202005007)+2 种基金Yunnan Talents Support Plan for Young Talents(XDYC-QNRC-2022-0482)Yunnan Local Colleges Applied Basic Research Projects(202101BA070001-138)Frontier Research Team of Kunming University 2023.
文摘Rechargeable Zn/Sn-air batteries have received considerable attention as promising energy storage devices.However,the electrochemical performance of these batteries is significantly constrained by the sluggish electrocatalytic reaction kinetics at the cathode.The integration of light energy into Zn/Sn-air batteries is a promising strategy for enhancing their performance.However,the photothermal and photoelectric effects generate heat in the battery under prolonged solar irradiation,leading to air cathode instability.This paper presents the first design and synthesis of Ni_(2)-1,5-diamino-4,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone(Ni_(2)DDA),an electronically conductiveπ-d conjugated metal-organic framework(MOF).Ni_(2)DDA exhibits both photoelectric and photothermal effects,with an optical band gap of~1.14 eV.Under illumination,Ni_(2)DDA achieves excellent oxygen evolution reaction performance(with an overpotential of 245 mV vs.reversible hydrogen electrode at 10 mA cm^(−2))and photothermal stability.These properties result from the synergy between the photoelectric and photothermal effects of Ni_(2)DDA.Upon integration into Zn/Sn-air batteries,Ni_(2)DDA ensures excellent cycling stability under light and exhibits remarkable performance in high-temperature environments up to 80℃.This study experimentally confirms the stable operation of photo-assisted Zn/Sn-air batteries under high-temperature conditions for the first time and provides novel insights into the application of electronically conductive MOFs in photoelectrocatalysis and photothermal catalysis.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(72072169)the Fundamental Re-search Funds for the Central Universities(YD2040002015).
文摘The impact of extreme temperatures on the health of individuals in different organizations remains uncertain.We employed stratified analyses to examine the impacts of summer(April-September)daily maximum temperatures and winter(October-March)daily minimum temperatures on blood pressure and lipid profiles across government staff,com-pany employees,and researchers.We examined 209,477 physical examination records from a physical examination center in the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC from 2017 to 2021.Employing a segmented regression model within the frame-work of generalized linear regression(GLM),we examined the causal impact of extreme temperatures on health outcomes.Additionally,sensitivity analyses were conducted via distributed lag nonlinear models(DLNMs),with a focus on ob-serving the long-term effects over a period of 21 days.Our findings indicate that government staff face increased health risks during extremely low temperatures,regardless of the season.Compared with participants experiencing median tem-peratures,government staff exposed to extremely low temperatures(below the 10th percentile,below 24℃)in the sum-mer presented maximum increases of 2.32 mmHg(95%CI:1.542-3.098)in diastolic blood pressure and 6.481 mmHg(95%CI:5.368-7.594)in systolic blood pressure.In winter,government staff exposed to temperatures below the 10th per-centile(below 1℃)demonstrated maximum increases of 0.278 mmol/L(95%CI:0.210-0.346)in total cholesterol,0.153 mmol/L(95%CI:0.032-0.274)in triglycerides,and 0.077 mmol/L(95%CI:0.192-0.134)in low-density lipoprotein.Conversely,warm winters benefit company employees,whereas researchers exhibit lower sensitivity to temperature changes in winter.The maximum temperatures in summer and minimum temperatures in winter had greater impacts on in-dividuals.Small temperature fluctuations impact health more than large changes do.Notably,both the maximum and min-imum temperatures were better predictors of health outcomes than the daily average temperature was.Blood pressure con-sistently displayed significant associations with temperature across all three groups,with extremely low temperatures in-creasing the risk and extremely high temperatures reducing it.However,the relationship between temperature and blood lipids is complex.
基金Foundation： National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.40471026 National Fund for ＂Western Major Plan＂ Broadly Item, No.90302006+1 种基金 Knowledge Innovation Project of CAS, No.220014-03 The National Basic Research Program （973 Program）, No.2005CB422003
文摘The difference between ground soil and air temperature （Ts-Ta） was studied by using the data of ground and air temperature of 99 stations over the Qinghai-Xizang （Tibet） Plateau from 1960 to 2000,and its spatial distribution and time changing tendency have been diagnosed by principal component analysis and power spectral analysis methods. The results show that the values of （Ts-Ta） are the maximum in June and the minimum in December. The first three loading eigenvectors, which reflect the main spatially anomalous structure of （Ts-Ta） over the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, contain the contrary changing pattern between the northwestern and the southeastern regions, the pattern response of the sea level elevation and the geography, and the pattern response of the distribution of the permafrost. There are four patterns of time evolution including the patterns of monotonous increasing or decreasing trends, the basic stability pattern and the parabola pattern with the minimum value. （Ts-Ta） has a periodic variation about 2 years. According to the spatial distribution of the third loading eigenvectors of （Ts-Ta） over the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau in cold season, the permafrost response region and the seasonal frozen ground response region are identified.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52075330)the Interdisciplinary Program of Shanghai Jiao Tong University(No.YG2019QNA15)the Foundation of National Facility for Translational Medicine(Shanghai)(No.TMSK-2020-107)。
文摘Thickness of the intermetallic compounds(IMC)layer at the interface has a significant effect on the mechanical properties of Mg/Al dissimilar joints.However,the thickness of IMC layer can be only obtained by metallurgical microscopy,which is destructive and has to break down the weld.Therefore,it is crucial to find a reliable approach that can non-destructively predict the thickness of IMC layer in practical application.In the current study,Mg alloy and Al alloy were friction stir butt welded(FSW)under different tool rotation speeds(TRS)to obtain different thicknesses of IMC layers.As the TRS increased from 400 rpm to 1000 rpm,thickness of the IMC layer increased from 0.4μm to 1.3μm,the peak welding temperatures increased from 259℃to 402℃,and the Z-axis downforces decreased from10.5 kN to 3.2 k N during welding process.Higher TRS would generally induce higher welding heat input,which promotes the growth of the IMC layer and the softening of base materials.The IMC layer formed through solid-state diffusion and transformation instead of eutectic reaction according to the welding temperature history and interfacial microstructure,and its evolution process was clearly observed by plan view.In order to incorporate the effect of dramatic change of welding temperature which is the characteristic feature of FSW,Psd Voigt function was used to fit the welding temperature histories.A new prediction formula was then established to predict thicknesses of IMC layers with considering sharp welding temperature change.Predicted thicknesses gave good agreement with measured thicknesses obtained experimentally under different welding parameters,which confirmed the accuracy and reliability of the new prediction formula.Based on this prediction formula,the time period of temperature higher than 200℃during welding was found critical for the thickening of interfacial IMC layers.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC30471016)National Ample Commissariat Program of Technology,China(2004BA520A03,BE2004387).
文摘Based on the experiment of measuring panicles and leaves, air temperature, and humidity above the canopy of rice cultivars after heading in 2005 and 2006, we investigated the temperature difference （TD） between the air and organs of rice plant and its relationship with spikelet fertility. The results showed that TDs between the air and organs of rice varied with air temperature, air humidity, and plant type. For similar air humidity, TDs were lower at the air temperature of 28.5℃ than at higher temperature of 35.5℃, whereas for the same air temperature, the TDs decreased as the air humidity increased. TDs were also affected by plant type of the cultivars. Erect panicle cultivars showed higher TDs than those with droopy panicles under similar climatic conditions, and cultivars with panicles above flag leaf （PAFL） had higher TDs than those with panicles below the flag leaf （PBFL）. Cultivars grown in a location with lower air humidity and higher temperature, such as Taoyuan, China, had higher spikelet fertility than those in higher humidity under the similar air temperature during the grain filling stage. This is partially attributed to the larger TDs under the lower humidity. Rowspacing and the ratio of basal-tillering to panicle-spikelet fertilizer showed a significant influence on TD and subsequently on spikelet fertility, suggesting the possibility of increasing spikelet fertility by agronomic management.
基金supported by the Nanjing Important Science&Technology Specific Projects(Grant No.2021-11005 to P.H.)。
文摘The study examined the association between weekly mean temperature and influenza cases across 122 countries/regions(2014–2019)using a distributed lag non-linear model.We analyzed 3145206 cases of overall influenza(Flu-All),with influenza A(Flu-A)and influenza B(Flu-B)accounting for 73.49%and 26.51%,respectively.Within a lag of two weeks,Flu-All incidence demonstrated a bimodal temperature relationship,with peak relative risks(RR)of 6.02(95%confidence interval[CI]:1.92–20.77)at–8℃and 3.08(95%CI:1.27–7.49)at 22℃.Flu-A exhibited a similar bimodal pattern,with RRs of 3.76(95%CI:2.39–5.91)at-8℃and 2.08(95%CI:1.55–2.80)at 22℃.Flu-B demonstrated a single risk peak at 1℃(RR=4.48,95%CI:1.74–11.55).Subgroup analyses of climate zones revealed variations:tropical zones peaked at 12℃(RR=1.37,95%CI:1.08–1.74),while dry and temperate zones exhibited the highest risks at-5℃,with RRs of 4.49(95%CI:2.46–7.15)and 5.23(95%CI:3.17–8.64),respectively.Cold zones peaked at 1℃(RR=5.96,95%CI:3.76–9.43).Subgroup analyses of influenza transmission zones revealed variations:Africa showed a higher risk between 6℃and 14℃,Asia showed a higher risk below 3℃,and Europe exhibited distinct risks of influenza peaks at-1℃(Eastern Europe),1℃(Southwestern Europe),and-20℃(Northern Europe).Elevated risks above 11℃were identified in the Americas and Oceania.These findings establish a predictive framework for influenza outbreak preparedness by integrating regional temperature patterns with global climate variability.
基金This research was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant(No.2019R1A2C1085272)funded by the Ministry of Science,ICT,and Future Planning(MSIP,South Korea).
文摘The effects of extrusion temperature on the microstructure and tensile properties of extruded AZ61 and AZ91 alloys are investigated by subjecting them to hot extrusion at 300 and 400℃.Although the average grain size of the extruded AZ61 alloy slightly increases from 9.5 to 12.6μm with increasing extrusion temperature,its resultant microstructural variation is insignificant.In contrast,the average grain size of the extruded AZ91 alloy significantly increases from 5.7 to 22.5μm with increasing extrusion temperature,and the type of Mg17Al12 precipitates formed in it changes from fine dynamic precipitates with a spherical shape to coarse static precipitates with a lamellar structure.As the extrusion temperature increases,the tensile yield strength of the extruded AZ61 alloy increases from 183 to 197 MPa while that of the extruded AZ91 alloy decreases from 232 to 224 MPa.The tensile elongations of the extruded AZ61 and AZ91 alloys decrease with increasing extrusion temperature,but the degree of decrease is significant in the latter alloy.These different extrusion temperature dependences of the tensile properties of the extruded AZ61 and AZ91 alloys are discussed in terms of their microstructural characteristics,strengthening mechanisms,and crack initiation sites.
基金supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFD0300103)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31771719)+2 种基金National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(2014AA10A605)strategic funding the Biological and Biotechnological Sciences Research Council of the United Kingdomthe Designing Future Wheat Strategic Program(BB/P016855/1)。
文摘Temperature of a plant organ constitutes an integrative index to its eco-physiological properties and status.However,little attempt has been made to dissect the combined effect of ecological and physiological factors on the surface temperature of a plant organ such as the rice spikelet.In this study,using a deactivated plant as reference,we developed a novel comparison method to dissect the environmental and physiological effects on temperature of rice spikelet.Three japonica rice cultivars with contrasting canopy features were used as testing materials.Temperatures of flag leaf,superior and inferior spikelets and their diurnal rhythm during grain filling stage were precisely measured by a hand-held infrared thermometer.The results showed that the variation of environmental conditions within a panicle was relatively minor,posing a limited influence on temperature difference between the superior and inferior spikelet.On the other hand,it was the intrinsic physiological properties that considerably affected the spatial variations of spikelet temperature within a panicle.Chemical analysis of sucrose and starch in grains and bracts indicated that the superior spikelet is more physiologically active at photosynthetic assimilation and starch biosynthesis.Interestingly,sugar in bracts exhibited a pattern of diurnal changes similar to the source leaf but different from the sink grain,confirming that bracts are source organs for grain filling.Our findings yield penetrating insight into the eco-physiological foundation of spikelet temperature,thus being helpful for the application of physiological approaches in crop breeding for cooler canopy.
基金supported by Promotional Projects for Advanced Education and Research, Tsukuba University of Technology, Japan
文摘To determine whether any difference exists in the skin-temperature responses of the lower limbs to hot-stone application relative to one-site and three-site abdominal application. METHODS： Twenty-five female students participated in experimental sessions after a random allocation： 14 participants received a hot-stone application on the umbilicus, superior-umbilicus, and inferior-umbilicus regions （hereafter referred to as the three-site stimulation group）; and 11 participants received the hot-stone application on the umbilicus region only （hereafter referred to as the one-site stimulation group）. Heated stones were applied for 9 min to participants in both groups. Four arbitrary frames （the lower leg, ankle, proximal foot, and distal foot regions） were created in order to observe and analyze the skin temperature of a lower limb using a thermograph. Observation periods were as follows： before hot-stone stimulation, immediately after stimulation, and 5, 10, 15, and 20 min after stimulation. RESULTS： There was a significant offset interaction of distal foot skin temperature between the groups. The left-side distal foot skin temperature increased at 15 and 20 min following the three-site abdominal hot-stone stimulation. The right-side distal foot skin temperature increased immediately and at 5, 10, 15, and 20 min following the three-site abdominal hot-stone stimulation. No significant change in distal foot skin temperature was observed following the one-site stimulation. CONCLUSION： Lower-limb skin temperature was altered following hot-stone stimulation applied to the abdomen, and the one-site stimulation and three-site stimulation yielded different distal foot skin-temperature reactions.
文摘[ Objective] The research aimed to study differences of temperature and humidity and vertical distribution of human comfort between city and countryside of Heilongjiang in summer. [Method] By using temperature, humidity and wind velocity data at 10 and 70 m of two iron towers in urban and rural districts of Heilongjiang from June 1 to August 31,2010, the characteristics at temperature and humidity fields and change rule of human comfort index in urban and rural areas in summer were analyzed. [Result] Compared with rural areas, heat island effect of urban districts was obvious, and it was the strongest during 21：00 -23：00 and the weakest during 05：00 -06：00. Daily change rules of wind velocity at 10 m of two anemometer towers were basically consistent. Wind velocity was big at daytime and small at night. Daily change of wind velocity at 70 m of urban districts was consistent with that at 10 m, while wind velocity change at 70 m of rural areas was different from that at 10 m, which had obvious high-altitude wind characteristics. Daily change rules of humidity in two towers were basically consistent, and occurrence time of extremum at 70 m delayed for 1 h. At vertical height, humidity at 10 m was higher than that at 70 m at daytime, and was lower than that at 70 m at night. [ Conclusion] The city had obvious wet island effect during 00：00 -06：00 and dry island effect at nightfall. Comfort index of urban districts was higher than that in rural areas, and difference was the maximum during 19：00 -21：00. Comfort index at 10 m was higher than that at 70 m at daytime in the city and countryside, and was lower than that at 70 m at night. Occurrence frequencies of Grade Zero of comfort at 10 and 70 m of urban districts were both over 60%, while occurrence frequency of ≥ Grade Three of comfort was very small. At vertical height, human comfort had small difference at night. At daytime, as height rise, human comfort index significantly declined, and human feeling was more comfortable than that at low layer.
基金Supported by Special Construction Project of Modern Agriculture(Citrus)Industry Technology System(cars-27)
文摘The experiment was mainly used to study the effect of insect-proof net mulching cultivation technology on the temperature and humidity of the greenhouse and the spring shoot growth of citrus Shatangju. The results showed that the 40-mesh translucent insect-proof net had a positive effect on the spring shoot growth of Shatangju in the spring from January to April. In the meantime,according to the change of the temperature and humidity inside and outside the insect-proof net and the change of quantity of Aleyrodidae,Tetranychidae and Phyllocnisidae,it was found that the role of insect-proof net in enhancing the spring shoot growth of Shatangju was possibly achieved by the regulation of citrus pests and the temperature and humidity inside the net.
文摘A statistical analysis on the simultaneous observation data of the temperature inside and outside the themometer shelter in Changsha during summer of 2011 and 2012 was carried out. The results show that the temperature outside the themometer shelter is higher（ lower） than that inside the themometer shelter in the daytime（ nighttime）. However,there exists a similar variation trend for the average temperature and the extremely maximum temperature inside and outside the themometer shelter in summer. The average temperature and the extremely maximum temperature outside the themometer shelter are higher than that inside the themometer shelter. Furthermore,there exists a difference between the temperatures inside and outside the themometer shelter during different weather conditions. The difference of average temperature reaches 1. 2 ℃ in rainy day,2. 8 ℃ in cloudy day and 3. 1 ℃ in sunny day,and the extremely maximum temperature difference reaches 6. 4 ℃. Especially for the days of high temperature ≥35 ℃,there is 61 high temperature days inside the themometer shelter,while there is 125 high temperature days inside the themometer shelter during 2011- 2012. Furthermore,the extremely maximum temperatures inside and outside the themometer shelter are 38. 9 and42. 0 ℃ respectively. Rainfall and showery rain are the most effective ways to relieve the high temperature in summer. Therefore,the difference between the temperatures inside and outside the themometer shelter should be taken into account in the high temperature forecast and public meteorological service.
基金This study was supported by National Natural Sci-ence Foundation of China (30470299)Key Project of National Sci-ence Foundation of China (30430570).
文摘A study was conducted to identify the differences in the decompositions of leaf litter, lignin and carbohydrate between coniferous forest and broadleaf forest at 20℃ and 30℃ in Huangshan Mountain, Anhui Province, China. Results showed that at 20℃ mass loss of leaf litter driven by microbial decomposers was higher in broadleaf forest than that in coniferous forest, whereas the difference in mass loss of leaf litter was not significant at 30℃. The temperature increase did not affect the mass loss of leaf litter for coniferous forest treatment, but significantly reduced the decomposition rate for broadleaf forest treatment. The functional decomposers of microorganism in broadleaf forest produced a higher lignin decomposition rate at 20℃, compared to that in coniferous forest, but the difference in lignin decomposition was not found between two forest types at 30℃. Improved temperature increased the lignin decomposition for both broadleaf and coniferous forest. Additionally, the functional group of microorganism from broadleaf forest showed marginally higher carbohydrate loss than that from coniferous forest at both temperatures. Temperature increase reduced the carbohydrate decomposition for broadleaf forest, while only a little reduce was found for coniferous forest. Remarkable differences occurred in responses between most enzymes （Phenoloxidase, peroxidase, !5-glucosidase and endocellulase） and decomposition rate of leaf litter to forest type and temperature, although there exist strong relationships between measured enzyme activities and decomposition rate in most cases. The reason is that more than one enzyme contribute to the mass loss of leaf litter and organic chemical components. In conclusion, at a community scale the coniferous and broadleaf forests differed in their temperature-decomposition relationships.
文摘The basic principles of sea surface temperature （SST） remote sensing using infrared and microwave radiometers are introduced, and the differences between two sensors for retrieving sea surface temperature are investigated. The ground resolution, atmospheric effect, sea surface wind, skin depth and so on have important influence on precision of sea surface temperature retrieved by two sensors. The better understanding of the advantage and disadvantage of sea surface temperature detected by infrared and microwave radiometers would help us to imply SST remote sensing data more effectively and correctly.
基金Supported by Science and Technology Project of Yunnan Province(2014RA061)Special Fund for Modern Agriculture Research System for Rape of Yunnan Province~~
文摘[Objective] This study was conducted to investigate the pathogenicity of Plasmodiophora brassicae on cabbage grown under different temperature and soil pH conditions. [Method] The pathogenicity of P. brassicae were tested at seven different temperatures and at six different soil pH values with the resting spore concentration of lx108 （spores/g） in the soil. The plant survival rate and incidence rate of clubroot were investigated after 90 d. [Result] The incidence rate of clubroot on cabbage among the different temperature sets varied in a descending order as follows： 30 ℃〉25 ℃〉20 ℃〉35 ℃〉15 ℃〉10 ℃〉5 ℃ at soil pH value of 6, indicating that the pathogenicity of P. brassicae was weak at 5 and 10 ~（3. The incidence rate increased with soil temperature increasing from 15 to 30 ℃, but decreased at 35 ℃. The incidence rates of clubroot were 80.36%, 100%, 65%, 10.77%, 3.23% and 0% at soil pH 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 at 25 ℃, respectively. The growth of cabbage was inhibited and the survival rate was reduced at pH 4.The incidence rates of clubroot were low at pH value of 7 and 8, and was 0% at pH 9. The Chinese cabbage grew better at pH value of 5 and 6, but had high incidence rates of clubroot. [Conclusion] The results revealed that the incidence rate of clubroot on cabbage was closely related to the temperature and soil pH.
基金Supported by The Special Foundation of Chinese Meteorological Bureau Climate Changes Program(200920)The Special Foundation of Hunan Major Scientific and Technological Research Program(2008FJ1006)~~
文摘By dint of the summer precipitation data from 21 stations in the Dongting Lake region during 1960-2008 and the sea surface temperature(SST) data from NOAA,the spatial and temporal distributions of summer precipitation and their correlations with SST are analyzed.The coupling relationship between the anomalous distribution in summer precipitation and the variation of SST has between studied with the Singular Value Decomposition(SVD) analysis.The increase or decrease of summer precipitation in the Dongting Lake region is closely associated with the SST anomalies in three key regions.The variation of SST in the three key regions has been proved to be a significant previous signal to anomaly of summer rainfall in Dongting region.
