The temperament of ruminants has been investigated for several decades and has similarities with human temperament.Temperament represents an animal's response to situations perceived as challenging.This behavioral...The temperament of ruminants has been investigated for several decades and has similarities with human temperament.Temperament represents an animal's response to situations perceived as challenging.This behavioral trait can influence numerous biological functions,primarily the stress axis,affecting production characteristics and animal welfare.A crucial aspect of temperament expression lies in how individuals perceive stressors.Molecular research has begun to elucidate the central pathways involved in the expression of temperament.Recent investigations suggest that the rumen microbiome may influence temperament,like the way that the effect of the gut microbiota on the brain in monogastric species.Further research is necessary to understand the relationship between the gut microbiome and ruminant temperament.Future applications may include modifying the temperament of production animals through the manipulation of the rumen microbiota and potentially enhancing their health and welfare.展开更多
Objective: To determine any relationship between temperaments of medicinal plants referred to traditional Iranian manuscripts and their major chemical compounds. Methods: Plants used in traditional Iranian medicine we...Objective: To determine any relationship between temperaments of medicinal plants referred to traditional Iranian manuscripts and their major chemical compounds. Methods: Plants used in traditional Iranian medicine were categorized based on their major chemical compounds including alkaloids, phenolic compounds, and essential oils. Their temperaments were extracted from traditional herbal pharmacopeias of Iran. The possible relationship between major chemical compounds and temperaments of each group were evaluated. Results: Plants containing phenolic compounds as their major constituents are hot and dry temperaments except those contain tannins with cold and dry temperaments. Plants containing essential oils have hot and dry temperaments except those whose major essential oils with alcoholic structure which have cold and dry temperaments. Alkaloid-containing plants have cold and dry or hot and dry temperaments based on their alkaloidal structures. Conclusions: There is a close relationship between major chemical compounds of medicinal plants and their temperaments mentioned in traditional Iranian manuscripts.展开更多
Cattle temperament is an interesting trait due to its correlation with production efficiency,labor safety,and animal welfare.To date,however,its genetic basis is not clearly understood.Here,we performed a genome-wide ...Cattle temperament is an interesting trait due to its correlation with production efficiency,labor safety,and animal welfare.To date,however,its genetic basis is not clearly understood.Here,we performed a genome-wide association study for a series of temperament traits in cattle,assessed with via open field and novel object tests,using autosomal single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)derived from the whole-genome sequence.We identified 37 and 29 genome-wide significant loci in the open field and novel object tests,respectively.Gene set analysis revealed the most significant pathway was the neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathway,which may be essential for emotional control in cattle.Analysis of the expression levels of 18 tissue-specific genes based on transcriptomic data showed enrichment in the brain,with some candidate genes involved in psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases in humans.Based on principal component analysis,the first principal component explained the largest variance in the open field and novel object test data,and the most significant loci were assigned to SORCS3 and SESTD1,respectively.Our findings should help facilitate cattle breeding for sound temperament by pyramiding favorable alleles to further improve cattle production.展开更多
Background： Integration of behavioral observations with traditional selection schemes may lead to enhanced animal well-being and more profitable forage-based cattle production systems.Brahman-influenced（BR;n = 64） ...Background： Integration of behavioral observations with traditional selection schemes may lead to enhanced animal well-being and more profitable forage-based cattle production systems.Brahman-influenced（BR;n = 64） and Gelbvieh × Angus（GA;n = 64） heifers consumed either toxic endophyte-infected tall fescue（E＋） or one of two nontoxic endophyte-infected tall fescue（NT） cultivars during two yr.Heifers were weighed at midpoint and termination of grazing.Grazing behavior（grazing,resting in the shade,lying,or standing without grazing） was recorded（n = 13 visual observations per yr in June and July） for each pasture.During yr 2,exit velocity（EV） and serum prolactin（PRL） were determined.Results： Grazing behavior was influenced（P 0.05） by an interaction between fescue cultivar and breed type.Gelbvieh × Angus heifers assigned to E＋ pastures had the lowest percentage of animals grazing and the largest percentage of animals resting in the shade.Brahman-influenced heifers had faster EV（P 0.001） than GA heifers（0.52 vs.0.74 ± 0.04 s/m,respectively）.Body weight（BW） was affected（P 0.01） by an interaction of tall fescue cultivar and d,and an interaction of tall fescue cultivar and breed type.Heifers grazing NT pastures were heavier（P 0.01） than heifers grazing E＋ pastures at midpoint and termination.Gelbvieh × Angus heifers grazing NT pastures were heavier（P 0.01） than GA and BR heifers grazing E＋ and BR heifers grazing NT pastures.An interaction of forage cultivar and breed type occurred on serum PRL（P 0.01）.Conclusion： Collectively fescue cultivar,EV,and concentrations of serum PRL were associated with grazing behavior.Heifers grazing NT pastures were observed to be grazing more than heifers assigned to E＋ pastures,regardless of breed type,which may have contributed to changes in BW and average daily gain（ADG） in heifers.Integration of behavioral observations along with traditional selection schemes may lead to enhanced animal well-being and more profitable forage-based cattle production systems.展开更多
AIM: To determine the effect of refractive error on temperament and character properties using Cloninger’s psychobiological model of personality.METHODS: Using the Temperament and Character Inventory(TCI), the temper...AIM: To determine the effect of refractive error on temperament and character properties using Cloninger’s psychobiological model of personality.METHODS: Using the Temperament and Character Inventory(TCI), the temperament and character profiles of 41 participants with refractive errors(17 with myopia,12 with hyperopia, and 12 with myopic astigmatism) were compared to those of 30 healthy control participants.Here, temperament comprised the traits of novelty seeking, harm-avoidance, and reward dependence, while character comprised traits of self-directedness,cooperativeness, and self-transcendence.RESULTS: Participants with refractive error showed significantly lower scores on purposefulness,cooperativeness, empathy, helpfulness, and compassion(P 【0.05, P 【0.01, P 【0.05, P 【0.05, and P 【0.01,respectively).CONCLUSION: Refractive error might have a negative influence on some character traits, and different types of refractive error might have different temperament and character properties. These personality traits may be implicated in the onset and/or perpetuation of refractive errors and may be a productive focus for psychotherapy.展开更多
Objective: It has been suggested that some internet users spend so much time on the internet that their personal and/or professional lives suffer. This study compared the temperament and character of problematic inter...Objective: It has been suggested that some internet users spend so much time on the internet that their personal and/or professional lives suffer. This study compared the temperament and character of problematic internet users (PIU) with that of problematic drug users (PDU) among Korean adolescents and aimed to examine the personality characteristics of adolescents with internet use problems. Method: We enrolled participants from high schools (n = 487), internet cafés (n = 89), and an adolescent-substance abuse consultation office (n = 45). All subjects were assessed using the Korean Internet Addiction Scale (KIAS), the Korean Adolescent Drug Addiction Screening Test-2 (KOADAST-2), and the Korean version of the Temperament and Character Inventory (K-TCI). Subjects were classified into the following four groups based on the KIAS and KOADAST-2 results: normal controls, pure PIUs, pure PDUs, and dual problematic users. Differences in the subscale scores on the K-TCI were analyzed by group. Results: Scores for Reward dependence (RD) were significantly lower in pure PIUs than in pure PDUs (13.85 ± 4.07 versus 15.44 ± 3.56, p < 0.05). Scores for Self-Directedness (SD) were lower in pure PIUs (18.21 ± 6.90) and pure PDUs (18.22 ± 6.03) than in normal controls (20.88 ± 6.60), although the scores did not differ significantly between pure PIUs and pure PDUs. Scores for Cooperativeness (C) were lower in pure PIUs than in normal controls (23.97 ± 7.02 versus 26.57 ± 6.67, p < 0.05). Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that PIUs are more socially insensitive and that they may experience more inter-personal problems than PDUs.展开更多
The Man Without a Temperament,one of Katherine Mansfield's classic short stories,is written in the modernist mode,without a set structure,and with many shifts in the narrative.
Through analyzing the heroine Alexandra's character and temperament in the novel "O Pioneers!"written by American woman writer Willa Cather,the paper is trying to put forward that the heroine Alexandra h...Through analyzing the heroine Alexandra's character and temperament in the novel "O Pioneers!"written by American woman writer Willa Cather,the paper is trying to put forward that the heroine Alexandra has a patriarchal tendency in her girlhood.This paper has established a basis for exploring Alexandra's attitude to her own femaleness.展开更多
In order to predict Subjective Well-Being (SWB) or happiness two of the major determinants may be 1) A genetic set point (which reflects personality) and 2) Current intentional activities (behavioral, cognitive, and m...In order to predict Subjective Well-Being (SWB) or happiness two of the major determinants may be 1) A genetic set point (which reflects personality) and 2) Current intentional activities (behavioral, cognitive, and motivational). In this context, personality can be considered as psycho-biological—composed of temperament (i.e., what grabs our attention and how intensely we react) and character (i.e., a reflection of personal goals and values). The present study examined how adolescents’ personality and intentional happiness-increasing strategies, measured at one point in time, are related to SWB measured one year later. Results show that temperament (Harm Avoidance) and character dimensions (Self-directedness) predicted SWB. Moreover, strategies such as active leisure (e.g., engaging in sports) and instrumental goal pursuit (e.g., study) also predicted SWB at the end of the school year. The strategy of Mental Control (i.e., an ambivalent effort to both avoid and contemplate negative thoughts and feelings), which was related to Harm Avoidance and Self-Directedness, mediated the relationship between these two personality dimensions and SWB.展开更多
The relationships between preschoolers' behavior style, temperament structure and living environment factor were researched using questionnaire. Results showed: the aggregate prevalence of deviant behavior syndro...The relationships between preschoolers' behavior style, temperament structure and living environment factor were researched using questionnaire. Results showed: the aggregate prevalence of deviant behavior syndrome was 12.7%. Social withdrawal and aggressive behavior were more relative. The main temperament cluster in this group is intermediat-low(39. 91% ) There were no difference behavior disorder prevalence and temperament cluster between boys and girls.Preschoolers' behavior style was influenced by their temperament characteristics and environment factors. Compared with environment factor, temperament character related to behavior style more closely. At the same time, this paper gives some suggestions about child care education.展开更多
Sichuan gardens consist of various types and forms, showing simple, primitive, peaceful, cultural and inclusive characteristics. These features owe to its special geographical condition, historical background and regi...Sichuan gardens consist of various types and forms, showing simple, primitive, peaceful, cultural and inclusive characteristics. These features owe to its special geographical condition, historical background and regional culture. Furthermore, Taoism that originated from the ancient Shu Kingdom influenced the formation of Sichuan garden deeply. Through reviewing its features and formation causes, spiritual connotations of Sichuan garden can be summarized as the worldview of pursuing the nature, the practical values and the philosophy of accommodating.展开更多
The aim of the presented study was to investigate the relationship between Cloninger's personality dimensions of temperament(Harm Avoidance,Novelty Seeking,Reward Dependence,and Persistence)and rates of delay and ...The aim of the presented study was to investigate the relationship between Cloninger's personality dimensions of temperament(Harm Avoidance,Novelty Seeking,Reward Dependence,and Persistence)and rates of delay and effort discounting among adolescents.Generally speaking,discounting refers to a decrease in the subjective value of a reward as its delay(delay discounting),or an effort required to obtain the reward(effort discounting)increases.198 adolescents participated in the experiment,ranging in age from 13 to 18 years.Data was collected using paper-and-pencil Junior Temperament and Character Inventory and computerized Delay and Effort Discounting Questionnaire.The analysis has indicated that the more one tries to avoid harm,the more steep his effort discounting is.The same is truth for reward dependency.At the same time,a positive correlation between the rate for effort and delay discounting was revealed.Thus,both processes cannot be treated completely separately.展开更多
Background: Temperament is a predictive factor of child behaviour. Thomas and Chess evaluated relationship of temperamental factor with behavioural disturbance in social milo. Method: In this study, 500 children betwe...Background: Temperament is a predictive factor of child behaviour. Thomas and Chess evaluated relationship of temperamental factor with behavioural disturbance in social milo. Method: In this study, 500 children between 4 to 10 years old, who have been admitted for their behavioural disturbance and anxiety to Dr-Sheikh Children Hospital in Mashhad, Iran, have been chosen. The parents fill Malhotra questionnaire and Conner’s questionnaire. Then subscales of questionnaires are compared together. Result: Power and energy (activity) are the only factors which are in relation with conduct behaviour, impulsivity, hyperactivity and anxiety. Conclusion: Among temperament factor only power and energy (activity) have relation with conduct behaviour, impulsivity, hyperactivity and anxiety. Focus of attention (distractibility) is associated with hyperactivity. Sociability has no relationship with hyperactivity.展开更多
基金funded by the Sub-Project of the 14th Five-Year National Key Research and Development of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2023YFD1301705)the High-end Foreign Expert Project of Ministry of Science and Technology of China(G2023014066L)the State Key Laboratory of Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Breeding of China(2021ZD07).
文摘The temperament of ruminants has been investigated for several decades and has similarities with human temperament.Temperament represents an animal's response to situations perceived as challenging.This behavioral trait can influence numerous biological functions,primarily the stress axis,affecting production characteristics and animal welfare.A crucial aspect of temperament expression lies in how individuals perceive stressors.Molecular research has begun to elucidate the central pathways involved in the expression of temperament.Recent investigations suggest that the rumen microbiome may influence temperament,like the way that the effect of the gut microbiota on the brain in monogastric species.Further research is necessary to understand the relationship between the gut microbiome and ruminant temperament.Future applications may include modifying the temperament of production animals through the manipulation of the rumen microbiota and potentially enhancing their health and welfare.
文摘Objective: To determine any relationship between temperaments of medicinal plants referred to traditional Iranian manuscripts and their major chemical compounds. Methods: Plants used in traditional Iranian medicine were categorized based on their major chemical compounds including alkaloids, phenolic compounds, and essential oils. Their temperaments were extracted from traditional herbal pharmacopeias of Iran. The possible relationship between major chemical compounds and temperaments of each group were evaluated. Results: Plants containing phenolic compounds as their major constituents are hot and dry temperaments except those contain tannins with cold and dry temperaments. Plants containing essential oils have hot and dry temperaments except those whose major essential oils with alcoholic structure which have cold and dry temperaments. Alkaloid-containing plants have cold and dry or hot and dry temperaments based on their alkaloidal structures. Conclusions: There is a close relationship between major chemical compounds of medicinal plants and their temperaments mentioned in traditional Iranian manuscripts.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31872317)China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-37)。
文摘Cattle temperament is an interesting trait due to its correlation with production efficiency,labor safety,and animal welfare.To date,however,its genetic basis is not clearly understood.Here,we performed a genome-wide association study for a series of temperament traits in cattle,assessed with via open field and novel object tests,using autosomal single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)derived from the whole-genome sequence.We identified 37 and 29 genome-wide significant loci in the open field and novel object tests,respectively.Gene set analysis revealed the most significant pathway was the neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathway,which may be essential for emotional control in cattle.Analysis of the expression levels of 18 tissue-specific genes based on transcriptomic data showed enrichment in the brain,with some candidate genes involved in psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases in humans.Based on principal component analysis,the first principal component explained the largest variance in the open field and novel object test data,and the most significant loci were assigned to SORCS3 and SESTD1,respectively.Our findings should help facilitate cattle breeding for sound temperament by pyramiding favorable alleles to further improve cattle production.
文摘Background： Integration of behavioral observations with traditional selection schemes may lead to enhanced animal well-being and more profitable forage-based cattle production systems.Brahman-influenced（BR;n = 64） and Gelbvieh × Angus（GA;n = 64） heifers consumed either toxic endophyte-infected tall fescue（E＋） or one of two nontoxic endophyte-infected tall fescue（NT） cultivars during two yr.Heifers were weighed at midpoint and termination of grazing.Grazing behavior（grazing,resting in the shade,lying,or standing without grazing） was recorded（n = 13 visual observations per yr in June and July） for each pasture.During yr 2,exit velocity（EV） and serum prolactin（PRL） were determined.Results： Grazing behavior was influenced（P 0.05） by an interaction between fescue cultivar and breed type.Gelbvieh × Angus heifers assigned to E＋ pastures had the lowest percentage of animals grazing and the largest percentage of animals resting in the shade.Brahman-influenced heifers had faster EV（P 0.001） than GA heifers（0.52 vs.0.74 ± 0.04 s/m,respectively）.Body weight（BW） was affected（P 0.01） by an interaction of tall fescue cultivar and d,and an interaction of tall fescue cultivar and breed type.Heifers grazing NT pastures were heavier（P 0.01） than heifers grazing E＋ pastures at midpoint and termination.Gelbvieh × Angus heifers grazing NT pastures were heavier（P 0.01） than GA and BR heifers grazing E＋ and BR heifers grazing NT pastures.An interaction of forage cultivar and breed type occurred on serum PRL（P 0.01）.Conclusion： Collectively fescue cultivar,EV,and concentrations of serum PRL were associated with grazing behavior.Heifers grazing NT pastures were observed to be grazing more than heifers assigned to E＋ pastures,regardless of breed type,which may have contributed to changes in BW and average daily gain（ADG） in heifers.Integration of behavioral observations along with traditional selection schemes may lead to enhanced animal well-being and more profitable forage-based cattle production systems.
文摘AIM: To determine the effect of refractive error on temperament and character properties using Cloninger’s psychobiological model of personality.METHODS: Using the Temperament and Character Inventory(TCI), the temperament and character profiles of 41 participants with refractive errors(17 with myopia,12 with hyperopia, and 12 with myopic astigmatism) were compared to those of 30 healthy control participants.Here, temperament comprised the traits of novelty seeking, harm-avoidance, and reward dependence, while character comprised traits of self-directedness,cooperativeness, and self-transcendence.RESULTS: Participants with refractive error showed significantly lower scores on purposefulness,cooperativeness, empathy, helpfulness, and compassion(P 【0.05, P 【0.01, P 【0.05, P 【0.05, and P 【0.01,respectively).CONCLUSION: Refractive error might have a negative influence on some character traits, and different types of refractive error might have different temperament and character properties. These personality traits may be implicated in the onset and/or perpetuation of refractive errors and may be a productive focus for psychotherapy.
文摘Objective: It has been suggested that some internet users spend so much time on the internet that their personal and/or professional lives suffer. This study compared the temperament and character of problematic internet users (PIU) with that of problematic drug users (PDU) among Korean adolescents and aimed to examine the personality characteristics of adolescents with internet use problems. Method: We enrolled participants from high schools (n = 487), internet cafés (n = 89), and an adolescent-substance abuse consultation office (n = 45). All subjects were assessed using the Korean Internet Addiction Scale (KIAS), the Korean Adolescent Drug Addiction Screening Test-2 (KOADAST-2), and the Korean version of the Temperament and Character Inventory (K-TCI). Subjects were classified into the following four groups based on the KIAS and KOADAST-2 results: normal controls, pure PIUs, pure PDUs, and dual problematic users. Differences in the subscale scores on the K-TCI were analyzed by group. Results: Scores for Reward dependence (RD) were significantly lower in pure PIUs than in pure PDUs (13.85 ± 4.07 versus 15.44 ± 3.56, p < 0.05). Scores for Self-Directedness (SD) were lower in pure PIUs (18.21 ± 6.90) and pure PDUs (18.22 ± 6.03) than in normal controls (20.88 ± 6.60), although the scores did not differ significantly between pure PIUs and pure PDUs. Scores for Cooperativeness (C) were lower in pure PIUs than in normal controls (23.97 ± 7.02 versus 26.57 ± 6.67, p < 0.05). Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that PIUs are more socially insensitive and that they may experience more inter-personal problems than PDUs.
文摘The Man Without a Temperament,one of Katherine Mansfield's classic short stories,is written in the modernist mode,without a set structure,and with many shifts in the narrative.
文摘Through analyzing the heroine Alexandra's character and temperament in the novel "O Pioneers!"written by American woman writer Willa Cather,the paper is trying to put forward that the heroine Alexandra has a patriarchal tendency in her girlhood.This paper has established a basis for exploring Alexandra's attitude to her own femaleness.
文摘In order to predict Subjective Well-Being (SWB) or happiness two of the major determinants may be 1) A genetic set point (which reflects personality) and 2) Current intentional activities (behavioral, cognitive, and motivational). In this context, personality can be considered as psycho-biological—composed of temperament (i.e., what grabs our attention and how intensely we react) and character (i.e., a reflection of personal goals and values). The present study examined how adolescents’ personality and intentional happiness-increasing strategies, measured at one point in time, are related to SWB measured one year later. Results show that temperament (Harm Avoidance) and character dimensions (Self-directedness) predicted SWB. Moreover, strategies such as active leisure (e.g., engaging in sports) and instrumental goal pursuit (e.g., study) also predicted SWB at the end of the school year. The strategy of Mental Control (i.e., an ambivalent effort to both avoid and contemplate negative thoughts and feelings), which was related to Harm Avoidance and Self-Directedness, mediated the relationship between these two personality dimensions and SWB.
文摘The relationships between preschoolers' behavior style, temperament structure and living environment factor were researched using questionnaire. Results showed: the aggregate prevalence of deviant behavior syndrome was 12.7%. Social withdrawal and aggressive behavior were more relative. The main temperament cluster in this group is intermediat-low(39. 91% ) There were no difference behavior disorder prevalence and temperament cluster between boys and girls.Preschoolers' behavior style was influenced by their temperament characteristics and environment factors. Compared with environment factor, temperament character related to behavior style more closely. At the same time, this paper gives some suggestions about child care education.
基金Sponsored by Youth Program of National Natural Science Fund(51208429)
文摘Sichuan gardens consist of various types and forms, showing simple, primitive, peaceful, cultural and inclusive characteristics. These features owe to its special geographical condition, historical background and regional culture. Furthermore, Taoism that originated from the ancient Shu Kingdom influenced the formation of Sichuan garden deeply. Through reviewing its features and formation causes, spiritual connotations of Sichuan garden can be summarized as the worldview of pursuing the nature, the practical values and the philosophy of accommodating.
文摘The aim of the presented study was to investigate the relationship between Cloninger's personality dimensions of temperament(Harm Avoidance,Novelty Seeking,Reward Dependence,and Persistence)and rates of delay and effort discounting among adolescents.Generally speaking,discounting refers to a decrease in the subjective value of a reward as its delay(delay discounting),or an effort required to obtain the reward(effort discounting)increases.198 adolescents participated in the experiment,ranging in age from 13 to 18 years.Data was collected using paper-and-pencil Junior Temperament and Character Inventory and computerized Delay and Effort Discounting Questionnaire.The analysis has indicated that the more one tries to avoid harm,the more steep his effort discounting is.The same is truth for reward dependency.At the same time,a positive correlation between the rate for effort and delay discounting was revealed.Thus,both processes cannot be treated completely separately.
文摘Background: Temperament is a predictive factor of child behaviour. Thomas and Chess evaluated relationship of temperamental factor with behavioural disturbance in social milo. Method: In this study, 500 children between 4 to 10 years old, who have been admitted for their behavioural disturbance and anxiety to Dr-Sheikh Children Hospital in Mashhad, Iran, have been chosen. The parents fill Malhotra questionnaire and Conner’s questionnaire. Then subscales of questionnaires are compared together. Result: Power and energy (activity) are the only factors which are in relation with conduct behaviour, impulsivity, hyperactivity and anxiety. Conclusion: Among temperament factor only power and energy (activity) have relation with conduct behaviour, impulsivity, hyperactivity and anxiety. Focus of attention (distractibility) is associated with hyperactivity. Sociability has no relationship with hyperactivity.
