A reasonable classification of deposits holds great significance for identifying prospecting targets and deploying exploration. The world ’s keen demand for lithium resources has expedited the discovery of numerous n...A reasonable classification of deposits holds great significance for identifying prospecting targets and deploying exploration. The world ’s keen demand for lithium resources has expedited the discovery of numerous novel lithium resources. Given the presence of varied classification criteria for lithium resources presently, this study further ascertained and classified the lithium resources according to their occurrence modes, obtaining 10 types and 5 subtypes of lithium deposits(resources) based on endogenetic and exogenetic factors. As indicated by surveys of Cenozoic exogenetic lithium deposits in China and abroad,the formation and distribution of the deposits are primarily determined by plate collision zones, their primary material sources are linked to the anatectic magmas in the deep oceanic crust, and they were formed primarily during the Miocene and Late Paleogene. The researchers ascertained that these deposits,especially those of the salt lake, geothermal, and volcanic deposit types, are formed by unique slightly acidic magmas, tend to migrate and accumulate toward low-lying areas, and display supernormal enrichment. However, the material sources of lithium deposits(resources) of the Neopaleozoic clay subtype and the deep brine type are yet to be further identified. Given the various types and complex origins of lithium deposits(resources), which were formed due to the interactions of multiple spheres, it is recommended that the mineralization of exogenetic lithium deposits(resources) be investigated by integrating tectono-geochemistry, paleoatmospheric circulation, and salinology. So far, industrialized lithium extraction is primarily achieved in lithium deposits of the salt lake, clay, and hard rock types. The lithium extraction employs different processes, with lithium extraction from salt lake-type lithium deposits proving the most energy-saving and cost-effective.展开更多
Our database tracking of USA water usage per well indicates that traditionally shale operators have been using, on average 3 to 6 million gallons of water; even up to 8 million for the en- tire life cycle of the well ...Our database tracking of USA water usage per well indicates that traditionally shale operators have been using, on average 3 to 6 million gallons of water; even up to 8 million for the en- tire life cycle of the well based on its suitability for re-fracturing to stimulate their long and lateral ho- rizontal welis. According to our data, sourcing, storage, transportation, treatment, and disposal of this large volume of water could account for up to 10% of overall drilling and completion costs. With in- creasingly stringent regulations governing the use of fresh water and growing challenges associated with storage and use of produced and flowback water in hydraulic fracturing, finding alternative sources of fracturing fluid is already a hot debate among both the scientific community and industry experts. On the other hand, waterless fracturing technology providers claim their technology can solve the concerns of water availability for shale development. This study reviews high-level technical issues and opportunities in this challenging and growing market and evaluates key economic drivers behind water management practices such as waterless fracturing technologies, based on a given shale gas play in the United States and experience gained in Canada. Water costs are analyzed under a variety of scenarios with and without the use of （fresh） water. The results are complemented by surveys from several oil and gas operators. Our economic analysis shows that fresh water usage offers the greatest economic return. In regions where water sourcing is a challenge, however, the short-term economic advantage of using non-fresh water-based fracturing outweighs the capital costs required by waterless fracturing methods. Until waterless methods are cost competitive, recycled water usage with low treatment offers a similar net present value （NPV） to that of sourcing freshwater via truck, for in- stance.展开更多
BFT （Biofloc Technology） has been currently applied in Cantho University to a number of targeted species from fresh-to marine and saline water species in the Mekong Delta, e.g. striped catfish （Pangasianodon hypoph...BFT （Biofloc Technology） has been currently applied in Cantho University to a number of targeted species from fresh-to marine and saline water species in the Mekong Delta, e.g. striped catfish （Pangasianodon hypophthalmus）, white leg shrimp （Litopenaeus vannamei）, tiger shrimp （Penaeus monodon） and Artemia Vinhchau strain （Artemia franciscana） for both in the lab-scales or production scales. The best growth and survival rate of striped catfish was obtained in 6%o. For white leg shrimp, the results indicated： （1） C （Carbon） source e.g. rice-flour or molasses supplementary based on the feed provided to promote survival, growth and shrimp biomass harvested; （2） it was fed less than 20% as usual but showed similar to those in the control; （3） combination of rice-flour and molasses at a ratio of 70：30 by weight of C and N （Nitrogen） in a ration of 15：1 enhanced shrimp survival and growth; （4） in intensive culture, shrimp could be against the infection of disease and end up with higher survival, growth in earthen ponds. For tiger shrimp, a set up for larvae till post larvae at different ratios of C and N and C：N of 30 PLI5 displayed with better survival rate （49.73 ± 7.07%） and production （74,596 ± 10.608 PL/m3）. Artemiafranciscana was set up at C：N = 10：1 and salinities from 35, 60, 80 and 100 ppt. After two weeks, there were no significant difference among treatment and the control （without biofloc） in term of survival and growth. Moreover, total embryos per female was not significant different with the control and even the number of embryos as cysts tended to be higher. BFT displayed its advantages when applied on culture system of different targeted species and there is no doubt that it could help to sustain aquaculture and save environment in the Mekong Delta in near future.展开更多
基金funded by the major research program of the of National Natural Science Foundation of China entitled Metallogenic Mechanisms and Regularity of the Lithium Ore Concentration Area in the Zabuye Salt Lake, Tibet (91962219)Science and Technology Major Project of the Tibet Autonomous Region ’s Science and Techonlogy Plan (XZ202201ZD0004G01)a geological survey project of China Geological Survey (DD20230037)。
文摘A reasonable classification of deposits holds great significance for identifying prospecting targets and deploying exploration. The world ’s keen demand for lithium resources has expedited the discovery of numerous novel lithium resources. Given the presence of varied classification criteria for lithium resources presently, this study further ascertained and classified the lithium resources according to their occurrence modes, obtaining 10 types and 5 subtypes of lithium deposits(resources) based on endogenetic and exogenetic factors. As indicated by surveys of Cenozoic exogenetic lithium deposits in China and abroad,the formation and distribution of the deposits are primarily determined by plate collision zones, their primary material sources are linked to the anatectic magmas in the deep oceanic crust, and they were formed primarily during the Miocene and Late Paleogene. The researchers ascertained that these deposits,especially those of the salt lake, geothermal, and volcanic deposit types, are formed by unique slightly acidic magmas, tend to migrate and accumulate toward low-lying areas, and display supernormal enrichment. However, the material sources of lithium deposits(resources) of the Neopaleozoic clay subtype and the deep brine type are yet to be further identified. Given the various types and complex origins of lithium deposits(resources), which were formed due to the interactions of multiple spheres, it is recommended that the mineralization of exogenetic lithium deposits(resources) be investigated by integrating tectono-geochemistry, paleoatmospheric circulation, and salinology. So far, industrialized lithium extraction is primarily achieved in lithium deposits of the salt lake, clay, and hard rock types. The lithium extraction employs different processes, with lithium extraction from salt lake-type lithium deposits proving the most energy-saving and cost-effective.
文摘Our database tracking of USA water usage per well indicates that traditionally shale operators have been using, on average 3 to 6 million gallons of water; even up to 8 million for the en- tire life cycle of the well based on its suitability for re-fracturing to stimulate their long and lateral ho- rizontal welis. According to our data, sourcing, storage, transportation, treatment, and disposal of this large volume of water could account for up to 10% of overall drilling and completion costs. With in- creasingly stringent regulations governing the use of fresh water and growing challenges associated with storage and use of produced and flowback water in hydraulic fracturing, finding alternative sources of fracturing fluid is already a hot debate among both the scientific community and industry experts. On the other hand, waterless fracturing technology providers claim their technology can solve the concerns of water availability for shale development. This study reviews high-level technical issues and opportunities in this challenging and growing market and evaluates key economic drivers behind water management practices such as waterless fracturing technologies, based on a given shale gas play in the United States and experience gained in Canada. Water costs are analyzed under a variety of scenarios with and without the use of （fresh） water. The results are complemented by surveys from several oil and gas operators. Our economic analysis shows that fresh water usage offers the greatest economic return. In regions where water sourcing is a challenge, however, the short-term economic advantage of using non-fresh water-based fracturing outweighs the capital costs required by waterless fracturing methods. Until waterless methods are cost competitive, recycled water usage with low treatment offers a similar net present value （NPV） to that of sourcing freshwater via truck, for in- stance.
文摘BFT （Biofloc Technology） has been currently applied in Cantho University to a number of targeted species from fresh-to marine and saline water species in the Mekong Delta, e.g. striped catfish （Pangasianodon hypophthalmus）, white leg shrimp （Litopenaeus vannamei）, tiger shrimp （Penaeus monodon） and Artemia Vinhchau strain （Artemia franciscana） for both in the lab-scales or production scales. The best growth and survival rate of striped catfish was obtained in 6%o. For white leg shrimp, the results indicated： （1） C （Carbon） source e.g. rice-flour or molasses supplementary based on the feed provided to promote survival, growth and shrimp biomass harvested; （2） it was fed less than 20% as usual but showed similar to those in the control; （3） combination of rice-flour and molasses at a ratio of 70：30 by weight of C and N （Nitrogen） in a ration of 15：1 enhanced shrimp survival and growth; （4） in intensive culture, shrimp could be against the infection of disease and end up with higher survival, growth in earthen ponds. For tiger shrimp, a set up for larvae till post larvae at different ratios of C and N and C：N of 30 PLI5 displayed with better survival rate （49.73 ± 7.07%） and production （74,596 ± 10.608 PL/m3）. Artemiafranciscana was set up at C：N = 10：1 and salinities from 35, 60, 80 and 100 ppt. After two weeks, there were no significant difference among treatment and the control （without biofloc） in term of survival and growth. Moreover, total embryos per female was not significant different with the control and even the number of embryos as cysts tended to be higher. BFT displayed its advantages when applied on culture system of different targeted species and there is no doubt that it could help to sustain aquaculture and save environment in the Mekong Delta in near future.
