Aiming to solve the steering instability and hysteresis of agricultural robots in the process of movement,a fusion PID control method of particle swarm optimization(PSO)and genetic algorithm(GA)was proposed.The fusion...Aiming to solve the steering instability and hysteresis of agricultural robots in the process of movement,a fusion PID control method of particle swarm optimization(PSO)and genetic algorithm(GA)was proposed.The fusion algorithm took advantage of the fast optimization ability of PSO to optimize the population screening link of GA.The Simulink simulation results showed that the convergence of the fitness function of the fusion algorithm was accelerated,the system response adjustment time was reduced,and the overshoot was almost zero.Then the algorithm was applied to the steering test of agricultural robot in various scenes.After modeling the steering system of agricultural robot,the steering test results in the unloaded suspended state showed that the PID control based on fusion algorithm reduced the rise time,response adjustment time and overshoot of the system,and improved the response speed and stability of the system,compared with the artificial trial and error PID control and the PID control based on GA.The actual road steering test results showed that the PID control response rise time based on the fusion algorithm was the shortest,about 4.43 s.When the target pulse number was set to 100,the actual mean value in the steady-state regulation stage was about 102.9,which was the closest to the target value among the three control methods,and the overshoot was reduced at the same time.The steering test results under various scene states showed that the PID control based on the proposed fusion algorithm had good anti-interference ability,it can adapt to the changes of environment and load and improve the performance of the control system.It was effective in the steering control of agricultural robot.This method can provide a reference for the precise steering control of other robots.展开更多
Skeletal muscle health and function are essential determinants of metabolic health,physical performance,and overall quality of life.The quality of skeletal muscle is heavily dependent on the complex mitochondrial reti...Skeletal muscle health and function are essential determinants of metabolic health,physical performance,and overall quality of life.The quality of skeletal muscle is heavily dependent on the complex mitochondrial reticulum that contributes toward its unique adaptability.It is now recognized that mitochondrial perturbations can activate various innate immune pathways,such as the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain(NOD)-like receptor protein 3(NLRP3)inflammasome complex by propagating inflammatory signaling in response to damage-associated molecular patterns(DAMPs).The NLRP3 inflammasome is a multimeric protein complex and is a prominent regulator of innate immunity and cell death by mediating the activation of caspase-1,pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1βand interleukin-18 and pro-pyroptotic protein gasdermin-D.While several studies have begun to demonstrate the relationship between various mitochondrial DAMPs(mtDAMPs)and NLRP3 inflammasome activation,the influence of various metabolic states on the production of these DAMPs and subsequent inflammatory profile remains poorly understood.This narrative review aimed to address this by highlighting the effects of skeletal muscle use and disuse on mitochondrial quality mechanisms including mitochondrial biogenesis,fusion,fission and mitophagy.Secondly,this review summarized the impact of alterations in mitochondrial quality control mechanisms following muscle denervation,aging,and exercise training in relation to NLRP3 inflammasome activation.By consolidating the current body of literature,this work aimed to further the understanding of innate immune signaling within skeletal muscle,which can highlight areas for future research and therapeutic strategies to regulate NLRP3 inflammasome activation during divergent metabolic conditions.展开更多
The liquid cooling system(LCS)of fuel cells is challenged by significant time delays,model uncertainties,pump and fan coupling,and frequent disturbances,leading to overshoot and control oscillations that degrade tempe...The liquid cooling system(LCS)of fuel cells is challenged by significant time delays,model uncertainties,pump and fan coupling,and frequent disturbances,leading to overshoot and control oscillations that degrade temperature regulation performance.To address these challenges,we propose a composite control scheme combining fuzzy logic and a variable-gain generalized supertwisting algorithm(VG-GSTA).Firstly,a one-dimensional(1D)fuzzy logic controler(FLC)for the pump ensures stable coolant flow,while a two-dimensional(2D)FLC for the fan regulates the stack temperature near the reference value.The VG-GSTA is then introduced to eliminate steady-state errors,offering resistance to disturbances and minimizing control oscillations.The equilibrium optimizer is used to fine-tune VG-GSTA parameters.Co-simulation verifies the effectiveness of our method,demonstrating its advantages in terms of disturbance immunity,overshoot suppression,tracking accuracy and response speed.展开更多
Osteoporosis represents a prevalent and debilitating comorbidity in patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM),which is characterized by suppressed osteoblast function and disrupted bone microarchitecture....Osteoporosis represents a prevalent and debilitating comorbidity in patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM),which is characterized by suppressed osteoblast function and disrupted bone microarchitecture.In this study,we utilized male C57BL/6 J mice to investigate the role of SIRT3 in T2DM.Decreased SIRT3 expression and impaired mitochondrial quality control mechanism are observed in both in vitro and in vivo models of T2DM.Mechanistically,SIRT3 suppression results in hyperacetylation of FOXO3,hindering the activation of the PINK1/PRKN mediated mitophagy pathway and resulting in accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria.Genetical overexpression or pharmacological activation of SIRT3 restores deacetylation status of FOXO3,thus facilitating mitophagy and ameliorating osteogenic impairment in T2DM.Collectively,our findings highlight the fundamental regulatory function of SIRT3 in mitochondrial quality control,crucial for maintaining bone homeostasis in T2DM.These insights not only enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying diabetic osteoporosis but also identify SIRT3 as a promising therapeutic target for diabetic osteoporosis.展开更多
In order to incorporate the decision maker＇s preference into multiobjective optimization a preference-based multiobjective artificial bee colony algorithm PMABCA is proposed.In the proposed algorithm a novel referenc...In order to incorporate the decision maker＇s preference into multiobjective optimization a preference-based multiobjective artificial bee colony algorithm PMABCA is proposed.In the proposed algorithm a novel reference point based preference expression method is addressed.The fitness assignment function is defined based on the nondominated rank and the newly defined preference distance.An archive set is introduced for saving the nondominated solutions and an improved crowding-distance operator is addressed to remove the extra solutions in the archive.The experimental results of two benchmark test functions show that a preferred set of solutions and some other non-preference solutions are achieved simultaneously.The simulation results of the proportional-integral-derivative PID parameter optimization for superheated steam temperature verify that the PMABCA is efficient in aiding to making a reasonable decision.展开更多
Electric tractors(ETs)with mounted implements form operating units.There are significant differences in parameters such as shape,firmness,and moisture content of the soil in contact with the tractor and implements whe...Electric tractors(ETs)with mounted implements form operating units.There are significant differences in parameters such as shape,firmness,and moisture content of the soil in contact with the tractor and implements when working in complex terrains such as field stubble,waterlogged silt,and loose/firm terrain.These differentiated dynamics prevent cooperation between ETs and operating implements under independent control,resulting in poor quality operations and low energy efficiency.We propose a control mechanism for ETs and implements to achieve full life cycle management of collaborative control tasks,instantaneous intertask interaction,and a multitask synchronization mechanism.To address the internal redundant communication problems caused by traditional distributed microcontrol units,we break through the underlying technology of unit data processing and interaction and develop an integrated high-performance controller structure with high processing capacity and high-and low-speed communication interfaces.On the basis of hierarchical stepwise control theory,a hierarchical real-time operating system is designed.This system realizes a preemptive kernel response of computational tasks and competitive-collaborative synchronization among tasks;overcomes the low-latency response of collaborative control tasks,instantaneous information interaction,and multitask synchronization problems;and provides system-level support for deep collaborative operation control of units.To demonstrate and validate the proposed collaborative control mechanism,a plowing collaborative operation management strategy is designed and deployed.The experimental results show that the communication delay of collaborative tasks is as low as 83μs,the solution time of complex collaborative equations is as low as 46 ms,the mechanical efficiency of the ET is increased by 9.07%,the efficiency of the drive motor is increased by 9.72%,the stability of the operation speed is increased by 106.25%,and the stability of the plowing depth reaches 94.98%.Our work meets the hardware and software requirements for realizing complex collaborative control of ET units and improves the operational quality and operational energy efficiency in real vehicle demonstrations.展开更多
The therapeutic efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine has been widely acknowledged due to its extensive history of clinical effectiveness.However,the precise active components underlying each prescription remain in...The therapeutic efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine has been widely acknowledged due to its extensive history of clinical effectiveness.However,the precise active components underlying each prescription remain incompletely understood.Polysaccharides,as a major constituent of water decoctions—the most common preparation method for Chinese medicinals—may provide a crucial avenue for deepening our understanding of the efficacy principles of Chinese medicine and establishing a framework for its modern development.The structural complexity and diversity of Chinese herbal polysaccharides present significant challenges in their separation and analysis compared to small molecules.This paper aims to explore the potential of Chinese herbal polysaccharides efficiently by briefly summarizing recent advancements in polysaccharide chemical research,focusing on methods of acquisition,structure elucidation,and quality control.展开更多
Wire-arc directed energy deposition(wire-arc DED)enables the fabrication of large-scale metal components with rapid manufacturing ability and diverse material selection,making it a compelling technology in industries ...Wire-arc directed energy deposition(wire-arc DED)enables the fabrication of large-scale metal components with rapid manufacturing ability and diverse material selection,making it a compelling technology in industries and defenses.However,challenges in both macroscale and microscale defects still limit printed component widespread applications.Recent advances in automatic and intelligent technologies have brought a range of quality controllable strategies to the forefront.This review covers these new strategies for the printing component,including path planning,process monitoring,auxiliary processes,and post processing,while discussing the expectation for structure and quality improvement.In addition,the work brings new areas of intelligent wire-arc DED development,including advances in digital twin,visualization,and human-processing interaction to promote its performance.It is anticipated that a focus on intelligent system will be key to smart and high-quality manufacturing for future wire-arc DED.展开更多
Insect-derived traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)constitutes an essential component of TCM,with the earliest records found in“52 Bingfang”(Prescriptions of fifty-two diseases,which is one of the earliest Chinese medi...Insect-derived traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)constitutes an essential component of TCM,with the earliest records found in“52 Bingfang”(Prescriptions of fifty-two diseases,which is one of the earliest Chinese medical prescriptions).展开更多
Uneven power distribution,transient voltage,and frequency deviations are observed in the photovoltaic storage hybrid inverter during the switching between grid-connected and island modes.In response to these issues,th...Uneven power distribution,transient voltage,and frequency deviations are observed in the photovoltaic storage hybrid inverter during the switching between grid-connected and island modes.In response to these issues,this paper proposes a grid-connected/island switching control strategy for photovoltaic storage hybrid inverters based on the modified chimpanzee optimization algorithm.The proposed strategy incorporates coupling compensation and power differentiation elements based on the traditional droop control.Then,it combines the angular frequency and voltage amplitude adjustments provided by the phase-locked loop-free pre-synchronization control strategy.Precise pre-synchronization is achieved by regulating the virtual current to zero and aligning the photovoltaic storage hybrid inverter with the grid voltage.Additionally,two novel operators,learning and emotional behaviors are introduced to enhance the optimization precision of the chimpanzee algorithm.These operators ensure high-precision and high-reliability optimization of the droop control parameters for photovoltaic storage hybrid inverters.A Simulink model was constructed for simulation analysis,which validated the optimized control strategy’s ability to evenly distribute power under load transients.This strategy effectively mitigated transient voltage and current surges during mode transitions.Consequently,seamless and efficient switching between gridconnected and island modes was achieved for the photovoltaic storage hybrid inverter.The enhanced energy utilization efficiency,in turn,offers robust technical support for grid stability.展开更多
OBJECTIVE:In recent years,the number of clinical research reports on acupuncture and manipulation for the treatment of greater occipital neuralgia has gradually increased,but the quality is uneven.There is currently n...OBJECTIVE:In recent years,the number of clinical research reports on acupuncture and manipulation for the treatment of greater occipital neuralgia has gradually increased,but the quality is uneven.There is currently no literature evaluating the quality of published reports,which is not conducive to the promotion of clinical use of these therapies.Therefore,this article assessed the reporting quality of randomized controlled trials on acupuncture and manipulation for greater occipital neuralgia.METHODS:Cochrane Library,PubMed,Web of Science,Embase,China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),VIP,WanFang Data,and Chinese BioMedical Literature Database(CBM)from inception to May 20,2024 were searched.The reporting quality of included randomized controlled trials was independently evaluated by two investigators using the CONSORT statement,STRICTA checklist,and Cochrane bias of risk assessment tool.A third investigator resolved any disagreement.RESULTS:A total of 62 articles were included.Based on the CONSORT statement,59.46%(22/37)of all entries had a reporting rate of less than 50%,mainly including“Identification as a randomized trial in the title(1/62,1.61%),”“How sample size was determined(7/62,11.29%),”“Implementation(1/62,1.61%),”“Blinding(1/62,1.61%),”and“Reports of Funding(4/62,6.45%).”According to the STRICTA checklist,29.41%(5/17)of all entries had a reporting rate of less than 50%,mainly including“Details of other interventions(7/58,12.07%),”“Setting and context of treatment(0/58,0%),”and“Description of participating acupuncturists(0/58,0%).”CONCLUSION:The reporting quality of randomized controlled trials on acupuncture and manipulation therapy for greater occipital neuralgia remains low.Future researchers need to make greater efforts to strictly adhere to the CONSORT statement and STRICTA checklist during trial design,implementation,and reporting.This will facilitate the standardization of research in this field and enhance the reliability and reproducibility of the research results.展开更多
Maintaining stable high temperatures under pressure remains a challenge in high-pressure,high-temperature experiments using multi-anvil presses(MAPs).Temperature fluctuations exceeding 10℃ at high pressures are commo...Maintaining stable high temperatures under pressure remains a challenge in high-pressure,high-temperature experiments using multi-anvil presses(MAPs).Temperature fluctuations exceeding 10℃ at high pressures are common and particularly problematic with LaCrO_(3) heaters,which can experience significant power fluctuations and even failure due to substantial resistance changes—an issue conventional thyristorcontrolled heating systems cannot effectively manage.To address this limitation,we have developed the Multi-Anvil Stable Temperature controller(MASTer),a high-performance heating system optimized for MAP experiments.MASTer enables precise,high-speed measurement of heating parameters and power output control,incorporating a gentle regulation strategy to enhance stability.It ensures consistent heating across various heater types,including LaCrO_(3),with power fluctuations limited to±0.1 W and temperature fluctuations to within±2℃ in most cases.The design,operating principles,user interface,functionality,and performance of the heating system are discussed in detail.展开更多
Dose estimation and quality control in computed tomography (CT) scanners are useful in controlling the dose of radiation given to patients while tests are carried out. The study was performed in a 16-slice Computed To...Dose estimation and quality control in computed tomography (CT) scanners are useful in controlling the dose of radiation given to patients while tests are carried out. The study was performed in a 16-slice Computed Tomography (CT) system of LightSpeed RT16 Xtra CT scanner. Quality control was done using a vendor-provided QA Phantom, and the six aspects of image quality were measured. For CT dosimetry, Computed Tomography Dose index volume (CTDIvol) was performed using Computed Tomography Dose Index (CTDI) Phantom. CTDI Phantom consists of three parts: Pediatric Head, Adult Head, and Adult Body Phantom. A 10 cm long pencil ion chamber DCT-10 was used to measure the dose at different positions inside the CTDI Phantom. Data were collected using MagicMax Universal software. For dose estimation of the CTDIvol Report of AAPM Task Group, 96 and 111 formalisms were used. For Pediatric Head, Adult Head, and Adult Body Phantom the measured CIDIvol was 61.04 mGy, 48.11 mGy, and 18.08 mGy respectively. The study has shown deviations of 7%, 15%, and 19% between estimated and console-displayed doses for Pediatric Head, Adult Head, and Adult Body scan techniques respectively. The six aspects of image quality measured by QA Phantom were found to be compatible with the specifications of the machine and CTDIvol measured by CTDI Phantom were found within a tolerance limit of ±20%. Hence, the QC and dosimetry of the mentioned machine are within the limit.展开更多
Dividing wall batch distillation with middle vessel(DWBDM)is a new type of batch distillation column,with outstanding advantages of low capital cost,energy saving and flexible operation.However,temperature control of ...Dividing wall batch distillation with middle vessel(DWBDM)is a new type of batch distillation column,with outstanding advantages of low capital cost,energy saving and flexible operation.However,temperature control of DWBDM process is challenging,since inherently dynamic and highly nonlinear,which make it difficult to give the controller reasonable set value or optimal temperature profile for temperature control scheme.To overcome this obstacle,this study proposes a new strategy to develop temperature control scheme for DWBDM combining neural network soft-sensor with fuzzy control.Dynamic model of DWBDM was firstly developed and numerically solved by Python,with three control schemes:composition control by PID and fuzzy control respectively,and temperature control by fuzzy control with neural network soft-sensor.For dynamic process,the neural networks with memory functions,such as RNN,LSTM and GRU,are used to handle with time-series data.The results from a case example show that the new control scheme can perform a good temperature control of DWBDM with the same or even better product purities as traditional PID or fuzzy control,and fuzzy control could reduce the effect of prediction error from neural network,indicating that it is a highly feasible and effective control approach for DWBDM,and could even be extended to other dynamic processes.展开更多
This paper proposes a separated trajectory tracking controller for fishing ships at sea state level 6 to solve the trajectory tracking problem of a fishing ship in a 6-level sea state,and to adapt to different working...This paper proposes a separated trajectory tracking controller for fishing ships at sea state level 6 to solve the trajectory tracking problem of a fishing ship in a 6-level sea state,and to adapt to different working environments and safety requirements.The nonlinear feedback method is used to improve the closed-loop gain shaping algorithm.By introducing the sine function,the problem of excessive control energy of the system can be effectively solved.Moreover,an integral separation design is used to solve the influence of the integral term in conventional PID controllers on the transient performance of the system.In this paper,a common 32.98 m large fiberglass reinforced plastic(FRP)trawler is adopted for simulation research at the winds scale of Beaufort No.7.The results show that the track error is smaller than 3.5 m.The method is safe,feasible,concise and effective and has popularization value in the direction of fishing ship trajectory tracking control.This method can be used to improve the level of informatization and intelligence of fishing ships.展开更多
Glaucoma is an eye disease characterized by pathologically elevated intraocular pressure,optic nerve atrophy,and visual field defects,which can lead to irreversible vision loss.In recent years,the rapid development of...Glaucoma is an eye disease characterized by pathologically elevated intraocular pressure,optic nerve atrophy,and visual field defects,which can lead to irreversible vision loss.In recent years,the rapid development of artificial intelligence(AI)technology has provided new approaches for the early diagnosis and management of glaucoma.By classifying and annotating glaucoma-related images,AI models can learn and recognize the specific pathological features of glaucoma,thereby achieving automated imaging analysis and classification.Research on glaucoma imaging classification and annotation mainly involves color fundus photography(CFP),optical coherence tomography(OCT),anterior segment optical coherence tomography(AS-OCT),and ultrasound biomicroscopy(UBM)images.CFP is primarily used for the annotation of the optic cup and disc,while OCT is used for measuring and annotating the thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer,and AS-OCT and UBM focus on the annotation of the anterior chamber angle structure and the measurement of anterior segment structural parameters.To standardize the classification and annotation of glaucoma images,enhance the quality and consistency of annotated data,and promote the clinical application of intelligent ophthalmology,this guideline has been developed.This guideline systematically elaborates on the principles,methods,processes,and quality control requirements for the classification and annotation of glaucoma images,providing standardized guidance for the classification and annotation of glaucoma images.展开更多
As the cornerstone of sterile instrument maintenance in endoscopy centers,the quality of endoscope cleaning directly impacts hospital infection control effectiveness.The traceability system for endoscopy centers utili...As the cornerstone of sterile instrument maintenance in endoscopy centers,the quality of endoscope cleaning directly impacts hospital infection control effectiveness.The traceability system for endoscopy centers utilizes digital means to document the entire cleaning process,enabling real-time monitoring and precise quality control.This paper analyzes current quality control practices in endoscope cleaning and addresses existing challenges.It explores how traceability systems standardize procedures,enhance monitoring,and improve management efficiency.The study proposes optimization strategies for traceability system implementation,clarifying its core value in endoscope cleaning quality control.These findings provide theoretical foundations and practical guidance for hospitals to refine management of endoscopy centers,ensure diagnostic safety,and reduce infection risks,ultimately advancing endoscope cleaning quality control toward standardized and informatized development.展开更多
Background Interconnection of different power systems has a major effect on system stability.This study aims to design an optimal load frequency control(LFC)system based on a proportional-integral(PI)controller for a ...Background Interconnection of different power systems has a major effect on system stability.This study aims to design an optimal load frequency control(LFC)system based on a proportional-integral(PI)controller for a two-area power system.Methods Two areas were connected through an AC tie line in parallel with a DC link to stabilize the frequency of oscillations in both areas.The PI parameters were tuned using the cuckoo search algorithm(CSA)to minimize the integral absolute error(IAE).A state matrix was provided,and the stability of the system was verified by calculating the eigenvalues.The frequency response was investigated for load variation,changes in the generator rate constraint,the turbine time constant,and the governor time constant.Results The CSA was compared with particle swarm optimization algorithm(PSO)under identical conditions.The system was modeled based on a state-space mathematical representation and simulated using MATLAB.The results demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed controller based on both algorithms and,it is clear that CSA is superior to PSO.Conclusion The CSA algorithm smoothens the system response,reduces ripples,decreases overshooting and settling time,and improves the overall system performance under different disturbances.展开更多
Additive manufacturing(AM)promotes the production of metallic parts with significant design flexibility,yet its use in critical applications is hindered by challenges in ensuring consistent quality and performance.Pro...Additive manufacturing(AM)promotes the production of metallic parts with significant design flexibility,yet its use in critical applications is hindered by challenges in ensuring consistent quality and performance.Process variability often leads to defects,insufficient geometric accuracy and inadequate material properties,which are difficult to effectively manage due to limitations of traditional quality control methods in modeling highdimensional nonlinear relationships and enabling adaptive control.Machine learning(ML)offers a transformative approach to model intricate process-structure-property relationships by leveraging the rich data environment of AM.The study presents a comprehensive examination of ML-driven quality assurance implementations in metallic AM.First,it uniquely examines the innovative exploration of ML in predicting and understanding the fundamental multi-physics fields that influence the quality of a fabricated component,including temperature fields,fluid dynamics and stress/strain evolution.Subsequently,the application of ML in optimizing key quality attributes,including defect detection and mitigation(porosity,cracks,etc.),geometric fidelity enhancement(dimensional accuracy,surface roughness,etc.)and material property tailoring(mechanical strength,fatigue life,corrosion resistance,etc.),are discussed in detail.Finally,the development of ML-driven real-time closed-loop control systems for intelligent quality assurance,the strategies for addressing the data scarcity and cross-scenario transferability in metal AM are discussed.This article provides a novel perspective on the profound potential of ML technology for metal AM quality control applications,highlights the challenges faced during research,and outlines future development directions.展开更多
Laser directed energy deposition(LDED)is an emerging branch of metal-based additive manufacturing(AM)processes,offering unprecedented capabilities for high-performance fabrication with complex geometries and near-net ...Laser directed energy deposition(LDED)is an emerging branch of metal-based additive manufacturing(AM)processes,offering unprecedented capabilities for high-performance fabrication with complex geometries and near-net shapes.This technology is gathering increasing attention from industries such as biomedical,automotive,and aerospace.However,achieving consistent part quality and desired material properties is challenging due to intricate processing parameters and potential process defects such as dynamic melt-pool behavior and localized heat accumulation.This paper reviews recent advances in on-line quality control,focusing on in-situ measurement and closed-loop control for efficient assurance of LDED-fabricated parts.The quality principles,encompassing accuracy and material performance,are summarized to lay a foundation for understanding the mechanisms of quality defects and influencing factors.This review explores and thoroughly compares advancements in indirect process measurements,such as optical,thermal,and acoustic monitoring with direct quality measurements,including laser-line scanning and operando synchrotron X-ray imaging.Depending on the sensing techniques,this paper highlights a hierarchical control strategy for adaptive parameter regulation on intra-layer and inter-layer scales.The requirements and performance of various state-of-the-art controllers are critically compared to indicate their suitable applications.The importance of machine learning in detecting process anomalies and predicting build quality based on sensory signals is also outlined.Future directions are proposed towards adaptive,automated,and intelligent quality control,with a focus on multi-modal monitoring,physics-informed neural networks for interpretable analysis,and multi-objective control applications.展开更多
文摘Aiming to solve the steering instability and hysteresis of agricultural robots in the process of movement,a fusion PID control method of particle swarm optimization(PSO)and genetic algorithm(GA)was proposed.The fusion algorithm took advantage of the fast optimization ability of PSO to optimize the population screening link of GA.The Simulink simulation results showed that the convergence of the fitness function of the fusion algorithm was accelerated,the system response adjustment time was reduced,and the overshoot was almost zero.Then the algorithm was applied to the steering test of agricultural robot in various scenes.After modeling the steering system of agricultural robot,the steering test results in the unloaded suspended state showed that the PID control based on fusion algorithm reduced the rise time,response adjustment time and overshoot of the system,and improved the response speed and stability of the system,compared with the artificial trial and error PID control and the PID control based on GA.The actual road steering test results showed that the PID control response rise time based on the fusion algorithm was the shortest,about 4.43 s.When the target pulse number was set to 100,the actual mean value in the steady-state regulation stage was about 102.9,which was the closest to the target value among the three control methods,and the overshoot was reduced at the same time.The steering test results under various scene states showed that the PID control based on the proposed fusion algorithm had good anti-interference ability,it can adapt to the changes of environment and load and improve the performance of the control system.It was effective in the steering control of agricultural robot.This method can provide a reference for the precise steering control of other robots.
文摘Skeletal muscle health and function are essential determinants of metabolic health,physical performance,and overall quality of life.The quality of skeletal muscle is heavily dependent on the complex mitochondrial reticulum that contributes toward its unique adaptability.It is now recognized that mitochondrial perturbations can activate various innate immune pathways,such as the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain(NOD)-like receptor protein 3(NLRP3)inflammasome complex by propagating inflammatory signaling in response to damage-associated molecular patterns(DAMPs).The NLRP3 inflammasome is a multimeric protein complex and is a prominent regulator of innate immunity and cell death by mediating the activation of caspase-1,pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1βand interleukin-18 and pro-pyroptotic protein gasdermin-D.While several studies have begun to demonstrate the relationship between various mitochondrial DAMPs(mtDAMPs)and NLRP3 inflammasome activation,the influence of various metabolic states on the production of these DAMPs and subsequent inflammatory profile remains poorly understood.This narrative review aimed to address this by highlighting the effects of skeletal muscle use and disuse on mitochondrial quality mechanisms including mitochondrial biogenesis,fusion,fission and mitophagy.Secondly,this review summarized the impact of alterations in mitochondrial quality control mechanisms following muscle denervation,aging,and exercise training in relation to NLRP3 inflammasome activation.By consolidating the current body of literature,this work aimed to further the understanding of innate immune signaling within skeletal muscle,which can highlight areas for future research and therapeutic strategies to regulate NLRP3 inflammasome activation during divergent metabolic conditions.
基金Supported by the Major Science and Technology Project of Jilin Province(20220301010GX)the International Scientific and Technological Cooperation(20240402071GH).
文摘The liquid cooling system(LCS)of fuel cells is challenged by significant time delays,model uncertainties,pump and fan coupling,and frequent disturbances,leading to overshoot and control oscillations that degrade temperature regulation performance.To address these challenges,we propose a composite control scheme combining fuzzy logic and a variable-gain generalized supertwisting algorithm(VG-GSTA).Firstly,a one-dimensional(1D)fuzzy logic controler(FLC)for the pump ensures stable coolant flow,while a two-dimensional(2D)FLC for the fan regulates the stack temperature near the reference value.The VG-GSTA is then introduced to eliminate steady-state errors,offering resistance to disturbances and minimizing control oscillations.The equilibrium optimizer is used to fine-tune VG-GSTA parameters.Co-simulation verifies the effectiveness of our method,demonstrating its advantages in terms of disturbance immunity,overshoot suppression,tracking accuracy and response speed.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Project (2021YFA1201404)National Natural Science Foundation of China Major Project (81991514)+6 种基金General Project (82272530, 82372459)Jiangsu Province Medical Innovation Center of Orthopedic Surgery (CXZX202214)Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Center FoundationJiangsu Provincial Medical Outstanding Talent FoundationJiangsu Provincial Medical Youth Talent FoundationJiangsu Provincial Key Medical Talent Foundationthe Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (14380493, 14380494)
文摘Osteoporosis represents a prevalent and debilitating comorbidity in patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM),which is characterized by suppressed osteoblast function and disrupted bone microarchitecture.In this study,we utilized male C57BL/6 J mice to investigate the role of SIRT3 in T2DM.Decreased SIRT3 expression and impaired mitochondrial quality control mechanism are observed in both in vitro and in vivo models of T2DM.Mechanistically,SIRT3 suppression results in hyperacetylation of FOXO3,hindering the activation of the PINK1/PRKN mediated mitophagy pathway and resulting in accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria.Genetical overexpression or pharmacological activation of SIRT3 restores deacetylation status of FOXO3,thus facilitating mitophagy and ameliorating osteogenic impairment in T2DM.Collectively,our findings highlight the fundamental regulatory function of SIRT3 in mitochondrial quality control,crucial for maintaining bone homeostasis in T2DM.These insights not only enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying diabetic osteoporosis but also identify SIRT3 as a promising therapeutic target for diabetic osteoporosis.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51306082,51476027)
文摘In order to incorporate the decision maker＇s preference into multiobjective optimization a preference-based multiobjective artificial bee colony algorithm PMABCA is proposed.In the proposed algorithm a novel reference point based preference expression method is addressed.The fitness assignment function is defined based on the nondominated rank and the newly defined preference distance.An archive set is introduced for saving the nondominated solutions and an improved crowding-distance operator is addressed to remove the extra solutions in the archive.The experimental results of two benchmark test functions show that a preferred set of solutions and some other non-preference solutions are achieved simultaneously.The simulation results of the proportional-integral-derivative PID parameter optimization for superheated steam temperature verify that the PMABCA is efficient in aiding to making a reasonable decision.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Plan of China(2022YFD2001202)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32301719 and 52272444)the 2115 Talent Development Program of China Agricultural University.
文摘Electric tractors(ETs)with mounted implements form operating units.There are significant differences in parameters such as shape,firmness,and moisture content of the soil in contact with the tractor and implements when working in complex terrains such as field stubble,waterlogged silt,and loose/firm terrain.These differentiated dynamics prevent cooperation between ETs and operating implements under independent control,resulting in poor quality operations and low energy efficiency.We propose a control mechanism for ETs and implements to achieve full life cycle management of collaborative control tasks,instantaneous intertask interaction,and a multitask synchronization mechanism.To address the internal redundant communication problems caused by traditional distributed microcontrol units,we break through the underlying technology of unit data processing and interaction and develop an integrated high-performance controller structure with high processing capacity and high-and low-speed communication interfaces.On the basis of hierarchical stepwise control theory,a hierarchical real-time operating system is designed.This system realizes a preemptive kernel response of computational tasks and competitive-collaborative synchronization among tasks;overcomes the low-latency response of collaborative control tasks,instantaneous information interaction,and multitask synchronization problems;and provides system-level support for deep collaborative operation control of units.To demonstrate and validate the proposed collaborative control mechanism,a plowing collaborative operation management strategy is designed and deployed.The experimental results show that the communication delay of collaborative tasks is as low as 83μs,the solution time of complex collaborative equations is as low as 46 ms,the mechanical efficiency of the ET is increased by 9.07%,the efficiency of the drive motor is increased by 9.72%,the stability of the operation speed is increased by 106.25%,and the stability of the plowing depth reaches 94.98%.Our work meets the hardware and software requirements for realizing complex collaborative control of ET units and improves the operational quality and operational energy efficiency in real vehicle demonstrations.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Development Fund,Macao SAR (Nos.0075/2022/A and028/2022/ITP)the Zhuhai Science and Technology Plan Project in the Social Development Field (No.2220004000117)the University of Macao (Nos.MYRG-GRG2023-00082-ICMS-UMDF/CPG2024-00011-ICMS)。
文摘The therapeutic efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine has been widely acknowledged due to its extensive history of clinical effectiveness.However,the precise active components underlying each prescription remain incompletely understood.Polysaccharides,as a major constituent of water decoctions—the most common preparation method for Chinese medicinals—may provide a crucial avenue for deepening our understanding of the efficacy principles of Chinese medicine and establishing a framework for its modern development.The structural complexity and diversity of Chinese herbal polysaccharides present significant challenges in their separation and analysis compared to small molecules.This paper aims to explore the potential of Chinese herbal polysaccharides efficiently by briefly summarizing recent advancements in polysaccharide chemical research,focusing on methods of acquisition,structure elucidation,and quality control.
基金fully appreciate financial support from NingXia Natural Science Foundation for Outstanding Young Scholar(No.2024AAC04002)CAS“Light of West China”Program,National Natural Science Foundation of China(Key Program,No.12232013)Natural Science Foundation of Ningxia(Key Program,No.2022AAC2003)。
文摘Wire-arc directed energy deposition(wire-arc DED)enables the fabrication of large-scale metal components with rapid manufacturing ability and diverse material selection,making it a compelling technology in industries and defenses.However,challenges in both macroscale and microscale defects still limit printed component widespread applications.Recent advances in automatic and intelligent technologies have brought a range of quality controllable strategies to the forefront.This review covers these new strategies for the printing component,including path planning,process monitoring,auxiliary processes,and post processing,while discussing the expectation for structure and quality improvement.In addition,the work brings new areas of intelligent wire-arc DED development,including advances in digital twin,visualization,and human-processing interaction to promote its performance.It is anticipated that a focus on intelligent system will be key to smart and high-quality manufacturing for future wire-arc DED.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.:82222068,82070423,82270348,and 82173779)the Innovation Team and Talents Cultivation Pro-gram of National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine,China(Grant No:ZYYCXTD-D-202206)+1 种基金Fujian Province Science and Technology Project,China(Grant Nos.:2021J01420479,2021J02058,2022J011374,and 2022J02057)Fundamental Research Funds for the Chinese Central Universities,China(Grant No.:20720230070).
文摘Insect-derived traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)constitutes an essential component of TCM,with the earliest records found in“52 Bingfang”(Prescriptions of fifty-two diseases,which is one of the earliest Chinese medical prescriptions).
基金received funding from the Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(SJCX23_1633)2023 University Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program(202311463009Z)+1 种基金Changzhou Science and Technology Support Project(CE20235045)Open Project of Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Power Transmission&Distribution Equipment Technology(2021JSSPD12).
文摘Uneven power distribution,transient voltage,and frequency deviations are observed in the photovoltaic storage hybrid inverter during the switching between grid-connected and island modes.In response to these issues,this paper proposes a grid-connected/island switching control strategy for photovoltaic storage hybrid inverters based on the modified chimpanzee optimization algorithm.The proposed strategy incorporates coupling compensation and power differentiation elements based on the traditional droop control.Then,it combines the angular frequency and voltage amplitude adjustments provided by the phase-locked loop-free pre-synchronization control strategy.Precise pre-synchronization is achieved by regulating the virtual current to zero and aligning the photovoltaic storage hybrid inverter with the grid voltage.Additionally,two novel operators,learning and emotional behaviors are introduced to enhance the optimization precision of the chimpanzee algorithm.These operators ensure high-precision and high-reliability optimization of the droop control parameters for photovoltaic storage hybrid inverters.A Simulink model was constructed for simulation analysis,which validated the optimized control strategy’s ability to evenly distribute power under load transients.This strategy effectively mitigated transient voltage and current surges during mode transitions.Consequently,seamless and efficient switching between gridconnected and island modes was achieved for the photovoltaic storage hybrid inverter.The enhanced energy utilization efficiency,in turn,offers robust technical support for grid stability.
文摘OBJECTIVE:In recent years,the number of clinical research reports on acupuncture and manipulation for the treatment of greater occipital neuralgia has gradually increased,but the quality is uneven.There is currently no literature evaluating the quality of published reports,which is not conducive to the promotion of clinical use of these therapies.Therefore,this article assessed the reporting quality of randomized controlled trials on acupuncture and manipulation for greater occipital neuralgia.METHODS:Cochrane Library,PubMed,Web of Science,Embase,China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),VIP,WanFang Data,and Chinese BioMedical Literature Database(CBM)from inception to May 20,2024 were searched.The reporting quality of included randomized controlled trials was independently evaluated by two investigators using the CONSORT statement,STRICTA checklist,and Cochrane bias of risk assessment tool.A third investigator resolved any disagreement.RESULTS:A total of 62 articles were included.Based on the CONSORT statement,59.46%(22/37)of all entries had a reporting rate of less than 50%,mainly including“Identification as a randomized trial in the title(1/62,1.61%),”“How sample size was determined(7/62,11.29%),”“Implementation(1/62,1.61%),”“Blinding(1/62,1.61%),”and“Reports of Funding(4/62,6.45%).”According to the STRICTA checklist,29.41%(5/17)of all entries had a reporting rate of less than 50%,mainly including“Details of other interventions(7/58,12.07%),”“Setting and context of treatment(0/58,0%),”and“Description of participating acupuncturists(0/58,0%).”CONCLUSION:The reporting quality of randomized controlled trials on acupuncture and manipulation therapy for greater occipital neuralgia remains low.Future researchers need to make greater efforts to strictly adhere to the CONSORT statement and STRICTA checklist during trial design,implementation,and reporting.This will facilitate the standardization of research in this field and enhance the reliability and reproducibility of the research results.
基金supported by the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(Grant No.T2225027)the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2023YFA1608902).
文摘Maintaining stable high temperatures under pressure remains a challenge in high-pressure,high-temperature experiments using multi-anvil presses(MAPs).Temperature fluctuations exceeding 10℃ at high pressures are common and particularly problematic with LaCrO_(3) heaters,which can experience significant power fluctuations and even failure due to substantial resistance changes—an issue conventional thyristorcontrolled heating systems cannot effectively manage.To address this limitation,we have developed the Multi-Anvil Stable Temperature controller(MASTer),a high-performance heating system optimized for MAP experiments.MASTer enables precise,high-speed measurement of heating parameters and power output control,incorporating a gentle regulation strategy to enhance stability.It ensures consistent heating across various heater types,including LaCrO_(3),with power fluctuations limited to±0.1 W and temperature fluctuations to within±2℃ in most cases.The design,operating principles,user interface,functionality,and performance of the heating system are discussed in detail.
文摘Dose estimation and quality control in computed tomography (CT) scanners are useful in controlling the dose of radiation given to patients while tests are carried out. The study was performed in a 16-slice Computed Tomography (CT) system of LightSpeed RT16 Xtra CT scanner. Quality control was done using a vendor-provided QA Phantom, and the six aspects of image quality were measured. For CT dosimetry, Computed Tomography Dose index volume (CTDIvol) was performed using Computed Tomography Dose Index (CTDI) Phantom. CTDI Phantom consists of three parts: Pediatric Head, Adult Head, and Adult Body Phantom. A 10 cm long pencil ion chamber DCT-10 was used to measure the dose at different positions inside the CTDI Phantom. Data were collected using MagicMax Universal software. For dose estimation of the CTDIvol Report of AAPM Task Group, 96 and 111 formalisms were used. For Pediatric Head, Adult Head, and Adult Body Phantom the measured CIDIvol was 61.04 mGy, 48.11 mGy, and 18.08 mGy respectively. The study has shown deviations of 7%, 15%, and 19% between estimated and console-displayed doses for Pediatric Head, Adult Head, and Adult Body scan techniques respectively. The six aspects of image quality measured by QA Phantom were found to be compatible with the specifications of the machine and CTDIvol measured by CTDI Phantom were found within a tolerance limit of ±20%. Hence, the QC and dosimetry of the mentioned machine are within the limit.
基金supported by Beijing Natural Science Foundation(2222037)the Special Educating Project of the Talent for Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Innovation of talent cultivation model for“dual carbon”in chemical engineering industry,E3E56501A2).
文摘Dividing wall batch distillation with middle vessel(DWBDM)is a new type of batch distillation column,with outstanding advantages of low capital cost,energy saving and flexible operation.However,temperature control of DWBDM process is challenging,since inherently dynamic and highly nonlinear,which make it difficult to give the controller reasonable set value or optimal temperature profile for temperature control scheme.To overcome this obstacle,this study proposes a new strategy to develop temperature control scheme for DWBDM combining neural network soft-sensor with fuzzy control.Dynamic model of DWBDM was firstly developed and numerically solved by Python,with three control schemes:composition control by PID and fuzzy control respectively,and temperature control by fuzzy control with neural network soft-sensor.For dynamic process,the neural networks with memory functions,such as RNN,LSTM and GRU,are used to handle with time-series data.The results from a case example show that the new control scheme can perform a good temperature control of DWBDM with the same or even better product purities as traditional PID or fuzzy control,and fuzzy control could reduce the effect of prediction error from neural network,indicating that it is a highly feasible and effective control approach for DWBDM,and could even be extended to other dynamic processes.
基金supported by Liaoning Provincial Department of Education 2023 Basic Research Projects for Universities and Colleges(Grant No.JYTQN2023131)Liaoning Provincial Science and Technology Program:Cooperative Control and Recognition of Unmanned Vessels for Fishing Vessel Operation Scenarios(Grant No.600024003)Liaoning Provincial Department of Education Scientific Research Funding Project(Grant No.LJKZ0726).
文摘This paper proposes a separated trajectory tracking controller for fishing ships at sea state level 6 to solve the trajectory tracking problem of a fishing ship in a 6-level sea state,and to adapt to different working environments and safety requirements.The nonlinear feedback method is used to improve the closed-loop gain shaping algorithm.By introducing the sine function,the problem of excessive control energy of the system can be effectively solved.Moreover,an integral separation design is used to solve the influence of the integral term in conventional PID controllers on the transient performance of the system.In this paper,a common 32.98 m large fiberglass reinforced plastic(FRP)trawler is adopted for simulation research at the winds scale of Beaufort No.7.The results show that the track error is smaller than 3.5 m.The method is safe,feasible,concise and effective and has popularization value in the direction of fishing ship trajectory tracking control.This method can be used to improve the level of informatization and intelligence of fishing ships.
基金Supported by Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2025A1515011627)San Ming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen(No.SZSM202311012).
文摘Glaucoma is an eye disease characterized by pathologically elevated intraocular pressure,optic nerve atrophy,and visual field defects,which can lead to irreversible vision loss.In recent years,the rapid development of artificial intelligence(AI)technology has provided new approaches for the early diagnosis and management of glaucoma.By classifying and annotating glaucoma-related images,AI models can learn and recognize the specific pathological features of glaucoma,thereby achieving automated imaging analysis and classification.Research on glaucoma imaging classification and annotation mainly involves color fundus photography(CFP),optical coherence tomography(OCT),anterior segment optical coherence tomography(AS-OCT),and ultrasound biomicroscopy(UBM)images.CFP is primarily used for the annotation of the optic cup and disc,while OCT is used for measuring and annotating the thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer,and AS-OCT and UBM focus on the annotation of the anterior chamber angle structure and the measurement of anterior segment structural parameters.To standardize the classification and annotation of glaucoma images,enhance the quality and consistency of annotated data,and promote the clinical application of intelligent ophthalmology,this guideline has been developed.This guideline systematically elaborates on the principles,methods,processes,and quality control requirements for the classification and annotation of glaucoma images,providing standardized guidance for the classification and annotation of glaucoma images.
文摘As the cornerstone of sterile instrument maintenance in endoscopy centers,the quality of endoscope cleaning directly impacts hospital infection control effectiveness.The traceability system for endoscopy centers utilizes digital means to document the entire cleaning process,enabling real-time monitoring and precise quality control.This paper analyzes current quality control practices in endoscope cleaning and addresses existing challenges.It explores how traceability systems standardize procedures,enhance monitoring,and improve management efficiency.The study proposes optimization strategies for traceability system implementation,clarifying its core value in endoscope cleaning quality control.These findings provide theoretical foundations and practical guidance for hospitals to refine management of endoscopy centers,ensure diagnostic safety,and reduce infection risks,ultimately advancing endoscope cleaning quality control toward standardized and informatized development.
基金Supported by the Russian Science Foundation(Agreement 23-41-10001,https://rscf.ru/project/23-41-10001/).
文摘Background Interconnection of different power systems has a major effect on system stability.This study aims to design an optimal load frequency control(LFC)system based on a proportional-integral(PI)controller for a two-area power system.Methods Two areas were connected through an AC tie line in parallel with a DC link to stabilize the frequency of oscillations in both areas.The PI parameters were tuned using the cuckoo search algorithm(CSA)to minimize the integral absolute error(IAE).A state matrix was provided,and the stability of the system was verified by calculating the eigenvalues.The frequency response was investigated for load variation,changes in the generator rate constraint,the turbine time constant,and the governor time constant.Results The CSA was compared with particle swarm optimization algorithm(PSO)under identical conditions.The system was modeled based on a state-space mathematical representation and simulated using MATLAB.The results demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed controller based on both algorithms and,it is clear that CSA is superior to PSO.Conclusion The CSA algorithm smoothens the system response,reduces ripples,decreases overshooting and settling time,and improves the overall system performance under different disturbances.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2024YFB4609700)Major Research Plan of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.92266102)+4 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52271135,No.52433016)Open project of Key Laboratory of Green Fabrication and Surface Technology of Advanced Metal Materials,China(No.GFST2024KF05)Innovative Research Group Project of Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation,China(No.2025AFA014)ECU DVC Strategic Research Support Fund,Australia(No.23965)Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province,China(No.2025AFD399).
文摘Additive manufacturing(AM)promotes the production of metallic parts with significant design flexibility,yet its use in critical applications is hindered by challenges in ensuring consistent quality and performance.Process variability often leads to defects,insufficient geometric accuracy and inadequate material properties,which are difficult to effectively manage due to limitations of traditional quality control methods in modeling highdimensional nonlinear relationships and enabling adaptive control.Machine learning(ML)offers a transformative approach to model intricate process-structure-property relationships by leveraging the rich data environment of AM.The study presents a comprehensive examination of ML-driven quality assurance implementations in metallic AM.First,it uniquely examines the innovative exploration of ML in predicting and understanding the fundamental multi-physics fields that influence the quality of a fabricated component,including temperature fields,fluid dynamics and stress/strain evolution.Subsequently,the application of ML in optimizing key quality attributes,including defect detection and mitigation(porosity,cracks,etc.),geometric fidelity enhancement(dimensional accuracy,surface roughness,etc.)and material property tailoring(mechanical strength,fatigue life,corrosion resistance,etc.),are discussed in detail.Finally,the development of ML-driven real-time closed-loop control systems for intelligent quality assurance,the strategies for addressing the data scarcity and cross-scenario transferability in metal AM are discussed.This article provides a novel perspective on the profound potential of ML technology for metal AM quality control applications,highlights the challenges faced during research,and outlines future development directions.
基金supported by Royal Academy of Engineering(IF2223B-125)Royal Society(IECR3213107)。
文摘Laser directed energy deposition(LDED)is an emerging branch of metal-based additive manufacturing(AM)processes,offering unprecedented capabilities for high-performance fabrication with complex geometries and near-net shapes.This technology is gathering increasing attention from industries such as biomedical,automotive,and aerospace.However,achieving consistent part quality and desired material properties is challenging due to intricate processing parameters and potential process defects such as dynamic melt-pool behavior and localized heat accumulation.This paper reviews recent advances in on-line quality control,focusing on in-situ measurement and closed-loop control for efficient assurance of LDED-fabricated parts.The quality principles,encompassing accuracy and material performance,are summarized to lay a foundation for understanding the mechanisms of quality defects and influencing factors.This review explores and thoroughly compares advancements in indirect process measurements,such as optical,thermal,and acoustic monitoring with direct quality measurements,including laser-line scanning and operando synchrotron X-ray imaging.Depending on the sensing techniques,this paper highlights a hierarchical control strategy for adaptive parameter regulation on intra-layer and inter-layer scales.The requirements and performance of various state-of-the-art controllers are critically compared to indicate their suitable applications.The importance of machine learning in detecting process anomalies and predicting build quality based on sensory signals is also outlined.Future directions are proposed towards adaptive,automated,and intelligent quality control,with a focus on multi-modal monitoring,physics-informed neural networks for interpretable analysis,and multi-objective control applications.
