Immobilized microalgae technologies(IMTs)involve the fixing of free-living microalgae onto specialized carriers through physical adsorption,chemical cross-linking,or biological interactions to enhance cell retention,m...Immobilized microalgae technologies(IMTs)involve the fixing of free-living microalgae onto specialized carriers through physical adsorption,chemical cross-linking,or biological interactions to enhance cell retention,metabolic stability,and stress resistance.These have emerged as multifunctional and sustainable platforms for environmental remediation,extending their applications beyond wastewater treatment to include soil and air purification.This review categorizes advanced IMT carriers into three major types:(1)inorganic engineered materials(e.g.,biochar-nanoparticle hybrids),(2)functionalized organic polymers(e.g.,pH-responsive hydrogels),and(3)bio-derived scaffolds(e.g.,fungal-algal and algal-bacterial consortia).They enhance microalgal retention,metabolic activity,and microalgal stress resistance,enabling the effective removal of nitrogen,phosphorus,heavy metals,organic pollutants,and airborne particulates across diverse environmental matrices.We highlight key cooperative mechanisms—such as extracellular polymeric substance(EPS)-mediated adhesion,quorum sensing,and metabolic synergy—that underpin pollutant removal and biomass stability.Particular emphasis is placed on integrating smart technologies,including magnetic microrobots,3D/4D-printed scaffolds,and AI-guided optimization,which improve the scalability,adaptability,and environmental responsiveness of IMT systems.By synthesizing the advances in materials science,microbial ecology,and environmental engineering,this review defines the future direction of research into IMTs as a next-generation bioengineering strategy for the integrated management of water,soil,and air pollution.展开更多
Scientific instruments serve as foundational pillars for both scientific progress and industrial innovation,enabling deep exploration and driving technological breakthroughs.Their independent controllability and conti...Scientific instruments serve as foundational pillars for both scientific progress and industrial innovation,enabling deep exploration and driving technological breakthroughs.Their independent controllability and continuous innovation are indispensable for sustaining a competitive advantage in technological development,thereby securing national scientific capacity and long-term strategic growth.At present,however,China faces substantial risks of technological"stranglehold"in the high-end scientific instrument domain.The underlying causes are multifaceted,arising not only from insufficient accumulation of core technologies but also from entrenched systemic and ecosystem-level barriers that impede the application,scaling,and promotion of domestic instruments.This paper provides a systematic analysis of the challenges hindering the widespread adoption of domestically developed scientific instruments and proposes practical pathways to build a new,integrated"R&D-application-promotion"ecosystem.This ecosystem is anchored in trust,driven by user demand,and shaped through collaborative innovation.Key initiatives include organizing user visits to instrument manufacturers,convening seminars on domestic alternatives to imported equipment,establishing demonstration centers for application and promotion,and involving end-users directly in the R&D and iterative upgrading of domestic instruments.Together,these efforts aim to close the final critical gap,advancing domestic instruments from merely"functional"to genuinely"user-friendly",and ultimately to"widely implemented".By doing so,this framework offers both theoretical grounding and practical guidance for achieving high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and sustained innovation capacity.展开更多
In recent years,the problem of veterinary drug residues in animal-derived foods has attracted worldwide attention.Developing rapid,simple,highly sensitive,and high-throughput veterinary drug residue detection technolo...In recent years,the problem of veterinary drug residues in animal-derived foods has attracted worldwide attention.Developing rapid,simple,highly sensitive,and high-throughput veterinary drug residue detection technologies has become an urgent need.This paper provides a comprehensive review of the pretreatment and analytical techniques for veterinary drug residue analysis,comparing the detection principles,operational procedures,and respective advantages and disadvantages of various detection technologies.It further explores the future development directions of veterinary drug residue detection technologies.展开更多
Intelligent refractory materials represent a new generation of high-temperature functional materials that significantly enhance the service performance of traditional refractories in extreme environments through integ...Intelligent refractory materials represent a new generation of high-temperature functional materials that significantly enhance the service performance of traditional refractories in extreme environments through integrated sensing,response,and adaptive mechanisms.A comprehensive overview of intelligent refractory materials was provided,focusing on their classification,preparation techniques,and industrial applications.Firstly,the categories and design principles of intelligent refractory materials are introduced,including self-healing,self-regulating,and self-diagnosing types,which enhance durability and performance under extreme conditions.Subsequently,advanced preparation technologies are discussed,such as 3D printing for complex geometries,nanocomposite engineering for improved mechanical and thermal properties,gradient design for optimized thermal stress resistance and information technology including machine learning,health monitoring,digital twin.Finally,the industrial applications of these materials are highlighted,particularly in steel metallurgy,building materials industry,and energy.It aims to bridge the gap between research advancements and practical implementation,offering insights into future trends in intelligent refractory material development.展开更多
Aviation aluminum alloys,primarily from the Al-Cu,Al-Zn-Mg-(Cu),and Al-Li series,have been widely applied over six decades,greatly advancing the aviation industry.However,their Corrosion Fatigue(CF)properties impede f...Aviation aluminum alloys,primarily from the Al-Cu,Al-Zn-Mg-(Cu),and Al-Li series,have been widely applied over six decades,greatly advancing the aviation industry.However,their Corrosion Fatigue(CF)properties impede further advancements,prompting extensive research into their CF behaviors and underlying mechanisms.This review comprehensively evaluates previous studies on their development history,CF mechanisms,and key influencing factors.First,the historical evolution of aerospace aluminum alloys is summarized.Then,the currently recognized four crack initiation mechanisms and three crack propagation mechanisms are concluded,and the effects of external and internal factors on CF performance are discussed.The paper also reviews three methods and CF life prediction models for characterizing the CF behavior of aerospace aluminum alloys.Most existing studies on the CF behavior of aluminum alloys are based on the single corrosive environment,neglecting the fact that aircrafts experience multiple corrosive environments during service.However,the most critical scientific challenge is how to enhance their CF properties under increasingly demanding service conditions.For the purpose,this paper introduces advanced forming techniques based on the microstructural control,such as Equal Channel Angular Pressing(ECAP)and High-Pressure Torsion(HPT),aimed at laying the theoretical foundation for improving CF properties through microstructural regulation.展开更多
The global transition to carbon neutrality is an urgent and multifaceted challenge that requires the deployment of renewable energy technologies and negative emission solutions(NETs)to reduce greenhouse gas emissions ...The global transition to carbon neutrality is an urgent and multifaceted challenge that requires the deployment of renewable energy technologies and negative emission solutions(NETs)to reduce greenhouse gas emissions across all sectors.This is a review article that looks at the contemporary environment of renewable technologies,such as solar,wind,biomass,hydropower,and geothermal,and how they might help to decarbonize the power sector and their combination with NETs.The paper also looks at the prospects of carbon capture,utilization,and storage,afforestation and reforestation,soil carbon sequestration,ocean-based,and enhanced weathering as some of the methods of offsetting the residual emissions.The article also outlines the economic,policy,and social factors required to have these solutions scaled up,such as the need to have good policy frameworks,invest in innovation,and the need to have the people on board.Lastly,it also gives the future perspective of having a carbon-neutral global economy,and it highlights that technology must be enhanced,more cooperation between countries must be established,and a holistic,open-ended way of attaining carbon neutrality.展开更多
Perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have achieved excellent power conversion efficiencies;however,under direct sunlight,device temperatures can exceed ambient temperatures by more than 50℃,making thermal stability a critical...Perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have achieved excellent power conversion efficiencies;however,under direct sunlight,device temperatures can exceed ambient temperatures by more than 50℃,making thermal stability a critical challenge for commercialization.This review first summarizes the degradation mechanisms of PSCs induced by elevated temperatures,followed by a discussion of heat generation,with Joule heat identified as the primary contributor.Advanced thermal management strategies are then highlighted,including the use of high thermal conductivity materials,integration with thermoelectric devices,external radiative cooling layers,down-conversion approaches,and tandem structures.By systematically presenting these strategies,this review provides guidance for enhancing both the efficiency and thermal stability of PSCs,thereby supporting their pathway toward commercialization.展开更多
Sustainable development for our life is important task,which is driven by key materials and technologies.In this roadmap,we discuss three main aspects in addressing environmental questions,green chemical processes and...Sustainable development for our life is important task,which is driven by key materials and technologies.In this roadmap,we discuss three main aspects in addressing environmental questions,green chemical processes and energy challenges.They are included,such as gas treatment and separation,wastewater treatment,waste gas treatment,solid waste treatment,lithium extraction,hydrogen production,water splitting,CO_(2) reduction,photocatalytic clean technologies,plastic degradation,fuel cells,lithium batteries,sodium batteries,aqueous batteries,solid state batteries,metal air batteries and supercapacitors.Their status,challenges,progress and future perspectives are also discussed.We hope that this paper can give clear views on sustainable development in materials and technologies.展开更多
1 Introduction The growing connectivity with mobile internet has significantly enhanced our day-to-day life support through various services and applications with on-demand availability at any time or anywhere.As emer...1 Introduction The growing connectivity with mobile internet has significantly enhanced our day-to-day life support through various services and applications with on-demand availability at any time or anywhere.As emerging technologies with continuous revolutions in the digital transformations,various add-on technologies such as quantum computing,AI,and next-generation networks such as 6G are becoming an integral support to mobile internet systems.The emerging technologies in the next-generation mobile internet bring a lot of new security and privacy challenges.展开更多
Electroslag remelting(ESR) is an important metallurgical process for producing high-purity materials with homogeneous compositions and sound microstructures,and its typical products are ingots or simple castings.The c...Electroslag remelting(ESR) is an important metallurgical process for producing high-purity materials with homogeneous compositions and sound microstructures,and its typical products are ingots or simple castings.The core principle involves the resistive melting of a consumable electrode within a slag pool,followed by the refining of molten metal droplets as they traverse the slag,and subsequent sequential solidification in a water-cooled mold.However,conventional ESR processes face limitations in producing large or complex-shaped components,enhancing production efficiency,achieving highly specialized microstructures,and meeting ultra-high purity demands for advanced applications.Advanced composite ESR technologies have been developed to overcome these limitations by innovatively modifying key process aspects.For instance,electrode systems are improved using vibration,rotation,or multiple electrodes.Enhanced mold design and solidification control are achieved through techniques including conductive molds,mold rotation,and ingot withdrawal.Precise control of the process is realized through the use of protective gas,vacuum,or elevated pressure,as well as the application of external fields such as magnetic fields or ultrasonic vibration.This review comprehensively summarizes these advanced techniques,examining their principles and characteristics,and discussing their specific advantages and challenges.展开更多
Petri net is an important tool to model and analyze concurrent systems,but Petri net models are frequently large and complex,and difficult to understand and modify.Slicing is a technique to remove unnecessary parts wi...Petri net is an important tool to model and analyze concurrent systems,but Petri net models are frequently large and complex,and difficult to understand and modify.Slicing is a technique to remove unnecessary parts with respect to a criterion for analyzing programs,and has been widely used in specification level for model reduction,but researches on slicing of Petri nets are still limited.According to the idea of program slicing,this paper extends slicing technologies of Petri nets to four kinds of slices,including backward static slice,backward dynamic slice,forward static slice and forward dynamic slice.Based on the structure properties,the algorithms of obtaining two kinds of static slice are constructed.Then,a new method of slicing backward dynamic slice is proposed based on local reachability graph which can locally reflect the dynamic properties of Petri nets.At last,forward dynamic slice can be obtained through the reachability marking graph under a special marking.The algorithms can be used to reduce the size of Petri net,which can provide the basic technical support for simplifying the complexity of formal verification and analysis.展开更多
Blockchain technology is increasingly popular and has been widely applied in many industrial fields,due to its unique properties of decentralization,immutability,and traceability.Blockchain systems in different fields...Blockchain technology is increasingly popular and has been widely applied in many industrial fields,due to its unique properties of decentralization,immutability,and traceability.Blockchain systems in different fields vary,with different block structures,consensus mechanisms and access permission models.These differences make it hard for different blockchain systems to interoperate with each other,which isolates them.Cross-chain technologies have been developed to solve this isolation problem in order to improve the interoperability of blockchains.Although some surveys on cross-chain technologies can be found,they are unable to keep up with the latest research progress due to their extremely fast pace of development.Moreover,the literature misses general criteria to evaluate the quality of cross-chain technologies.In this paper,a comprehensive literature review of cross-chain technologies is conducted by employing a comprehensive set of evaluation criteria.The preliminaries on blockchain interoperability are first presented.Then,a set of evaluation criteria is proposed in terms of security,privacy,performance,and functionality.The latest cutting-edge works are reviewed based on the proposed taxonomy of cross-chain technologies and their performance is evaluated against our proposed criteria.Finally,some open issues and future directions of cross-chain research are pointed out.展开更多
Rare earth elements(REEs),with their unique magnetic,optical,and electrical properties,have become indispensable strategic resources.Widely applied in critical fields such as aviation,telecommunications,electronics,en...Rare earth elements(REEs),with their unique magnetic,optical,and electrical properties,have become indispensable strategic resources.Widely applied in critical fields such as aviation,telecommunications,electronics,energy,transportation,and medicine,REEs play a vital role in advancing technology and driving social and economic development.However,the REE industry faces numerous challenges,including unbalanced resource distribution,supply and demand imbalances,international competition,technological limitations,and associated environmental pollution.This paper,incorporating both the historical evolution and current state of the REE industry,provides a comprehensive examination of the chemistry,applications,resources,technologies,challenges,and prospects of REEs.Specifically,it analyzes China's REE industry,which holds the largest global reserves and production capacity.As a key feature,this paper introduces the Tai Chi model for sustainable development in the REE industry,offering an in-depth analysis of two primary approaches—mining and recycling;the four critical participants—governments,enterprises,researchers,and consumers;and the eight essential influencing factors—resources,energy,environment,policy,applications,technology,supply and demand,and economy.The Tai Chi model not only clarifies the responsibilities and significance of each individual but also highlights their interconnectedness,providing a compelling framework for envisioning the sustainable development of the REE industry.Moreover,the paper identifies the major challenges currently facing the industry and offers insights into the future development of REEs.As such,this work contributes to a deeper understanding of the multifaceted REE landscape and underscores the importance of sustainable practices to ensure REEs'lasting positive impact on the global industry.展开更多
Road infrastructure is facing significant digitalization challenges within the context of new infrastructure construction in China and worldwide.Among the advanced digital technologies,digital twin(DT)has gained promi...Road infrastructure is facing significant digitalization challenges within the context of new infrastructure construction in China and worldwide.Among the advanced digital technologies,digital twin(DT)has gained prominence across various engineering sectors,including the manufacturing and construction industries.Specifically,road engineering has demonstrated a growing interest in DT and has achieved promising results in DT-related applications over the past several years.This paper systematically introduces the development of DT and examines its current state in road engineering by reviewing research articles on DT-enabling technologies,such as model creation,condition sensing,data processing,and interaction,as well as its applications throughout the lifecycle of road infrastructure.The findings indicate that research has primarily focused on data perception and virtual model creation,while realtime data processing and interaction between physical and virtual models remain underexplored.DT in road engineering has been predominantly applied during the operation and maintenance phases,with limited attention given to the construction and demolition phases.Future efforts should focus on establishing uniform standards,developing innovative perception and data interaction techniques,optimizing development costs,and expanding the scope of lifecycle applications to facilitate the digital transformation of road engineering.This review provides a comprehensive overview of state-of-the-art advancements in this field and paves the way for leveraging DT in road infrastructure lifecycle management.展开更多
As the core information infrastructure of modern information warfare,the offensive and defensive confrontations of satellite navigation systems have given rise to navigation warfare,which focuses on seizing control of...As the core information infrastructure of modern information warfare,the offensive and defensive confrontations of satellite navigation systems have given rise to navigation warfare,which focuses on seizing control of navigation resources.Based on the space segment,control segment,and user segment of satellite navigation systems,this paper systematically constructs an offensive-defensive technology system for navigation warfare,and deeply analyzes core measures such as signal enhancement and suppression,autonomous navigation and link jamming,anti-jamming reception,and integrated navigation.It extracts key technologies including adaptive nulling antennas,joint filtering,and multi-dimensional combined jamming,and discusses the technical effectiveness of these technologies by incorporating relevant cases.The advantages of navigation warfare stem from multi-segment coordination and technological inte-gration.In the future,the development directions of navigation warfare will focus on three aspects:enhancing satellite capabilities,tackling core technical challenges,and building a multi-dimensional system.展开更多
This article provides a comprehensive exploration of the current research landscape in the field of soft actuation technology applied to bio-inspired soft robots. In sharp contrast to their conventional rigid counterp...This article provides a comprehensive exploration of the current research landscape in the field of soft actuation technology applied to bio-inspired soft robots. In sharp contrast to their conventional rigid counterparts, bio-inspired soft robots are primarily constructed from flexible materials, conferring upon them remarkable adaptability and flexibility to execute a multitude of tasks in complex environments. However, the classification of their driving technology poses a significant challenge owing to the diverse array of employed driving mechanisms and materials. Here, we classify several common soft actuation methods from the perspectives of the sources of motion in bio-inspired soft robots and their bio-inspired objects, effectively filling the classification system of soft robots, especially bio-inspired soft robots. Then, we summarize the driving principles and structures of various common driving methods from the perspective of bionics, and discuss the latest developments in the field of soft robot actuation from the perspective of driving modalities and methodologies. We then discuss the application directions of bio-inspired soft robots and the latest developments in each direction. Finally, after an in-depth review of various soft bio-inspired robot driving technologies in recent years, we summarize the issues and challenges encountered in the advancement of soft robot actuation technology.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32202158).
文摘Immobilized microalgae technologies(IMTs)involve the fixing of free-living microalgae onto specialized carriers through physical adsorption,chemical cross-linking,or biological interactions to enhance cell retention,metabolic stability,and stress resistance.These have emerged as multifunctional and sustainable platforms for environmental remediation,extending their applications beyond wastewater treatment to include soil and air purification.This review categorizes advanced IMT carriers into three major types:(1)inorganic engineered materials(e.g.,biochar-nanoparticle hybrids),(2)functionalized organic polymers(e.g.,pH-responsive hydrogels),and(3)bio-derived scaffolds(e.g.,fungal-algal and algal-bacterial consortia).They enhance microalgal retention,metabolic activity,and microalgal stress resistance,enabling the effective removal of nitrogen,phosphorus,heavy metals,organic pollutants,and airborne particulates across diverse environmental matrices.We highlight key cooperative mechanisms—such as extracellular polymeric substance(EPS)-mediated adhesion,quorum sensing,and metabolic synergy—that underpin pollutant removal and biomass stability.Particular emphasis is placed on integrating smart technologies,including magnetic microrobots,3D/4D-printed scaffolds,and AI-guided optimization,which improve the scalability,adaptability,and environmental responsiveness of IMT systems.By synthesizing the advances in materials science,microbial ecology,and environmental engineering,this review defines the future direction of research into IMTs as a next-generation bioengineering strategy for the integrated management of water,soil,and air pollution.
基金Management Research Project on the Transformation of Scientific and Technological Achievements at Peking University Health Science Center(Grant No.KT202501)Peking University Health Science Center 2025 Party Building Research Project(General Category,No.2)。
文摘Scientific instruments serve as foundational pillars for both scientific progress and industrial innovation,enabling deep exploration and driving technological breakthroughs.Their independent controllability and continuous innovation are indispensable for sustaining a competitive advantage in technological development,thereby securing national scientific capacity and long-term strategic growth.At present,however,China faces substantial risks of technological"stranglehold"in the high-end scientific instrument domain.The underlying causes are multifaceted,arising not only from insufficient accumulation of core technologies but also from entrenched systemic and ecosystem-level barriers that impede the application,scaling,and promotion of domestic instruments.This paper provides a systematic analysis of the challenges hindering the widespread adoption of domestically developed scientific instruments and proposes practical pathways to build a new,integrated"R&D-application-promotion"ecosystem.This ecosystem is anchored in trust,driven by user demand,and shaped through collaborative innovation.Key initiatives include organizing user visits to instrument manufacturers,convening seminars on domestic alternatives to imported equipment,establishing demonstration centers for application and promotion,and involving end-users directly in the R&D and iterative upgrading of domestic instruments.Together,these efforts aim to close the final critical gap,advancing domestic instruments from merely"functional"to genuinely"user-friendly",and ultimately to"widely implemented".By doing so,this framework offers both theoretical grounding and practical guidance for achieving high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and sustained innovation capacity.
基金Supported by Tangshan Science and Technology Planning Project(25150202E).
文摘In recent years,the problem of veterinary drug residues in animal-derived foods has attracted worldwide attention.Developing rapid,simple,highly sensitive,and high-throughput veterinary drug residue detection technologies has become an urgent need.This paper provides a comprehensive review of the pretreatment and analytical techniques for veterinary drug residue analysis,comparing the detection principles,operational procedures,and respective advantages and disadvantages of various detection technologies.It further explores the future development directions of veterinary drug residue detection technologies.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province(No.2023-JC-QN-0615)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52272027 and 52372034).
文摘Intelligent refractory materials represent a new generation of high-temperature functional materials that significantly enhance the service performance of traditional refractories in extreme environments through integrated sensing,response,and adaptive mechanisms.A comprehensive overview of intelligent refractory materials was provided,focusing on their classification,preparation techniques,and industrial applications.Firstly,the categories and design principles of intelligent refractory materials are introduced,including self-healing,self-regulating,and self-diagnosing types,which enhance durability and performance under extreme conditions.Subsequently,advanced preparation technologies are discussed,such as 3D printing for complex geometries,nanocomposite engineering for improved mechanical and thermal properties,gradient design for optimized thermal stress resistance and information technology including machine learning,health monitoring,digital twin.Finally,the industrial applications of these materials are highlighted,particularly in steel metallurgy,building materials industry,and energy.It aims to bridge the gap between research advancements and practical implementation,offering insights into future trends in intelligent refractory material development.
基金co-supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos 52475346 and U21A20130)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province,China(No.2023JJ10019)+1 种基金China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2022M712642)Hunan Science and Technology Innovation Plan,China(2023RC1068)。
文摘Aviation aluminum alloys,primarily from the Al-Cu,Al-Zn-Mg-(Cu),and Al-Li series,have been widely applied over six decades,greatly advancing the aviation industry.However,their Corrosion Fatigue(CF)properties impede further advancements,prompting extensive research into their CF behaviors and underlying mechanisms.This review comprehensively evaluates previous studies on their development history,CF mechanisms,and key influencing factors.First,the historical evolution of aerospace aluminum alloys is summarized.Then,the currently recognized four crack initiation mechanisms and three crack propagation mechanisms are concluded,and the effects of external and internal factors on CF performance are discussed.The paper also reviews three methods and CF life prediction models for characterizing the CF behavior of aerospace aluminum alloys.Most existing studies on the CF behavior of aluminum alloys are based on the single corrosive environment,neglecting the fact that aircrafts experience multiple corrosive environments during service.However,the most critical scientific challenge is how to enhance their CF properties under increasingly demanding service conditions.For the purpose,this paper introduces advanced forming techniques based on the microstructural control,such as Equal Channel Angular Pressing(ECAP)and High-Pressure Torsion(HPT),aimed at laying the theoretical foundation for improving CF properties through microstructural regulation.
文摘The global transition to carbon neutrality is an urgent and multifaceted challenge that requires the deployment of renewable energy technologies and negative emission solutions(NETs)to reduce greenhouse gas emissions across all sectors.This is a review article that looks at the contemporary environment of renewable technologies,such as solar,wind,biomass,hydropower,and geothermal,and how they might help to decarbonize the power sector and their combination with NETs.The paper also looks at the prospects of carbon capture,utilization,and storage,afforestation and reforestation,soil carbon sequestration,ocean-based,and enhanced weathering as some of the methods of offsetting the residual emissions.The article also outlines the economic,policy,and social factors required to have these solutions scaled up,such as the need to have good policy frameworks,invest in innovation,and the need to have the people on board.Lastly,it also gives the future perspective of having a carbon-neutral global economy,and it highlights that technology must be enhanced,more cooperation between countries must be established,and a holistic,open-ended way of attaining carbon neutrality.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.62574037,62374029,22175029,62474033 and W2433038)the Young EliteScientists Sponsorship Program by CAST(No.YES S20220550)+2 种基金the Sichuan Science and Technology Program(No.2024NSFSC0250)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2025A1515010313)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(No.ZYGX2022J032)for financial support。
文摘Perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have achieved excellent power conversion efficiencies;however,under direct sunlight,device temperatures can exceed ambient temperatures by more than 50℃,making thermal stability a critical challenge for commercialization.This review first summarizes the degradation mechanisms of PSCs induced by elevated temperatures,followed by a discussion of heat generation,with Joule heat identified as the primary contributor.Advanced thermal management strategies are then highlighted,including the use of high thermal conductivity materials,integration with thermoelectric devices,external radiative cooling layers,down-conversion approaches,and tandem structures.By systematically presenting these strategies,this review provides guidance for enhancing both the efficiency and thermal stability of PSCs,thereby supporting their pathway toward commercialization.
基金supported by the Russian Science Foundation(No.22-13-00035)the National Outstanding Young Scientists Fund(No.52125002)+14 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2023YFC3904800 and 2022YFB4002501)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52400228,52300139,22308063,52103340,U22A20418,22578302,52202208,52400163,52205054,22075171,52177214,22405201,52371072,52171078,52377218)the Key Research and Development Project of Science and Technology Department of Zhejiang Province(No.2024C03284(SD2))the Research Development Fund of Zhejiang A&F University(No.2024LFR042)the President Research Funds from Xiamen University(No.ZK1111)Nanqiang Youth Scholar program of Xiamen University,the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST(No.2023QNRC001)Natural Science Foundation of Xiamen(No.3502z202471037)Open Fund of the State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control,College of Environmental Science and Engineering,Nankai University(No.NKPMLF202409)the Key Project of Research and Development Plan of Jiangxi Province(No.20243BBI91001)Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(No.23ZR1423400)the Postdoctoral Science Research Program of Shaanxi(No.2023BSHEDzZ159)Xidian University Specially Funded Project for Interdisciplinary Exploration(No.TZJH2024062)the Open Project of Yunnan Precious Metals Laboratory Co.,Ltd.(No.YPML-20240502058)the Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province(No.202303021212159)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Normal University(No.JCYJ2024017).
文摘Sustainable development for our life is important task,which is driven by key materials and technologies.In this roadmap,we discuss three main aspects in addressing environmental questions,green chemical processes and energy challenges.They are included,such as gas treatment and separation,wastewater treatment,waste gas treatment,solid waste treatment,lithium extraction,hydrogen production,water splitting,CO_(2) reduction,photocatalytic clean technologies,plastic degradation,fuel cells,lithium batteries,sodium batteries,aqueous batteries,solid state batteries,metal air batteries and supercapacitors.Their status,challenges,progress and future perspectives are also discussed.We hope that this paper can give clear views on sustainable development in materials and technologies.
文摘1 Introduction The growing connectivity with mobile internet has significantly enhanced our day-to-day life support through various services and applications with on-demand availability at any time or anywhere.As emerging technologies with continuous revolutions in the digital transformations,various add-on technologies such as quantum computing,AI,and next-generation networks such as 6G are becoming an integral support to mobile internet systems.The emerging technologies in the next-generation mobile internet bring a lot of new security and privacy challenges.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC 52175352)。
文摘Electroslag remelting(ESR) is an important metallurgical process for producing high-purity materials with homogeneous compositions and sound microstructures,and its typical products are ingots or simple castings.The core principle involves the resistive melting of a consumable electrode within a slag pool,followed by the refining of molten metal droplets as they traverse the slag,and subsequent sequential solidification in a water-cooled mold.However,conventional ESR processes face limitations in producing large or complex-shaped components,enhancing production efficiency,achieving highly specialized microstructures,and meeting ultra-high purity demands for advanced applications.Advanced composite ESR technologies have been developed to overcome these limitations by innovatively modifying key process aspects.For instance,electrode systems are improved using vibration,rotation,or multiple electrodes.Enhanced mold design and solidification control are achieved through techniques including conductive molds,mold rotation,and ingot withdrawal.Precise control of the process is realized through the use of protective gas,vacuum,or elevated pressure,as well as the application of external fields such as magnetic fields or ultrasonic vibration.This review comprehensively summarizes these advanced techniques,examining their principles and characteristics,and discussing their specific advantages and challenges.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.90818023)the National Basic Research Program of China(No.2010CB328101)+2 种基金Shanghai Science&Technology Research Plan(No.09JC1414200,09510701300)"Dawn"Program of Shanghai Education Commission,Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University(PCSIRT),National Major Projects of Scienceand Technology(No.2009ZX01036-001-002:part 5)Natural Science Foundation of Educational Government of Anhui Province(No.KJ2011A086)
文摘Petri net is an important tool to model and analyze concurrent systems,but Petri net models are frequently large and complex,and difficult to understand and modify.Slicing is a technique to remove unnecessary parts with respect to a criterion for analyzing programs,and has been widely used in specification level for model reduction,but researches on slicing of Petri nets are still limited.According to the idea of program slicing,this paper extends slicing technologies of Petri nets to four kinds of slices,including backward static slice,backward dynamic slice,forward static slice and forward dynamic slice.Based on the structure properties,the algorithms of obtaining two kinds of static slice are constructed.Then,a new method of slicing backward dynamic slice is proposed based on local reachability graph which can locally reflect the dynamic properties of Petri nets.At last,forward dynamic slice can be obtained through the reachability marking graph under a special marking.The algorithms can be used to reduce the size of Petri net,which can provide the basic technical support for simplifying the complexity of formal verification and analysis.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 62072351in part by the Key Research Project of Shaanxi Natural Science Foundation under Grant 2023-JCZD-35in part by the open research project of ZheJiang Lab under grant 2021PD0AB01。
文摘Blockchain technology is increasingly popular and has been widely applied in many industrial fields,due to its unique properties of decentralization,immutability,and traceability.Blockchain systems in different fields vary,with different block structures,consensus mechanisms and access permission models.These differences make it hard for different blockchain systems to interoperate with each other,which isolates them.Cross-chain technologies have been developed to solve this isolation problem in order to improve the interoperability of blockchains.Although some surveys on cross-chain technologies can be found,they are unable to keep up with the latest research progress due to their extremely fast pace of development.Moreover,the literature misses general criteria to evaluate the quality of cross-chain technologies.In this paper,a comprehensive literature review of cross-chain technologies is conducted by employing a comprehensive set of evaluation criteria.The preliminaries on blockchain interoperability are first presented.Then,a set of evaluation criteria is proposed in terms of security,privacy,performance,and functionality.The latest cutting-edge works are reviewed based on the proposed taxonomy of cross-chain technologies and their performance is evaluated against our proposed criteria.Finally,some open issues and future directions of cross-chain research are pointed out.
文摘Rare earth elements(REEs),with their unique magnetic,optical,and electrical properties,have become indispensable strategic resources.Widely applied in critical fields such as aviation,telecommunications,electronics,energy,transportation,and medicine,REEs play a vital role in advancing technology and driving social and economic development.However,the REE industry faces numerous challenges,including unbalanced resource distribution,supply and demand imbalances,international competition,technological limitations,and associated environmental pollution.This paper,incorporating both the historical evolution and current state of the REE industry,provides a comprehensive examination of the chemistry,applications,resources,technologies,challenges,and prospects of REEs.Specifically,it analyzes China's REE industry,which holds the largest global reserves and production capacity.As a key feature,this paper introduces the Tai Chi model for sustainable development in the REE industry,offering an in-depth analysis of two primary approaches—mining and recycling;the four critical participants—governments,enterprises,researchers,and consumers;and the eight essential influencing factors—resources,energy,environment,policy,applications,technology,supply and demand,and economy.The Tai Chi model not only clarifies the responsibilities and significance of each individual but also highlights their interconnectedness,providing a compelling framework for envisioning the sustainable development of the REE industry.Moreover,the paper identifies the major challenges currently facing the industry and offers insights into the future development of REEs.As such,this work contributes to a deeper understanding of the multifaceted REE landscape and underscores the importance of sustainable practices to ensure REEs'lasting positive impact on the global industry.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFB2602103 and 2023YFA1008900)。
文摘Road infrastructure is facing significant digitalization challenges within the context of new infrastructure construction in China and worldwide.Among the advanced digital technologies,digital twin(DT)has gained prominence across various engineering sectors,including the manufacturing and construction industries.Specifically,road engineering has demonstrated a growing interest in DT and has achieved promising results in DT-related applications over the past several years.This paper systematically introduces the development of DT and examines its current state in road engineering by reviewing research articles on DT-enabling technologies,such as model creation,condition sensing,data processing,and interaction,as well as its applications throughout the lifecycle of road infrastructure.The findings indicate that research has primarily focused on data perception and virtual model creation,while realtime data processing and interaction between physical and virtual models remain underexplored.DT in road engineering has been predominantly applied during the operation and maintenance phases,with limited attention given to the construction and demolition phases.Future efforts should focus on establishing uniform standards,developing innovative perception and data interaction techniques,optimizing development costs,and expanding the scope of lifecycle applications to facilitate the digital transformation of road engineering.This review provides a comprehensive overview of state-of-the-art advancements in this field and paves the way for leveraging DT in road infrastructure lifecycle management.
文摘As the core information infrastructure of modern information warfare,the offensive and defensive confrontations of satellite navigation systems have given rise to navigation warfare,which focuses on seizing control of navigation resources.Based on the space segment,control segment,and user segment of satellite navigation systems,this paper systematically constructs an offensive-defensive technology system for navigation warfare,and deeply analyzes core measures such as signal enhancement and suppression,autonomous navigation and link jamming,anti-jamming reception,and integrated navigation.It extracts key technologies including adaptive nulling antennas,joint filtering,and multi-dimensional combined jamming,and discusses the technical effectiveness of these technologies by incorporating relevant cases.The advantages of navigation warfare stem from multi-segment coordination and technological inte-gration.In the future,the development directions of navigation warfare will focus on three aspects:enhancing satellite capabilities,tackling core technical challenges,and building a multi-dimensional system.
基金Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2024JBMC011)Aeronautical Science Foundation of China(No.2024Z0560M5001).
文摘This article provides a comprehensive exploration of the current research landscape in the field of soft actuation technology applied to bio-inspired soft robots. In sharp contrast to their conventional rigid counterparts, bio-inspired soft robots are primarily constructed from flexible materials, conferring upon them remarkable adaptability and flexibility to execute a multitude of tasks in complex environments. However, the classification of their driving technology poses a significant challenge owing to the diverse array of employed driving mechanisms and materials. Here, we classify several common soft actuation methods from the perspectives of the sources of motion in bio-inspired soft robots and their bio-inspired objects, effectively filling the classification system of soft robots, especially bio-inspired soft robots. Then, we summarize the driving principles and structures of various common driving methods from the perspective of bionics, and discuss the latest developments in the field of soft robot actuation from the perspective of driving modalities and methodologies. We then discuss the application directions of bio-inspired soft robots and the latest developments in each direction. Finally, after an in-depth review of various soft bio-inspired robot driving technologies in recent years, we summarize the issues and challenges encountered in the advancement of soft robot actuation technology.
