Hydrogen(H_(2))is a promising renewable energy which finds wide applications as the world gears toward low-carbon economy.However,current H_(2) production via steam methane reforming of natural gas or gasification of ...Hydrogen(H_(2))is a promising renewable energy which finds wide applications as the world gears toward low-carbon economy.However,current H_(2) production via steam methane reforming of natural gas or gasification of coal are laden with high CO_(2) footprints.Recently,methane(CH_(4))pyrolysis has emerged as a potential technology to generate low-carbon H_(2) and solid carbon.In this review,the current state-of-art and recent progress of H_(2) production from CH_(4) pyrolysis are reviewed in detail.Aspects such as funda-mental mechanism and chemistry involved,effect of process parameters on the conversion efficiency and reaction kinetics for various reaction media and catalysts are elucidated and critically discussed.Temper-ature,among other factors,plays the most critical influence on the methane pyrolysis reaction.Molten metal/salt could lower the operating temperature of methane pyrolysis to<1000℃,whereas plasma technology usually operates in the regime of>1000℃.Based on the reaction kinetics,metal-based cata-lysts were more efficient in lowering the activation energy of the reaction to 29.5-88 kJ/mol from that of uncatalyzed reaction(147-420.7 kJ/mol).Besides,the current techno-economic performance of the pro-cess reveals that the levelized cost of H_(2) is directly influenced by the sales price of carbon(by-product)generated,which could offset the overall cost.Lastly,the main challenges of reactor design for efficient product separation and retrieval,as well as catalyst deactivation/poisoning need to be debottlenecked.展开更多
The integration of refinery and petrochemical units(IRPUs)has become an inevitable choice for the sustainable development of petrochemical industry.The utilization efficiency of petroleum resources could be improved o...The integration of refinery and petrochemical units(IRPUs)has become an inevitable choice for the sustainable development of petrochemical industry.The utilization efficiency of petroleum resources could be improved obviously through IRPUs.However,integrating economic and environmental impacts into the model of IRPUs is still a grand challenge.Herein,a model called TEA-GHG-OPWM(Techno-Economic Analysis and GreenHouse Gases Oriented Plant-Wide Model)has been established on Aspen HYSYSTM platform to calculate the energy consumption,the technoeconomic performance,and the GHG emissions for two different kinds of schemes,viz,:VRHCU(Vacuum Residue Hydrocracking Unit)and VRDS-RFCC(Vacuum Residue Desulfurization and Residue Fluid Catalytic Cracking).Furthermore,a novel processing pathway named VGOHDT-HTMP-DC(Vacuum Gas Oil Hydrotreating,Hydrogenation and TMP coupling process and Delayed Coking)has also been developed to find methods to improve the economic performance based on a ten-million-CNY output value(TMYOV)and a reduced GHG emissions.Our results demonstrate that VRHCRU could consume more energy and emit more GHG(877.11 t of CO2 eq·TMYOV^-1·h^-1)than VRDS-RFCC(817.03 t of CO2 eq·TMYOV^-1·h^-1)and VGOHDT-HTMP-DC(721.96 t of CO2 eq·TMYOV^-1·h^-1),while obtaining a higher mass yield of petrochemicals.The VGOHDT-HTMP-DC process exhibits the lowest feedstock consumption,hydrogen consumption,energy consumption,and GHG emissions,indicating that VGOHDT-HTMP-DC has both well economic and environmentally friendly performance.展开更多
Energy recovery from waste biomass can have significant impacts on the most pressing development challenges of rural poverty and environmental damages. In this paper, a techno-economic analysis is carried out for elec...Energy recovery from waste biomass can have significant impacts on the most pressing development challenges of rural poverty and environmental damages. In this paper, a techno-economic analysis is carried out for electricity generation by using timber and wood waste (T & WW) gasification in Iceland. Different expenses were considered, like capital, installation, engineering, operation and maintenance costs and the interest rate of the investment. Regarding to revenues, they come from of the electricity sale and the fee paid by the Icelandic municipalities for waste collection and disposal. The economic feasibility was conducted based on the economic indicators of net present value (NPV) and discounted payback period (DPP), bringing together three different subgroups based on gasifier capacities, subgroup a: 50 kW, subgroup b: 100 kW and subgroup c: 200 kW. The results show that total cost increases as the implemented power is increased. This indicator varies from 1228.6 k€ for subgroups a to 1334.7 k€ for subgroups b and 1479.5 k€ for subgroups c. It is worth mentioning that NPV is positive for three subgroups and it grows as gasifier scale is extended. NPV is about 122 k€ (111,020 $), 1824 k€ (1,659,840 $) and 4392 k€ (3,996,720 $) for subgroups a, b and c, respectively. Moreover, DPP has an inversely proportional to the installed capacity. It is around 5.5 years (subgroups a), 9.5 months (subgroups b) and 6 months (subgroups c). The obtained results confirm that using small scale waste biomass gasification integrated with power generation could be techno-economically feasible for remote area in Iceland.展开更多
CO_(2)-based carbon-neutral organics production processes could potentially reshape the chemical industry.However,their feasibility and net carbon footprint rely strongly on the sources of H_(2).Herein,we present a co...CO_(2)-based carbon-neutral organics production processes could potentially reshape the chemical industry.However,their feasibility and net carbon footprint rely strongly on the sources of H_(2).Herein,we present a comprehensive comparative techno-economic analysis of CO_(2)-based methanol(CO_(2)TM)and aolefins(CO_(2)TO)manufacturing using various feedstock supply modes:(1)the standalone mode with external CO_(2)but H_(2)from on-site water electrolysis,(2)the integrated mode with both CO_(2)and H_(2)recovered from coal-chemical plants,and(3)the integrated mode with recycled CO_(2)but H_(2)from on-site water electrolysis.The integration of CO_(2)TM and CO_(2)TO into coal-to-olefins(CTO)and coal-to-methanol(CTM)facilities is currently cost-effective and can reduce net CO_(2)emissions by 65.7%and 68.5%,resulting in a three-fold and two-fold increase in carbon efficiency,respectively.As carbon tax policies and electrolysis technologies continue to evolve,standalone CO_(2)TM and CO_(2)TO are projected to become more economically competitive than CTO and CTM by 2035-2045.展开更多
With population growth around the world,municipal waste disposal and continued energy demand becomes some of the major challenges to deal with.In order to address these,an approach is required for an optimal waste man...With population growth around the world,municipal waste disposal and continued energy demand becomes some of the major challenges to deal with.In order to address these,an approach is required for an optimal waste management system that offers the population benefit with a lower environmental impact.This study evaluates the technical-economic and environmental impact analysis of a grid-connected waste to energy(WtE)plant to power a Univerisiti Teknologi Malaysia(UTM)community.The energy recovery potential of the waste stream was assessed using the life cycle assessment(LCA)method with GaBi^(TM) software(version 4).A technical,economic and environmental analysis was then carried out for the grid-connected WtE system using HOMERPro software with gasification conversion technology.The cash flow analysis was based on levelized costs of energy(LCOE)and total net present value(NPV).The results gave an NPV for the system at USD 1.11×10^(7),with most of the effects resulting from the grid operating costs and the LCOE of USD 0.43/kWh compared to the grid unit price of USD 0.7/kWh which corresponds to a saving of$0.27/kWh in energy purchase.From an environmental point of view,the results showed a significant reduction in carbon dioxide emissions from around 2,000 tons per year to around 400 tons per year.With regard to the amount of waste sent to landfills,the results show a significant improvement from 142,605.5 kg/year to 0.13 kg/year.展开更多
On the basis of practical projects in Chongqing,the thermal performance of heat exchangers (single U-tube type and double U-tube type) of the ground-source heat pump (GSHP) system in the hot summer was obtained and an...On the basis of practical projects in Chongqing,the thermal performance of heat exchangers (single U-tube type and double U-tube type) of the ground-source heat pump (GSHP) system in the hot summer was obtained and analyzed. The data obtained from test could match with the result deduced from theoretical calculation. From the test results,the cooling capacity of double U-tube is 1.6 times that of single U-tube. Taking cost per depth per watt Clq as the evaluation standard,Clq of single U-tube is 4.69 RMB$/W,and Clq of double U-tube is 3.14 RMB$/W. The double U-tube heat exchangers usage should be prioritized.展开更多
It is well established that hydrogen has the potential to make a significant contribution to the world energy production.In U.S.,majority of hydrogen production plants implement steam methane reforming(SMR) for centra...It is well established that hydrogen has the potential to make a significant contribution to the world energy production.In U.S.,majority of hydrogen production plants implement steam methane reforming(SMR) for centralized hydrogen production.However,there is a wide lack of agreement on the nascent stage of using hydrogen as fuel in vehicles industry because of the difficulty in delivery and storage.By performing technological and economic analysis,this work aims to establish the most feasible hydrogen production pathway for automotives in near future.From the evaluation,processes such as thermal cracking of ammonia and centralized hydrogen production followed by bulk delivery are eliminated while on-site steam reforming of methanol and natural gas are the most technologically feasible options.These two processes are further evaluated by comprehensive economic analysis.The results showed that the steam reforming(SR) of natural gas has a shorter payback time and a higher return on investment(ROI) and internal rate of return(IRR).Sensitivity analysis has also been constructed to evaluate the impact of variables like NG feedstock price,capital of investment and operating capacity factor on the overall production cost of hydrogen.Based on this study,natural gas is prompted to be the most economically and technologically available raw material for short-term hydrogen production before the transition to renewable energy source such as solar energy,biomass and wind power.展开更多
Techno-economic analysis of a small-scale Modified Plant Oil (MPO) production plant that has an annual production capacity of 15,072,741 kg of MPO (batch process) was carried out to estimate the capital and operating ...Techno-economic analysis of a small-scale Modified Plant Oil (MPO) production plant that has an annual production capacity of 15,072,741 kg of MPO (batch process) was carried out to estimate the capital and operating costs of a plant. The analysis was done by using a computer model that was designed and simulated with an aid of SuperPro Designer (Version 4.32) software. The specified feedstock was crude Jatropha oil (JO) and the main product was MPO. The major processes involved were degumming, neutralisation and blending. Degumming involved the removal of gums or phospholipids, and two methods were used: water degumming and acid degumming, whereas blending involved mixing of degummed or purified JO with natural gas condensate (NGC) modifier to lower the viscosity of JO. From techno-economic analysis of the process, it was found that the total capital investment of a plant was about US $ 10,222,000 and the predicted unit production cost of MPO was US $ 1.315/kg at a value of US $ 1.0/kg of JO. The economic feasibility of MPO production was found to be highly influenced by the price of feedstock, which contributed about 95% of the total annual production cost. The relationship between plant throughput and unit cost of producing MPO showed that unit production cost was very sensitive to production rate at low annual throughputs. The MPO cost showed a direct linear relationship with the cost of JO, with a change of US $ 0.50/kg of MPO in MPO cost in every change of US $ 0.50/kg of JO in JO price. The process technology simulated was found to be economically viable and can be implemented in rural setting, taking into consideration Tanzania’s rural situation.展开更多
Investigation of a triple-pressure organic Rankine cycle(TPORC) using geothermal energy for power generation with the net power output of the TPORC analyzed by varying the evaporation pressures, pinch temperature diff...Investigation of a triple-pressure organic Rankine cycle(TPORC) using geothermal energy for power generation with the net power output of the TPORC analyzed by varying the evaporation pressures, pinch temperature differences(tpp) and degrees of superheat(tsup) aimed to find the optimum operation conditions of the system. The thermodynamic performance of the TPORC was compared with a dual-pressure organic Rankine cycle(DPORC) and a single-pressure ORC(SPORC) for geofluid temperatures ranging from 100°C to 200°C, with particular reference to the utilization of a hot dry rock(HDR) geothermal resource. Thermodynamic performances of the TPORC system using eight different organic working fluids have also been investigated in terms of the net power outputs. Results show that a higher geofluid mass flow rate can make a considerable contribution to shortening the payback period(PBP) as well as to decreasing the levelized electricity cost(LEC), especially when the geofluid temperature is low. For the temperature range investigated, the order from high to low based on thermodynamic and techno-economic performances is found to be TPORC > DPORC > SPORC. In terms of using geothermal resources within the given temperatures range(100°C–200°C), the TPORC system can be a better choice for geothermal power generation so long as the wellhead geofluid temperature is between 140°C and 180°C.展开更多
This research examines the optimal combination of solar panel and battery capacity in hybrid systems in 11 cities on the island of Borneo,utilizing the region’s significant solar energy potential and high irradiation...This research examines the optimal combination of solar panel and battery capacity in hybrid systems in 11 cities on the island of Borneo,utilizing the region’s significant solar energy potential and high irradiation levels.This research analyses the optimal combination of solar panels and battery capacity in 11 cities in Kalimantan using particle swarm optimization(PSO)and grey wolf optimization(GWO)algorithms to maximize energy output,reduce levelised energy costs,and maximally reduce carbon emissions.Results show Tara-kan as the most optimal location,generating 215,804.88 kWh for IDR 916.9/kWh and lowering emissions by 435,884.29 kgCO_(2)e,while Samarinda is the least optimal location.Economically,electricity tariffs of IDR 2,466.78/kWh and IDR 2,000/kWh generate a positive Net Present Value(NPV)with a payback period(PP)of 9-12 years,while a tariffof IDR 1,500/kWh is considered unfavorable.Thefindings demonstrate the effectiveness of PSO and GWO in optimizing the renewable energy system and confirm the project’sfinancial viability,with a positive NPV and reasonable PP.Implementing renewable energy systems in Kalimantan Island can improve energy effi-ciency and significantly reduce carbon emissions,supporting environmental sustainability goals.展开更多
Around the world,there has been a notable shift toward the use of renewable energy technology due to the growing demand for energy and the ongoing depletion of conventional resources,such as fossil fuels.Following thi...Around the world,there has been a notable shift toward the use of renewable energy technology due to the growing demand for energy and the ongoing depletion of conventional resources,such as fossil fuels.Following this worldwide trend,Brunei’s government has initiated several strategic programs aimed at encouraging the establishment of energy from renewable sources in the nation’s energy mix.These initiatives are designed not only to support environmental sustainability but also to make energy from renewable sources increasingly competitive in comparison to more conventional energy sources like gas and oil,which have historically dominated Brunei’s energy market.The optimization of a hybrid energy system that combines diesel generators,solar photovoltaic(PV)panels,and the national power grid is the focus of this study.The objective is to identify the most cost-effective and environmentally sustainable configuration that can reliably meet local energy demands.During optimization,several configuration was tried and tested,including only grid,PV and Grid and PV-generator.HOMER(Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources)software,a popular simulation tool that makes it possible to simulate and analyze hybrid energy systems,is utilized in the optimization process.Inside the HOMER Pro optimization,various system configuration is taken into account for the optimization.While simulating,it takes into account different combinations of components such as solar panels,wind turbines and batteries.Later on,it is being ranked by different factors such as net present cost(NPC),Cost of Energy(COE),etc.A comprehensive techno-economic research is carried out to evaluate various system configurations,considering key performance indicators such as total energy generation cost,operational expenditure,and greenhouse gas emissions.The results provide valuable insights into how renewable-based hybrid systems can reduce environmental impact while maintaining economic viability,supporting Brunei’s broader goals of energy diversification and sustainability.The study also emphasizes how such hybrid systems could be scaled for off-grid and rural populations in Brunei,where a dependable electricity supply is still a problem.Furthermore,sensitivity analyses were performed to evaluate the effects of variations in solar irradiation,load demand,and fuel prices on the overall system performance.Policymakers and energy planners can use these insights to help them make data-driven decisions about future investments in infrastructure for renewable energy.展开更多
The increasing demand for sustainable energy has intensified interest in hydrogen production from renewable sources.Although catalytic steam reforming of methane and other feedstocks has been extensively investigated,...The increasing demand for sustainable energy has intensified interest in hydrogen production from renewable sources.Although catalytic steam reforming of methane and other feedstocks has been extensively investigated,research on utilizing fats,oils,and grease(FOG)remains limited and dispersed.This study offers a comprehensive analysis of steam reforming catalysts for FOG conversion,concentrating on nickel-based,noble metal,and metal oxide-supported catalysts initially developed for methane,waste cooking oil,and glycerol.Catalyst performance is assessed in terms of activity,stability,cost,and environmental impact,addressing sustainable catalyst design and recycling principles.FOG management strategies are also explored,with a particular emphasis on Hong Kong,where FOG interception is crucial due to infrastructure constraints.Unlike cities where food waste is ground and flushed through extensive sewer systems,Hong Kong necessitates localized FOG removal to prevent costly blockages and environmental harm.A techno-economic analysis demonstrated the feasibility of producing H_(2)at a selling price as low as USD 3/kg H_(2),with a carbon capture potential of 0.40 kg CO_(2)-eq/kg H_(2).Life cycle assessment(LCA)further confirmed environmental benefits,indicating the potential to capture 0.14 kg CO_(2)per kg of FOG processed.Additionally,the study identifies opportunities for cost reduction through more efficient FOG acquisition and valorization,which can enhance carbon savings and economic viability.Overall,this work underscores the potential of FOG as a renewable feedstock and delineates key research directions for catalyst development and integrated waste-to-hydrogen systems.展开更多
Wind curtailment/hydrogen production/fuel cell vehicle system(WCHPFCVS)is the use of curtailment to electrolyze water to produce hydrogen,which then provides energy for hydrogen fuel cell vehicles.In this paper,a tech...Wind curtailment/hydrogen production/fuel cell vehicle system(WCHPFCVS)is the use of curtailment to electrolyze water to produce hydrogen,which then provides energy for hydrogen fuel cell vehicles.In this paper,a techno-economic analysis of WCHPFCVS is proposed using the HOMER software.Large-scale wind power penetration is expected to lead to serious wind curtailment,and therefore,the hydrogen fuel cell vehicle will play an important role in future renewable energy storage,energy internet sharing,and electric transport areas.A system model of wind curtailment/hydrogen production/fuel cell vehicle is presented and analyzed using HOMER software to optimize the capacity and cost of the system.An annual revenue and profit of the system is then calculated and analyzed for energy conservation,emissions reduction,and environmental benefits.A technoeconomical evaluation of the system when cost of producing hydrogen and hydrogen load(fuel cell vehicle quantities)changes is also presented,taking into consideration the future progress of the technology and its market development.Techno-economic analysis of WCHPFCVS is shown as an effective method through a case study using actual data of curtailment from a wind farm in Jilin province in northeast China.展开更多
Significant advances in battery technology are creating a viable marketspace for battery powered passenger vehicles.Climate change and concerns over reliable supplies of hydrocarbons are aiding in the focus on electri...Significant advances in battery technology are creating a viable marketspace for battery powered passenger vehicles.Climate change and concerns over reliable supplies of hydrocarbons are aiding in the focus on electric vehicles.Consumers can be influenced by marketing and emotion resulting in behaviors that may not be in line with their stated objectives.Although sales of electric vehicles are accelerating,it may not be clear that purchasing an electric vehicle is advantageous from an economic or environmental perspective.A technoeconomic analysis of electric vehicles comparing them against hybrids,gasoline and diesel vehicles is presented.The results show that the complexity of electrical power supply,infrastructure requirements and full life cycle concerns show that electric vehicles have a place in the future but that ongoing improvements will be required for them to be clearly the best choice for a given situation.展开更多
This research undertook a case study of the life-cycle assessment and techno-economic analysis of the slow pyrolysis of Eucommia stem for the production of wood vinegar and activated carbon.The results showed that the...This research undertook a case study of the life-cycle assessment and techno-economic analysis of the slow pyrolysis of Eucommia stem for the production of wood vinegar and activated carbon.The results showed that the production of one ton of wood vinegar via the slow pyrolysis of Eucommia stem show comparatively low global warming potential(2.37×10^(2) kg CO_(2) eq),primary energy demand(3.16×10^(3) MJ),acidification potential(2.19 kg SO2 eq),antimony depletion potential(3.86×10^(–4) kg antimony eq),and ozone depletion potential(7.46×10^(–6) kg CFC-11 eq)and was more environmentally friendly than the production of dilute acetic acid(12 wt%)via petrochemical routes.Meanwhile,the total capital investment,total product cost,and cash flowsheet were provided in the techno-economic analysis.Then,the net present value,internal rate of return,and dynamic payback period of the production process were evaluated.The findings indicated that while this production process is cost-effective,it might not be economically attractive or could generate investment risks.An increase in the added value of the wood vinegar and the activated carbon could remarkably improve the economic feasibility of this production process.展开更多
This study was designed to evaluate whether the decentralized rural kitchen waste(KW)composting technologies used in China can be widely applied.To this end,we completed a techno-economic analysis of three typical typ...This study was designed to evaluate whether the decentralized rural kitchen waste(KW)composting technologies used in China can be widely applied.To this end,we completed a techno-economic analysis of three typical types of KW compositing,namely solar-assisted(SAC),bio-enhanced(BEC),and heat-dewatering composting(HDC).These evaluations revealed that all three technologies produce composting products that meet China’s organic fertilizer standard and that both SAC and BEC are economically self-sustaining and generate net profits(18824.94 and 17791.52 US$/a)and positive net present values(32133.11 and 25035.93 US$).Subsequent sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the KW-handling subsidy plays a critical role in making decentralized composting economically attractive.Based on these analyses,we believe that reducing the coverage area of SAC,reducing the operating cost of BEC and HDC,upgrading composting products,and strengthening secondary pollution control would aid in supporting the technological improvement of these processes.Moreover,providing appropriate subsidies and promulgating specific standards and policies for KW fertilizer are key strategies for decentralized rural KW composting management.展开更多
Energy storage is an effective way to address the instability of renewable energy generation modes,such as wind and solar,which are projected to play an important role in the sustainable and low-carbon society.Economi...Energy storage is an effective way to address the instability of renewable energy generation modes,such as wind and solar,which are projected to play an important role in the sustainable and low-carbon society.Economics and carbon emissions are important indicators that should be thoroughly considered for evaluating the feasibility of energy storage technologies(ESTs).In this study,we study two promising routes for large-scale renewable energy storage,electrochemical energy storage(EES)and hydrogen energy storage(HES),via technical analysis of the ESTs.The levelized cost of storage(LCOS),carbon emissions and uncertainty assessments for EESs and HESs over the life cycle are conducted with full consideration of the critical links for these routes.In order to reduce the evaluation error,we use the Monte Carlo method to derive a large number of data for estimating the economy and carbon emission level of ESTs based on the collected data.The results show that lithium ion(Li-ion)batteries show the lowest LCOS and carbon emissions,at 0.314 US$kWh-1 and 72.76 g CO_(2) e kWh^(-1),compared with other batteries for EES.Different HES routes,meaning different combinations of hydrogen production,delivery and refueling methods,show substantial differences in economics,and the lowest LCOS and carbon emissions,at 0.227 US$kWh^(-1) and 61.63 gCO_(2) e kWh^(-1),are achieved using HES routes that involve hydrogen production by alkaline electrolyzer(AE),delivery by hydrogen pipeline and corresponding refueling.The findings of this study suggest that HES and EES have comparable levels of economics and carbon emissions that should be both considered for large-scale renewable energy storage to achieve future decarbonization goals.展开更多
Recently,considerable attention has been paid to the installation of renewable energy capacity to mitigate global CO_(2) emissions.H_(2) produced using water electrolysis and renewable energy is regarded as a clean en...Recently,considerable attention has been paid to the installation of renewable energy capacity to mitigate global CO_(2) emissions.H_(2) produced using water electrolysis and renewable energy is regarded as a clean energy carrier,generating electricity without CO_(2) emissions,called‘Green H 2’.In this paper,a prognostics and health man-agement model for an alkaline water electrolyzer was proposed to predict the load voltage on the electrolyzer to obtain the state of health information.The prognostics and health management model was developed by training historical operating data via machine learning models,support vector machine and gaussian process regression,showing the root mean square error of 1.28×10^(−3) and 8.03×10^(−6).In addition,a techno-economic analysis was performed for a green H_(2) production system,composed of 1 MW of photovoltaic plant and 1 MW of alkaline water electrolyzer,to provide economic insights and feasibility of the system.A levelized cost of H_(2) of$6.89 kgH_(2)−1 was calculated and the potential to reach the levelized cost of H_(2) from steam methane reforming with carbon capture and storage was shown by considering the learning rate of the photovoltaic module and elec-trolyzer.Finally,the replacement of the alkaline water electrolyzer at around 10 years was preferred to increase the net present value from the green H_(2) production system when capital expenditure and replacement cost are low enough.展开更多
Border-associated macrophages are located at the interface between the brain and the periphery, including the perivascular spaces, choroid plexus, and meninges. Until recently, the functions of border-associated macro...Border-associated macrophages are located at the interface between the brain and the periphery, including the perivascular spaces, choroid plexus, and meninges. Until recently, the functions of border-associated macrophages have been poorly understood and largely overlooked. However, a recent study reported that border-associated macrophages participate in stroke-induced inflammation, although many details and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we performed a comprehensive single-cell analysis of mouse border-associated macrophages using sequencing data obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus(GEO) database(GSE174574 and GSE225948). Differentially expressed genes were identified, and enrichment analysis was performed to identify the transcription profile of border-associated macrophages. CellChat analysis was conducted to determine the cell communication network of border-associated macrophages. Transcription factors were predicted using the ‘pySCENIC' tool. We found that, in response to hypoxia, borderassociated macrophages underwent dynamic transcriptional changes and participated in the regulation of inflammatory-related pathways. Notably, the tumor necrosis factor pathway was activated by border-associated macrophages following ischemic stroke. The pySCENIC analysis indicated that the activity of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3(Stat3) was obviously upregulated in stroke, suggesting that Stat3 inhibition may be a promising strategy for treating border-associated macrophages-induced neuroinflammation. Finally, we constructed an animal model to investigate the effects of border-associated macrophages depletion following a stroke. Treatment with liposomes containing clodronate significantly reduced infarct volume in the animals and improved neurological scores compared with untreated animals. Taken together, our results demonstrate comprehensive changes in border-associated macrophages following a stroke, providing a theoretical basis for targeting border-associated macrophages-induced neuroinflammation in stroke treatment.展开更多
Lignin is an essential raw material that shows huge potential in novel value-added industrial applications.Most of previous researches on production of lignin from biological sources are confined to laboratory endeavo...Lignin is an essential raw material that shows huge potential in novel value-added industrial applications.Most of previous researches on production of lignin from biological sources are confined to laboratory endeavors owing to the paucity of basic process engineering studies on lignin extraction from bio-material.Therefore,this investigation is aimed at optimizing lab based proof-of-concept,computer-aided batch simulation and techno-economic assessment of scale-up process design of lignin recovery from sawdust.Box–Behnken design was used to design and optimize lignin recovery from sawdust at varied temperature(60–100℃),time(90–270 min)and concentration of NaOH(15–25%).Aspen Batch Process Developer was used for the simulation of the recovery and scale-up design of the recovery of lignin,techno-economic analysis models were developed for the evaluation of commercialization potential of the scale-up study while sensitivity and uncertainty analysis was carried out using Monte Carlo simulation to study the effect of key parameters on the techno-economic analysis developed models.The simulated results from Aspen Batch Process Developer and optimum experimental condition for the recovery of lignin are in agreement with a deviation of 0.0025,cycle time of 1445 min and flowrate of 0.00084 g/min at base case condition.The techno-economic analysis show that recovery of 50,000 kg/batch of lignin was possible and the optimum condition that are Fixed Capital Investment($21.5 M),interest rate(10.25%)and Cost of Lignin($1)lead to a profitability response of net present value($34.97),internal rate of return(34.14%)and productivity index($1.62)for a 15-year investment plan.The sensitivity and uncertainty analysis is favorable to the simulation study used for this prediction.展开更多
基金support by the Education University of Hong Kong to perform this project under International Grant(UMT/International Grant/2020/53376).
文摘Hydrogen(H_(2))is a promising renewable energy which finds wide applications as the world gears toward low-carbon economy.However,current H_(2) production via steam methane reforming of natural gas or gasification of coal are laden with high CO_(2) footprints.Recently,methane(CH_(4))pyrolysis has emerged as a potential technology to generate low-carbon H_(2) and solid carbon.In this review,the current state-of-art and recent progress of H_(2) production from CH_(4) pyrolysis are reviewed in detail.Aspects such as funda-mental mechanism and chemistry involved,effect of process parameters on the conversion efficiency and reaction kinetics for various reaction media and catalysts are elucidated and critically discussed.Temper-ature,among other factors,plays the most critical influence on the methane pyrolysis reaction.Molten metal/salt could lower the operating temperature of methane pyrolysis to<1000℃,whereas plasma technology usually operates in the regime of>1000℃.Based on the reaction kinetics,metal-based cata-lysts were more efficient in lowering the activation energy of the reaction to 29.5-88 kJ/mol from that of uncatalyzed reaction(147-420.7 kJ/mol).Besides,the current techno-economic performance of the pro-cess reveals that the levelized cost of H_(2) is directly influenced by the sales price of carbon(by-product)generated,which could offset the overall cost.Lastly,the main challenges of reactor design for efficient product separation and retrieval,as well as catalyst deactivation/poisoning need to be debottlenecked.
基金The research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21978325 and 21776312)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(20CX06073A,20CX06095A,and 20CX06096A).
文摘The integration of refinery and petrochemical units(IRPUs)has become an inevitable choice for the sustainable development of petrochemical industry.The utilization efficiency of petroleum resources could be improved obviously through IRPUs.However,integrating economic and environmental impacts into the model of IRPUs is still a grand challenge.Herein,a model called TEA-GHG-OPWM(Techno-Economic Analysis and GreenHouse Gases Oriented Plant-Wide Model)has been established on Aspen HYSYSTM platform to calculate the energy consumption,the technoeconomic performance,and the GHG emissions for two different kinds of schemes,viz,:VRHCU(Vacuum Residue Hydrocracking Unit)and VRDS-RFCC(Vacuum Residue Desulfurization and Residue Fluid Catalytic Cracking).Furthermore,a novel processing pathway named VGOHDT-HTMP-DC(Vacuum Gas Oil Hydrotreating,Hydrogenation and TMP coupling process and Delayed Coking)has also been developed to find methods to improve the economic performance based on a ten-million-CNY output value(TMYOV)and a reduced GHG emissions.Our results demonstrate that VRHCRU could consume more energy and emit more GHG(877.11 t of CO2 eq·TMYOV^-1·h^-1)than VRDS-RFCC(817.03 t of CO2 eq·TMYOV^-1·h^-1)and VGOHDT-HTMP-DC(721.96 t of CO2 eq·TMYOV^-1·h^-1),while obtaining a higher mass yield of petrochemicals.The VGOHDT-HTMP-DC process exhibits the lowest feedstock consumption,hydrogen consumption,energy consumption,and GHG emissions,indicating that VGOHDT-HTMP-DC has both well economic and environmentally friendly performance.
文摘Energy recovery from waste biomass can have significant impacts on the most pressing development challenges of rural poverty and environmental damages. In this paper, a techno-economic analysis is carried out for electricity generation by using timber and wood waste (T & WW) gasification in Iceland. Different expenses were considered, like capital, installation, engineering, operation and maintenance costs and the interest rate of the investment. Regarding to revenues, they come from of the electricity sale and the fee paid by the Icelandic municipalities for waste collection and disposal. The economic feasibility was conducted based on the economic indicators of net present value (NPV) and discounted payback period (DPP), bringing together three different subgroups based on gasifier capacities, subgroup a: 50 kW, subgroup b: 100 kW and subgroup c: 200 kW. The results show that total cost increases as the implemented power is increased. This indicator varies from 1228.6 k€ for subgroups a to 1334.7 k€ for subgroups b and 1479.5 k€ for subgroups c. It is worth mentioning that NPV is positive for three subgroups and it grows as gasifier scale is extended. NPV is about 122 k€ (111,020 $), 1824 k€ (1,659,840 $) and 4392 k€ (3,996,720 $) for subgroups a, b and c, respectively. Moreover, DPP has an inversely proportional to the installed capacity. It is around 5.5 years (subgroups a), 9.5 months (subgroups b) and 6 months (subgroups c). The obtained results confirm that using small scale waste biomass gasification integrated with power generation could be techno-economically feasible for remote area in Iceland.
基金supported by National Key Research&Development Program-Intergovernmental International Science and Technology Innovation Cooperation Project(2021YFE0112800)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Key Program:62136003)+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(62273149)the Programme of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities(the 111 Project)under Grant B17017 and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
文摘CO_(2)-based carbon-neutral organics production processes could potentially reshape the chemical industry.However,their feasibility and net carbon footprint rely strongly on the sources of H_(2).Herein,we present a comprehensive comparative techno-economic analysis of CO_(2)-based methanol(CO_(2)TM)and aolefins(CO_(2)TO)manufacturing using various feedstock supply modes:(1)the standalone mode with external CO_(2)but H_(2)from on-site water electrolysis,(2)the integrated mode with both CO_(2)and H_(2)recovered from coal-chemical plants,and(3)the integrated mode with recycled CO_(2)but H_(2)from on-site water electrolysis.The integration of CO_(2)TM and CO_(2)TO into coal-to-olefins(CTO)and coal-to-methanol(CTM)facilities is currently cost-effective and can reduce net CO_(2)emissions by 65.7%and 68.5%,resulting in a three-fold and two-fold increase in carbon efficiency,respectively.As carbon tax policies and electrolysis technologies continue to evolve,standalone CO_(2)TM and CO_(2)TO are projected to become more economically competitive than CTO and CTM by 2035-2045.
基金supported/funded by the Ministry of Higher Education under Fundamental Research Grant.Grant No.FRGS/1/2018/TK07/UTM/02/6.https://www.mohe.gov.my/en/initiatives-2/187-program-utama/penyelidikan/548-research-grants-inf-ormation.
文摘With population growth around the world,municipal waste disposal and continued energy demand becomes some of the major challenges to deal with.In order to address these,an approach is required for an optimal waste management system that offers the population benefit with a lower environmental impact.This study evaluates the technical-economic and environmental impact analysis of a grid-connected waste to energy(WtE)plant to power a Univerisiti Teknologi Malaysia(UTM)community.The energy recovery potential of the waste stream was assessed using the life cycle assessment(LCA)method with GaBi^(TM) software(version 4).A technical,economic and environmental analysis was then carried out for the grid-connected WtE system using HOMERPro software with gasification conversion technology.The cash flow analysis was based on levelized costs of energy(LCOE)and total net present value(NPV).The results gave an NPV for the system at USD 1.11×10^(7),with most of the effects resulting from the grid operating costs and the LCOE of USD 0.43/kWh compared to the grid unit price of USD 0.7/kWh which corresponds to a saving of$0.27/kWh in energy purchase.From an environmental point of view,the results showed a significant reduction in carbon dioxide emissions from around 2,000 tons per year to around 400 tons per year.With regard to the amount of waste sent to landfills,the results show a significant improvement from 142,605.5 kg/year to 0.13 kg/year.
文摘On the basis of practical projects in Chongqing,the thermal performance of heat exchangers (single U-tube type and double U-tube type) of the ground-source heat pump (GSHP) system in the hot summer was obtained and analyzed. The data obtained from test could match with the result deduced from theoretical calculation. From the test results,the cooling capacity of double U-tube is 1.6 times that of single U-tube. Taking cost per depth per watt Clq as the evaluation standard,Clq of single U-tube is 4.69 RMB$/W,and Clq of double U-tube is 3.14 RMB$/W. The double U-tube heat exchangers usage should be prioritized.
基金support from the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology via the Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program (UROP)Lighten R&D Consultancy Ltd for providing advices
文摘It is well established that hydrogen has the potential to make a significant contribution to the world energy production.In U.S.,majority of hydrogen production plants implement steam methane reforming(SMR) for centralized hydrogen production.However,there is a wide lack of agreement on the nascent stage of using hydrogen as fuel in vehicles industry because of the difficulty in delivery and storage.By performing technological and economic analysis,this work aims to establish the most feasible hydrogen production pathway for automotives in near future.From the evaluation,processes such as thermal cracking of ammonia and centralized hydrogen production followed by bulk delivery are eliminated while on-site steam reforming of methanol and natural gas are the most technologically feasible options.These two processes are further evaluated by comprehensive economic analysis.The results showed that the steam reforming(SR) of natural gas has a shorter payback time and a higher return on investment(ROI) and internal rate of return(IRR).Sensitivity analysis has also been constructed to evaluate the impact of variables like NG feedstock price,capital of investment and operating capacity factor on the overall production cost of hydrogen.Based on this study,natural gas is prompted to be the most economically and technologically available raw material for short-term hydrogen production before the transition to renewable energy source such as solar energy,biomass and wind power.
文摘Techno-economic analysis of a small-scale Modified Plant Oil (MPO) production plant that has an annual production capacity of 15,072,741 kg of MPO (batch process) was carried out to estimate the capital and operating costs of a plant. The analysis was done by using a computer model that was designed and simulated with an aid of SuperPro Designer (Version 4.32) software. The specified feedstock was crude Jatropha oil (JO) and the main product was MPO. The major processes involved were degumming, neutralisation and blending. Degumming involved the removal of gums or phospholipids, and two methods were used: water degumming and acid degumming, whereas blending involved mixing of degummed or purified JO with natural gas condensate (NGC) modifier to lower the viscosity of JO. From techno-economic analysis of the process, it was found that the total capital investment of a plant was about US $ 10,222,000 and the predicted unit production cost of MPO was US $ 1.315/kg at a value of US $ 1.0/kg of JO. The economic feasibility of MPO production was found to be highly influenced by the price of feedstock, which contributed about 95% of the total annual production cost. The relationship between plant throughput and unit cost of producing MPO showed that unit production cost was very sensitive to production rate at low annual throughputs. The MPO cost showed a direct linear relationship with the cost of JO, with a change of US $ 0.50/kg of MPO in MPO cost in every change of US $ 0.50/kg of JO in JO price. The process technology simulated was found to be economically viable and can be implemented in rural setting, taking into consideration Tanzania’s rural situation.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of the 13th FiveYear Plan of China(Grant No.2018YFB1501805)。
文摘Investigation of a triple-pressure organic Rankine cycle(TPORC) using geothermal energy for power generation with the net power output of the TPORC analyzed by varying the evaporation pressures, pinch temperature differences(tpp) and degrees of superheat(tsup) aimed to find the optimum operation conditions of the system. The thermodynamic performance of the TPORC was compared with a dual-pressure organic Rankine cycle(DPORC) and a single-pressure ORC(SPORC) for geofluid temperatures ranging from 100°C to 200°C, with particular reference to the utilization of a hot dry rock(HDR) geothermal resource. Thermodynamic performances of the TPORC system using eight different organic working fluids have also been investigated in terms of the net power outputs. Results show that a higher geofluid mass flow rate can make a considerable contribution to shortening the payback period(PBP) as well as to decreasing the levelized electricity cost(LEC), especially when the geofluid temperature is low. For the temperature range investigated, the order from high to low based on thermodynamic and techno-economic performances is found to be TPORC > DPORC > SPORC. In terms of using geothermal resources within the given temperatures range(100°C–200°C), the TPORC system can be a better choice for geothermal power generation so long as the wellhead geofluid temperature is between 140°C and 180°C.
基金supported by non-APBN UM 2024,Indonesia,with contract number 5.4.111/UN32.14.1/LT/2024.
文摘This research examines the optimal combination of solar panel and battery capacity in hybrid systems in 11 cities on the island of Borneo,utilizing the region’s significant solar energy potential and high irradiation levels.This research analyses the optimal combination of solar panels and battery capacity in 11 cities in Kalimantan using particle swarm optimization(PSO)and grey wolf optimization(GWO)algorithms to maximize energy output,reduce levelised energy costs,and maximally reduce carbon emissions.Results show Tara-kan as the most optimal location,generating 215,804.88 kWh for IDR 916.9/kWh and lowering emissions by 435,884.29 kgCO_(2)e,while Samarinda is the least optimal location.Economically,electricity tariffs of IDR 2,466.78/kWh and IDR 2,000/kWh generate a positive Net Present Value(NPV)with a payback period(PP)of 9-12 years,while a tariffof IDR 1,500/kWh is considered unfavorable.Thefindings demonstrate the effectiveness of PSO and GWO in optimizing the renewable energy system and confirm the project’sfinancial viability,with a positive NPV and reasonable PP.Implementing renewable energy systems in Kalimantan Island can improve energy effi-ciency and significantly reduce carbon emissions,supporting environmental sustainability goals.
基金funded through Deanship of Scientific Research at Northern Border University,Arar,Saudi Arabia—project number“NBU-FFR-2025-3623-06”.
文摘Around the world,there has been a notable shift toward the use of renewable energy technology due to the growing demand for energy and the ongoing depletion of conventional resources,such as fossil fuels.Following this worldwide trend,Brunei’s government has initiated several strategic programs aimed at encouraging the establishment of energy from renewable sources in the nation’s energy mix.These initiatives are designed not only to support environmental sustainability but also to make energy from renewable sources increasingly competitive in comparison to more conventional energy sources like gas and oil,which have historically dominated Brunei’s energy market.The optimization of a hybrid energy system that combines diesel generators,solar photovoltaic(PV)panels,and the national power grid is the focus of this study.The objective is to identify the most cost-effective and environmentally sustainable configuration that can reliably meet local energy demands.During optimization,several configuration was tried and tested,including only grid,PV and Grid and PV-generator.HOMER(Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources)software,a popular simulation tool that makes it possible to simulate and analyze hybrid energy systems,is utilized in the optimization process.Inside the HOMER Pro optimization,various system configuration is taken into account for the optimization.While simulating,it takes into account different combinations of components such as solar panels,wind turbines and batteries.Later on,it is being ranked by different factors such as net present cost(NPC),Cost of Energy(COE),etc.A comprehensive techno-economic research is carried out to evaluate various system configurations,considering key performance indicators such as total energy generation cost,operational expenditure,and greenhouse gas emissions.The results provide valuable insights into how renewable-based hybrid systems can reduce environmental impact while maintaining economic viability,supporting Brunei’s broader goals of energy diversification and sustainability.The study also emphasizes how such hybrid systems could be scaled for off-grid and rural populations in Brunei,where a dependable electricity supply is still a problem.Furthermore,sensitivity analyses were performed to evaluate the effects of variations in solar irradiation,load demand,and fuel prices on the overall system performance.Policymakers and energy planners can use these insights to help them make data-driven decisions about future investments in infrastructure for renewable energy.
基金supported by the Green Tech Fund(GTF202220131)the HKSAR Government and the National Science Foundation of China(No.2462022YJRC012,No.2462024BJRC001).
文摘The increasing demand for sustainable energy has intensified interest in hydrogen production from renewable sources.Although catalytic steam reforming of methane and other feedstocks has been extensively investigated,research on utilizing fats,oils,and grease(FOG)remains limited and dispersed.This study offers a comprehensive analysis of steam reforming catalysts for FOG conversion,concentrating on nickel-based,noble metal,and metal oxide-supported catalysts initially developed for methane,waste cooking oil,and glycerol.Catalyst performance is assessed in terms of activity,stability,cost,and environmental impact,addressing sustainable catalyst design and recycling principles.FOG management strategies are also explored,with a particular emphasis on Hong Kong,where FOG interception is crucial due to infrastructure constraints.Unlike cities where food waste is ground and flushed through extensive sewer systems,Hong Kong necessitates localized FOG removal to prevent costly blockages and environmental harm.A techno-economic analysis demonstrated the feasibility of producing H_(2)at a selling price as low as USD 3/kg H_(2),with a carbon capture potential of 0.40 kg CO_(2)-eq/kg H_(2).Life cycle assessment(LCA)further confirmed environmental benefits,indicating the potential to capture 0.14 kg CO_(2)per kg of FOG processed.Additionally,the study identifies opportunities for cost reduction through more efficient FOG acquisition and valorization,which can enhance carbon savings and economic viability.Overall,this work underscores the potential of FOG as a renewable feedstock and delineates key research directions for catalyst development and integrated waste-to-hydrogen systems.
基金supported in part by the National High Technology Research and Development Program(863 Program)of China(No.2014AA052502)Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University(No.IRT1114)+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51177010 and 51377017)Foundation of the Jilin Technology Development Program(Nos.20140203003SF and 20150411008XH).
文摘Wind curtailment/hydrogen production/fuel cell vehicle system(WCHPFCVS)is the use of curtailment to electrolyze water to produce hydrogen,which then provides energy for hydrogen fuel cell vehicles.In this paper,a techno-economic analysis of WCHPFCVS is proposed using the HOMER software.Large-scale wind power penetration is expected to lead to serious wind curtailment,and therefore,the hydrogen fuel cell vehicle will play an important role in future renewable energy storage,energy internet sharing,and electric transport areas.A system model of wind curtailment/hydrogen production/fuel cell vehicle is presented and analyzed using HOMER software to optimize the capacity and cost of the system.An annual revenue and profit of the system is then calculated and analyzed for energy conservation,emissions reduction,and environmental benefits.A technoeconomical evaluation of the system when cost of producing hydrogen and hydrogen load(fuel cell vehicle quantities)changes is also presented,taking into consideration the future progress of the technology and its market development.Techno-economic analysis of WCHPFCVS is shown as an effective method through a case study using actual data of curtailment from a wind farm in Jilin province in northeast China.
文摘Significant advances in battery technology are creating a viable marketspace for battery powered passenger vehicles.Climate change and concerns over reliable supplies of hydrocarbons are aiding in the focus on electric vehicles.Consumers can be influenced by marketing and emotion resulting in behaviors that may not be in line with their stated objectives.Although sales of electric vehicles are accelerating,it may not be clear that purchasing an electric vehicle is advantageous from an economic or environmental perspective.A technoeconomic analysis of electric vehicles comparing them against hybrids,gasoline and diesel vehicles is presented.The results show that the complexity of electrical power supply,infrastructure requirements and full life cycle concerns show that electric vehicles have a place in the future but that ongoing improvements will be required for them to be clearly the best choice for a given situation.
基金The authors wish to express their gratitude for the financial supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2018YFE0127000)the Young Tip-top Talent Project of Science and Technology Innovation by State Forestry and Grassland Administration of China(Grant No.2019132616)+1 种基金the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Drive Project of Shaanxi Province(Grant Nos.NYKJ-2021-YLXN15,K3030821093)the Forestry Science and Technology Development Project by State Forestry and Grassland Administration of China(Grant No.KJZXZZ2019005).
文摘This research undertook a case study of the life-cycle assessment and techno-economic analysis of the slow pyrolysis of Eucommia stem for the production of wood vinegar and activated carbon.The results showed that the production of one ton of wood vinegar via the slow pyrolysis of Eucommia stem show comparatively low global warming potential(2.37×10^(2) kg CO_(2) eq),primary energy demand(3.16×10^(3) MJ),acidification potential(2.19 kg SO2 eq),antimony depletion potential(3.86×10^(–4) kg antimony eq),and ozone depletion potential(7.46×10^(–6) kg CFC-11 eq)and was more environmentally friendly than the production of dilute acetic acid(12 wt%)via petrochemical routes.Meanwhile,the total capital investment,total product cost,and cash flowsheet were provided in the techno-economic analysis.Then,the net present value,internal rate of return,and dynamic payback period of the production process were evaluated.The findings indicated that while this production process is cost-effective,it might not be economically attractive or could generate investment risks.An increase in the added value of the wood vinegar and the activated carbon could remarkably improve the economic feasibility of this production process.
基金This work was financially supported by the Zhejiang Province Key Research and Development Project(Nos.2019C03006 and 2021C03024).
文摘This study was designed to evaluate whether the decentralized rural kitchen waste(KW)composting technologies used in China can be widely applied.To this end,we completed a techno-economic analysis of three typical types of KW compositing,namely solar-assisted(SAC),bio-enhanced(BEC),and heat-dewatering composting(HDC).These evaluations revealed that all three technologies produce composting products that meet China’s organic fertilizer standard and that both SAC and BEC are economically self-sustaining and generate net profits(18824.94 and 17791.52 US$/a)and positive net present values(32133.11 and 25035.93 US$).Subsequent sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the KW-handling subsidy plays a critical role in making decentralized composting economically attractive.Based on these analyses,we believe that reducing the coverage area of SAC,reducing the operating cost of BEC and HDC,upgrading composting products,and strengthening secondary pollution control would aid in supporting the technological improvement of these processes.Moreover,providing appropriate subsidies and promulgating specific standards and policies for KW fertilizer are key strategies for decentralized rural KW composting management.
基金This research is supported by the National Natural Science Founda-tion of China(No.51921004)B.Wang thanks the funding support by Hong Kong Scholars Program(No.XJ2021033).
文摘Energy storage is an effective way to address the instability of renewable energy generation modes,such as wind and solar,which are projected to play an important role in the sustainable and low-carbon society.Economics and carbon emissions are important indicators that should be thoroughly considered for evaluating the feasibility of energy storage technologies(ESTs).In this study,we study two promising routes for large-scale renewable energy storage,electrochemical energy storage(EES)and hydrogen energy storage(HES),via technical analysis of the ESTs.The levelized cost of storage(LCOS),carbon emissions and uncertainty assessments for EESs and HESs over the life cycle are conducted with full consideration of the critical links for these routes.In order to reduce the evaluation error,we use the Monte Carlo method to derive a large number of data for estimating the economy and carbon emission level of ESTs based on the collected data.The results show that lithium ion(Li-ion)batteries show the lowest LCOS and carbon emissions,at 0.314 US$kWh-1 and 72.76 g CO_(2) e kWh^(-1),compared with other batteries for EES.Different HES routes,meaning different combinations of hydrogen production,delivery and refueling methods,show substantial differences in economics,and the lowest LCOS and carbon emissions,at 0.227 US$kWh^(-1) and 61.63 gCO_(2) e kWh^(-1),are achieved using HES routes that involve hydrogen production by alkaline electrolyzer(AE),delivery by hydrogen pipeline and corresponding refueling.The findings of this study suggest that HES and EES have comparable levels of economics and carbon emissions that should be both considered for large-scale renewable energy storage to achieve future decarbonization goals.
基金This research was supported by the Hydrogen Energy Innovation Technology Development Program of the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Korean government(Ministry of Science and ICT(MSIT))(NRF-2019M3E6A1064290)supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea government(NRF-2019M1A2A2065614).
文摘Recently,considerable attention has been paid to the installation of renewable energy capacity to mitigate global CO_(2) emissions.H_(2) produced using water electrolysis and renewable energy is regarded as a clean energy carrier,generating electricity without CO_(2) emissions,called‘Green H 2’.In this paper,a prognostics and health man-agement model for an alkaline water electrolyzer was proposed to predict the load voltage on the electrolyzer to obtain the state of health information.The prognostics and health management model was developed by training historical operating data via machine learning models,support vector machine and gaussian process regression,showing the root mean square error of 1.28×10^(−3) and 8.03×10^(−6).In addition,a techno-economic analysis was performed for a green H_(2) production system,composed of 1 MW of photovoltaic plant and 1 MW of alkaline water electrolyzer,to provide economic insights and feasibility of the system.A levelized cost of H_(2) of$6.89 kgH_(2)−1 was calculated and the potential to reach the levelized cost of H_(2) from steam methane reforming with carbon capture and storage was shown by considering the learning rate of the photovoltaic module and elec-trolyzer.Finally,the replacement of the alkaline water electrolyzer at around 10 years was preferred to increase the net present value from the green H_(2) production system when capital expenditure and replacement cost are low enough.
基金supported by Qingdao Key Medical and Health Discipline ProjectThe Intramural Research Program of the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University,No. 4910Qingdao West Coast New Area Science and Technology Project,No. 2020-55 (all to SW)。
文摘Border-associated macrophages are located at the interface between the brain and the periphery, including the perivascular spaces, choroid plexus, and meninges. Until recently, the functions of border-associated macrophages have been poorly understood and largely overlooked. However, a recent study reported that border-associated macrophages participate in stroke-induced inflammation, although many details and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we performed a comprehensive single-cell analysis of mouse border-associated macrophages using sequencing data obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus(GEO) database(GSE174574 and GSE225948). Differentially expressed genes were identified, and enrichment analysis was performed to identify the transcription profile of border-associated macrophages. CellChat analysis was conducted to determine the cell communication network of border-associated macrophages. Transcription factors were predicted using the ‘pySCENIC' tool. We found that, in response to hypoxia, borderassociated macrophages underwent dynamic transcriptional changes and participated in the regulation of inflammatory-related pathways. Notably, the tumor necrosis factor pathway was activated by border-associated macrophages following ischemic stroke. The pySCENIC analysis indicated that the activity of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3(Stat3) was obviously upregulated in stroke, suggesting that Stat3 inhibition may be a promising strategy for treating border-associated macrophages-induced neuroinflammation. Finally, we constructed an animal model to investigate the effects of border-associated macrophages depletion following a stroke. Treatment with liposomes containing clodronate significantly reduced infarct volume in the animals and improved neurological scores compared with untreated animals. Taken together, our results demonstrate comprehensive changes in border-associated macrophages following a stroke, providing a theoretical basis for targeting border-associated macrophages-induced neuroinflammation in stroke treatment.
文摘Lignin is an essential raw material that shows huge potential in novel value-added industrial applications.Most of previous researches on production of lignin from biological sources are confined to laboratory endeavors owing to the paucity of basic process engineering studies on lignin extraction from bio-material.Therefore,this investigation is aimed at optimizing lab based proof-of-concept,computer-aided batch simulation and techno-economic assessment of scale-up process design of lignin recovery from sawdust.Box–Behnken design was used to design and optimize lignin recovery from sawdust at varied temperature(60–100℃),time(90–270 min)and concentration of NaOH(15–25%).Aspen Batch Process Developer was used for the simulation of the recovery and scale-up design of the recovery of lignin,techno-economic analysis models were developed for the evaluation of commercialization potential of the scale-up study while sensitivity and uncertainty analysis was carried out using Monte Carlo simulation to study the effect of key parameters on the techno-economic analysis developed models.The simulated results from Aspen Batch Process Developer and optimum experimental condition for the recovery of lignin are in agreement with a deviation of 0.0025,cycle time of 1445 min and flowrate of 0.00084 g/min at base case condition.The techno-economic analysis show that recovery of 50,000 kg/batch of lignin was possible and the optimum condition that are Fixed Capital Investment($21.5 M),interest rate(10.25%)and Cost of Lignin($1)lead to a profitability response of net present value($34.97),internal rate of return(34.14%)and productivity index($1.62)for a 15-year investment plan.The sensitivity and uncertainty analysis is favorable to the simulation study used for this prediction.
