Vitamin C,a potent antioxidant with broad therapeutic applications,is limited by rapid degradation under environmental stressors,which compromises its stability and bioactivity.This study addresses these limitations b...Vitamin C,a potent antioxidant with broad therapeutic applications,is limited by rapid degradation under environmental stressors,which compromises its stability and bioactivity.This study addresses these limitations by formulating a double nano-emulsion(W/O/W)system incorporating macadamia oil and tea tree oil,using homogenization and phase inversion temperature(PIT)techniques.Comprehensive physicochemical charac-terization,including droplet size,polydispersity index(PDI),zeta potential,turbidity,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),and SEM,was conducted alongside stability assessments under varying pH,temperature,and storage conditions.The optimized nano-emulsions exhibited nanoscale droplet sizes(10-40 nm),low PDI values(indicating high uniformity),and robust stability.Interestingly,the formulation with 2%W/O loading,with a particle size of 11.57 nm and a PDI of 0.04,demonstrated an antioxidant capacity of 4622.62μg ascorbic acid equivalents(AA)/g,which was significantly higher(p<0.05)compared to both natural oils(macadamia oil:20.91μg AA/g,tea tree oil:16.86μg AA/g)and a 10%Vitamin C aqueous solution(592.94μg AA/g).FTIR analysis confirmed the molecular integrity of Vitamin C and its successful encapsulation with macadamia and tea tree oils,while SEM images revealed uniformly spherical and well-dispersed droplets.Moreover,the formulation retained its structural integrity and antioxidant functionality under diverse pH and thermal conditions.These findings underscore the potential of double nano-emulsion systems to overcome the stability challenges of Vitamin C,offering a promising approach to enhance its bioavailability and therapeutic performance in phar-maceutical and cosmetic applications.展开更多
Based on the concept of“Lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets”,Chinese government is relying on the ecological and environmental characteristics of cities,in combination with modern ecological,econom...Based on the concept of“Lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets”,Chinese government is relying on the ecological and environmental characteristics of cities,in combination with modern ecological,economic,and sociological theories,to achieve sustainable urban development.However,the value realization of ecological products(EP)faces challenges in four major aspects:quantification,trading,transformation,and sustainability.At this stage,seeking breakthroughs to form a stable development path for the realization of the value of EPs is crucial.This paper examines the Guilin Sustainable Development Innovation Demonstration Zone and conducts a case study on oil tea,a characteristic EP.Based on the value realization of EPs,this paper analyzes the oil tea industry in terms of three functions:ecological protection,regional economic development,and traditional cultural support.Drawing on the theory of the gross ecosystem product,this paper examines the role of the value realization of oil tea in improving the quality of the urban living environment and ecosystem functions in Guilin.The results can help promote research on the shaping effects of endemic EPs on sustainable development with respect to the urban economy.Taking a human-centered perspective,the principles of landsenses ecology and traditional ecological knowledge can help analyze the social,historical,and cultural value of oil tea.Combined with on-site research data,a relationship map centered on oil tea culture is created to explore the importance of developing traditional cultural attributes of local EPs in promoting cultural customs,protecting the cultural diversity of ethnic minorities,and driving the development of the cultural tourism industry.By constructing a sustainable urban development model centered on developing local characteristic EPs with the core elements of ecology-economy-traditional culture,this paper aims to strengthen the ecological protection function of cities,promote high-quality economic development,and enhance the soft power of traditional culture.It provides scientific support for the sustainable development planning in Guilin.展开更多
Background: Tea tree oil(TTO) plays an important role in antibacterial activity and alleviating the inflammatory responses. Bovine mammary epithelium and polymorphonuclear leukocytes(PMNL) can actively respond to bovi...Background: Tea tree oil(TTO) plays an important role in antibacterial activity and alleviating the inflammatory responses. Bovine mammary epithelium and polymorphonuclear leukocytes(PMNL) can actively respond to bovine mastitis infection. However, regulatory effects of TTO extracts on the innate immune response of bovine mammary epithelial cells(BMECs) and PMNL remain not reported. Therefore, aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of TTO extracts on the m RNA levels of the genes involved in the innate immune response of BMECs and PMNL.Results: Our results demonstrated that addition of 0.025% and 0.05% TTO increased the proliferation of BMECs, and significantly enhanced(P < 0.05) the viability of BMECs exposed to Staphylococcus aureus(S. aureus). An inhibitory effect was observed against the growth of S. aureus by TTO incubation. The 0.05% TTO reduced S. aureus biofilm formation, association and invasion of S. aureus to BMECs, and changed the morphological and structural features of S. aureus. The proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were decreased(P < 0.001) by the incubation of TTO. Interestingly, the expression of IL-8 known for PMNL chemotactic function was elevated(P < 0.05) by 0.05%TTO treatment. Consistently, 0.05% TTO increased the migration of PMNL in S. aureus-exposed BMECs when compared with S. aureus treatment alone(P < 0.05). In addition, PMNL incubated with 0.05% TTO decreased the levels of NFKB inhibitor alpha(NFKBIA) and TNF-α.Conclusions: Our results indicate that use of TTO can relieve the BMECs pro-inflammatory response caused by S.aureus and promote the migration of PMNL to mount the innate immune responses, and it may be novel strategy for the treatment of bovine mastitis caused by S. aureus.展开更多
The aim of this study is to optimize the formula of oil soup, which was one of traditional food of Guangxi province, south China. Tea leaves, bone soup, beans and other minor ingredients in the formula of oil tea soup...The aim of this study is to optimize the formula of oil soup, which was one of traditional food of Guangxi province, south China. Tea leaves, bone soup, beans and other minor ingredients in the formula of oil tea soup are selected as the research objects. The sensory evaluation factors such as flavor, taste, color, aroma were selected to optimize the formula of oil tea soup based on orthogonal test and fuzzy mathematics comprehensive evaluation. The results showed the most important factor that affected the quality of the oil tea soup was tea leaves content, followed by the proportion of bone soup, minor ingredient and beans content. The study indicated that the optimal recipe ofoil tea soup was as follow： 0.6% tea, 0.4% beans, and 0.5% other ingredients. The ratio of material to solution of bone soup was 1：5.展开更多
A new process for extracting oil and starch from tea seed was introduced. The new process included one special link compared with all of the processes used now for tea seed oil and starch production. The link was stat...A new process for extracting oil and starch from tea seed was introduced. The new process included one special link compared with all of the processes used now for tea seed oil and starch production. The link was static fermentation by which oil bodies and starch were separated naturally from tea seeds. By the process, tea seed oil and starch which were in conformity with government standards about edible oil and starch were successfully produced with 16% and 8% of production rate, respectively. The new process has many advantages, such as more simple equipments, lower production cost and whole natural products, etc..展开更多
Over the past few decades,complementary and alternative treatments have become increasingly popular worldwide.The purported therapeutic characteristics of natural products have come under increased scrutiny both in vi...Over the past few decades,complementary and alternative treatments have become increasingly popular worldwide.The purported therapeutic characteristics of natural products have come under increased scrutiny both in vitro and in vivo as part of efforts to legitimize their usage.One such product is tea tree oil(TTO),a volatile essential oil primarily obtained from the native Australian plant,Melaleuca alternifolia,which has diverse traditional and industrial applications such as topical preparations for the treatment of skin infections.Its anti-inflammatory-linked immunomodulatory actions have also been reported.This systematic review focuses on the anti-inflammatory effects of TTO and its main components that have shown strong immunomodulatory potential.An extensive literature search was performed electronically for data curation on worldwide accepted scientific databases,such as Web of Science,Google Scholar,PubMed,ScienceDirect,Scopus,and esteemed publishers such as Elsevier,Springer,Frontiers,and Taylor&Francis.Considering that the majority of pharmacological studies were conducted on crude oils only,the extracted data were critically analyzed to gain further insight into the prospects of TTO being used as a neuroprotective agent by drug formulation or dietary supplement.In addition,the active constituents contributing to the activity of TTO have not been well justified,and the core mechanisms need to be unveiled especially for anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects leading to neuroprotection.Therefore,this review attempts to correlate the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity of TTO with its neuroprotective mechanisms.展开更多
[Objectives]This study was conducted to develop an"oil-tea"instant tea with traditional"oil-tea"flavor,easy preservation and transportation and good taste.[Methods]With green tea,ginger and peanuts...[Objectives]This study was conducted to develop an"oil-tea"instant tea with traditional"oil-tea"flavor,easy preservation and transportation and good taste.[Methods]With green tea,ginger and peanuts as experimental materials,a compound extract was obtained by boiling,and the"oil-tea"instant tea was prepared by spray drying.The tea polyphenol content and soluble solid content of the extract(oil tea soup),the yield of finished solid product and sensory quality were comprehensively evaluated.[Results]The optimum instant tea technical parameters were determined as follows:the ratio of material to liquid 1∶15,the extraction time of boiling 60 min,the inlet air temperature of spray drying 180℃,the feeding speed 850 ml/h,the soluble solid content of the extract 13%,and the amount of maltodextrin added 12 mg/g.Under these conditions,the yield of the instant tea was high,and the instant tea had better sensory quality and good solubility.[Conclusions]This study provides a reference for the commercial development of"oil tea".展开更多
<span style="font-family:Verdana;">Melaleuca (tea tree) oil has become increasingly commonly used in recent decades. The essential oil in Australia for the past 120 years is now available globally as a...<span style="font-family:Verdana;">Melaleuca (tea tree) oil has become increasingly commonly used in recent decades. The essential oil in Australia for the past 120 years is now available globally as an active component in various products. Historically, Melaleuca oil is known for its antiseptic and anti-inflammatory actions. Currently, microwave technology is applied to extract Melaleuca oil, but this extraction technology is not commercially under practice. Traditionally, Melaleuca oil extraction is possible through steam distillation of the <span style="white-space:nowrap;">Melaleuca alternifolia<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> terminal branches and leaves, and the resultant extract is always either clear or pale yellowish. Melaleuca oil has been promoted as a therapeutic agent because scientific studies indicate that the Rideal-Walker (RW) coefficients of its extract composition include 8 for cymene, 16 for terpineol, 13.5 for tepinen-4-ol and 3.5 for cineole. The mode of action against bacteria is now partially elucidated, and assumptions exist. Hydrocarbons partition into biological membranes to disrupt the vital functions of Melaleuca oil, and also its components behave in the same manner. Therefore, the inhibition of respiration and the leakage of ions or loss of intracellular material and the inability to maintain homeostasis reflect the loss of membrane integrity and lysis in Melaleuca oil products containing lower than usual terpenes concentrations. Melaleuca oil possesses antifungal properties and is known exclusively for the treatment of <span style="white-space:nowrap;">Candida albicans<span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;">. <span style="white-space:nowrap;">This essential oil<span style="font-family:Verdana;"> strongly changes the permeability of <span style="white-space:nowrap;">Candida albican<span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"> cells. <span style="white-space:nowrap;">C. albicans<span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"> treatment with 0.25% tea tree oil leads to propidium iodide uptake. However, a significant loss of 260-nmlight-absorbing materials after staining with methylene blue occurs after 6 hours. <span style="white-space:nowrap;">Melaleuca<span style="font-family:Verdana;"> extracts alter the permeability of <span style="white-space:nowrap;">Candida glabrata<span style="font-family:Verdana;"> that occurs when the membrane is treated with 0.25% Melaleuca oil. Melaleuca oils possess antiviral properties but most findings evidence that this oil fights against both non-enveloped and enveloped viruses, although the range of viruses tested to date is minimal. Melaleuca oil is known for its antiprotozoal activity because it causes a 50% reduction in the growth of protozoa <span style="white-space:nowrap;">Leishmania major<span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"> and <span style="white-space:nowrap;">Trypanosoma brucei<span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"> at concentrations of 403 mg/ml and 0.5 mg/ml, respectively, based on the studies done (in comparison to controls). An investigation has shown that terpinen-4-ol also contributes significantly to antiprotozoal activity. Tea tree oils at 300 mg/ml killed all cells of <span style="white-space:nowrap;">Trichomonas vaginalis<span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;">, and also anecdotal <span style="white-space:nowrap;">in-vivo<span style="font-family:Verdana;"> studies evidence that Melaleuca oil may be effective in treating infections caused by <span style="white-space:nowrap;">Trichomonas vaginalis<span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;">. This review article summarizes the developments in our understanding of the phytochemistry, bioactivity, metabolism and the economic aspects of Melaleuca alternifolia, and it details how Melaleuca alternifolia species have evolved in the ecosystem.展开更多
In recent years, natural biodegradable nanoparticles as stabilizers of Pickering emulsions have attracted extensive attention. In this work, a Pickering emulsion composed of chitosan/Arabic gum nanoparticles (CS/GA NP...In recent years, natural biodegradable nanoparticles as stabilizers of Pickering emulsions have attracted extensive attention. In this work, a Pickering emulsion composed of chitosan/Arabic gum nanoparticles (CS/GA NPs), tea tree oil and vitamin E was formulated. Then the antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and wound healing abilities of the emulsion were evaluated. Pickering emulsion encapsulated the tea tree oil strengthened antibacterial activity towards Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans. Besides, this multi-phase system offered a platform to load with vitamin E, which provides anti-inflammatory effects while antibacterial. Meanwhile, Pickering emulsion avoided contact between bacteria and skin when used in wound treatment.展开更多
This study aimed to prepare tea tree oil-β-cyclodextrin microcapsules using an optimized co-precipitated method.The impact of the volume fraction of ethanol in the solvent system for microencapsulation on encapsulati...This study aimed to prepare tea tree oil-β-cyclodextrin microcapsules using an optimized co-precipitated method.The impact of the volume fraction of ethanol in the solvent system for microencapsulation on encapsulation efficiency was investigated and analyzed sophisticatedly.Super-high encapsulation efficiency was achieved when a 40%volume fraction of ethanol was used for the microencapsulation procedure,where the recovery yield of microcapsules and the embedding fraction of tea tree oil in microcapsules were as high as 88.3%and 94.3%,respec-tively.Additionally,considering the operation cost,including time and energy consumption,an economical preparation was validated so that it would be viable for large-scale production.Based on the results of morphological and X-ray diffraction analysis,the crystal structure appeared to differ before and after microencapsulation.The results of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the successful formation of microcapsules.Furthermore,the antibacterial activity of the fabricated microcapsules was assessed by a simple growth inhibition test using Bacillus subtilis as the study object,and the hydrophilic property was proved by a water contact angle measurement.展开更多
The scatter-hoarding behavior of granivorous rodents plays an important role in seed dispersal and seedling regeneration of trees,as well as the evolution of several well-known mutualisms between trees and roden...The scatter-hoarding behavior of granivorous rodents plays an important role in seed dispersal and seedling regeneration of trees,as well as the evolution of several well-known mutualisms between trees and rodents in forest ecosystems.Because it is difficult to identify seed hoarders and pilferers under field conditions by traditional methods,the full costs incurred and benefits accrued by scatter-hoarding have not been fully evaluated in most systems.By using infrared radiation camera tracking and seed tagging,we investigated the benefits and losses of scatter-hoarded seeds(Camellia oleifera)for 3 sympatric rodent species(Apodemus draco,Niviventer confucianus and Leopoldamys edwardsi)in a subtropical forest of Southwest China during 2013 to 2015.We established the relationships between the rodents and the seeds at the individual level.For each rodent species,we calculated the cache recovery rate of cache owners,as well as conspecific and interspecific pilferage rates.We found that all 3 sympatric rodent species had a cache recovery advantage with rates that far exceeded average pilferage rates over a 30-day tracking period.The smallest species(A.draco)showed the highest rate of scatter-hoarding and the highest recovery advantage compared with the other 2 larger species(N.confucianus and L.edwardsi).Our results suggest that scatter-hoarding benefits cache owners in food competition,supporting the pilferage avoidance hypothesis.Therefore,scatter-hoarding behavior should be favored by natural selection,and plays a significant role in species coexistence of rodent community and in the formation of mutualism between seeds and rodents in forest ecosystems.展开更多
基金Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology(HCMUT),VNU-HCM for supporting this study.
文摘Vitamin C,a potent antioxidant with broad therapeutic applications,is limited by rapid degradation under environmental stressors,which compromises its stability and bioactivity.This study addresses these limitations by formulating a double nano-emulsion(W/O/W)system incorporating macadamia oil and tea tree oil,using homogenization and phase inversion temperature(PIT)techniques.Comprehensive physicochemical charac-terization,including droplet size,polydispersity index(PDI),zeta potential,turbidity,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),and SEM,was conducted alongside stability assessments under varying pH,temperature,and storage conditions.The optimized nano-emulsions exhibited nanoscale droplet sizes(10-40 nm),low PDI values(indicating high uniformity),and robust stability.Interestingly,the formulation with 2%W/O loading,with a particle size of 11.57 nm and a PDI of 0.04,demonstrated an antioxidant capacity of 4622.62μg ascorbic acid equivalents(AA)/g,which was significantly higher(p<0.05)compared to both natural oils(macadamia oil:20.91μg AA/g,tea tree oil:16.86μg AA/g)and a 10%Vitamin C aqueous solution(592.94μg AA/g).FTIR analysis confirmed the molecular integrity of Vitamin C and its successful encapsulation with macadamia and tea tree oils,while SEM images revealed uniformly spherical and well-dispersed droplets.Moreover,the formulation retained its structural integrity and antioxidant functionality under diverse pH and thermal conditions.These findings underscore the potential of double nano-emulsion systems to overcome the stability challenges of Vitamin C,offering a promising approach to enhance its bioavailability and therapeutic performance in phar-maceutical and cosmetic applications.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China“Research on urban sustainable development evaluation data fusion management technology”[Grant No.2022YFC3802903]the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences[Grant No.XDA23030403].
文摘Based on the concept of“Lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets”,Chinese government is relying on the ecological and environmental characteristics of cities,in combination with modern ecological,economic,and sociological theories,to achieve sustainable urban development.However,the value realization of ecological products(EP)faces challenges in four major aspects:quantification,trading,transformation,and sustainability.At this stage,seeking breakthroughs to form a stable development path for the realization of the value of EPs is crucial.This paper examines the Guilin Sustainable Development Innovation Demonstration Zone and conducts a case study on oil tea,a characteristic EP.Based on the value realization of EPs,this paper analyzes the oil tea industry in terms of three functions:ecological protection,regional economic development,and traditional cultural support.Drawing on the theory of the gross ecosystem product,this paper examines the role of the value realization of oil tea in improving the quality of the urban living environment and ecosystem functions in Guilin.The results can help promote research on the shaping effects of endemic EPs on sustainable development with respect to the urban economy.Taking a human-centered perspective,the principles of landsenses ecology and traditional ecological knowledge can help analyze the social,historical,and cultural value of oil tea.Combined with on-site research data,a relationship map centered on oil tea culture is created to explore the importance of developing traditional cultural attributes of local EPs in promoting cultural customs,protecting the cultural diversity of ethnic minorities,and driving the development of the cultural tourism industry.By constructing a sustainable urban development model centered on developing local characteristic EPs with the core elements of ecology-economy-traditional culture,this paper aims to strengthen the ecological protection function of cities,promote high-quality economic development,and enhance the soft power of traditional culture.It provides scientific support for the sustainable development planning in Guilin.
基金supported by the Research Project of Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (SBK2019043455)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31972589)+1 种基金China Agriculture Research System (CARS-36)Development Project of China (2017YFD0502104–3)。
文摘Background: Tea tree oil(TTO) plays an important role in antibacterial activity and alleviating the inflammatory responses. Bovine mammary epithelium and polymorphonuclear leukocytes(PMNL) can actively respond to bovine mastitis infection. However, regulatory effects of TTO extracts on the innate immune response of bovine mammary epithelial cells(BMECs) and PMNL remain not reported. Therefore, aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of TTO extracts on the m RNA levels of the genes involved in the innate immune response of BMECs and PMNL.Results: Our results demonstrated that addition of 0.025% and 0.05% TTO increased the proliferation of BMECs, and significantly enhanced(P < 0.05) the viability of BMECs exposed to Staphylococcus aureus(S. aureus). An inhibitory effect was observed against the growth of S. aureus by TTO incubation. The 0.05% TTO reduced S. aureus biofilm formation, association and invasion of S. aureus to BMECs, and changed the morphological and structural features of S. aureus. The proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were decreased(P < 0.001) by the incubation of TTO. Interestingly, the expression of IL-8 known for PMNL chemotactic function was elevated(P < 0.05) by 0.05%TTO treatment. Consistently, 0.05% TTO increased the migration of PMNL in S. aureus-exposed BMECs when compared with S. aureus treatment alone(P < 0.05). In addition, PMNL incubated with 0.05% TTO decreased the levels of NFKB inhibitor alpha(NFKBIA) and TNF-α.Conclusions: Our results indicate that use of TTO can relieve the BMECs pro-inflammatory response caused by S.aureus and promote the migration of PMNL to mount the innate immune responses, and it may be novel strategy for the treatment of bovine mastitis caused by S. aureus.
基金This research was supported by Ministry of Agriculture Public Welfare Industry （Agriculture） Research （No. 201203092 ＆ No. 201303077）, Guangxi Natural Science Foundation （Grant No. 2014GXNSFAA118110, 2014GXNSFDA118013）, Foundation of Fundamental Research Project from Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences （Grant No. 2014YQ05）.
文摘The aim of this study is to optimize the formula of oil soup, which was one of traditional food of Guangxi province, south China. Tea leaves, bone soup, beans and other minor ingredients in the formula of oil tea soup are selected as the research objects. The sensory evaluation factors such as flavor, taste, color, aroma were selected to optimize the formula of oil tea soup based on orthogonal test and fuzzy mathematics comprehensive evaluation. The results showed the most important factor that affected the quality of the oil tea soup was tea leaves content, followed by the proportion of bone soup, minor ingredient and beans content. The study indicated that the optimal recipe ofoil tea soup was as follow： 0.6% tea, 0.4% beans, and 0.5% other ingredients. The ratio of material to solution of bone soup was 1：5.
文摘A new process for extracting oil and starch from tea seed was introduced. The new process included one special link compared with all of the processes used now for tea seed oil and starch production. The link was static fermentation by which oil bodies and starch were separated naturally from tea seeds. By the process, tea seed oil and starch which were in conformity with government standards about edible oil and starch were successfully produced with 16% and 8% of production rate, respectively. The new process has many advantages, such as more simple equipments, lower production cost and whole natural products, etc..
文摘Over the past few decades,complementary and alternative treatments have become increasingly popular worldwide.The purported therapeutic characteristics of natural products have come under increased scrutiny both in vitro and in vivo as part of efforts to legitimize their usage.One such product is tea tree oil(TTO),a volatile essential oil primarily obtained from the native Australian plant,Melaleuca alternifolia,which has diverse traditional and industrial applications such as topical preparations for the treatment of skin infections.Its anti-inflammatory-linked immunomodulatory actions have also been reported.This systematic review focuses on the anti-inflammatory effects of TTO and its main components that have shown strong immunomodulatory potential.An extensive literature search was performed electronically for data curation on worldwide accepted scientific databases,such as Web of Science,Google Scholar,PubMed,ScienceDirect,Scopus,and esteemed publishers such as Elsevier,Springer,Frontiers,and Taylor&Francis.Considering that the majority of pharmacological studies were conducted on crude oils only,the extracted data were critically analyzed to gain further insight into the prospects of TTO being used as a neuroprotective agent by drug formulation or dietary supplement.In addition,the active constituents contributing to the activity of TTO have not been well justified,and the core mechanisms need to be unveiled especially for anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects leading to neuroprotection.Therefore,this review attempts to correlate the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity of TTO with its neuroprotective mechanisms.
基金Supported by 2020 Undergraduate Innovation and Enterpreneurship Training Program(Autonomous Region Level)(202011838169)。
文摘[Objectives]This study was conducted to develop an"oil-tea"instant tea with traditional"oil-tea"flavor,easy preservation and transportation and good taste.[Methods]With green tea,ginger and peanuts as experimental materials,a compound extract was obtained by boiling,and the"oil-tea"instant tea was prepared by spray drying.The tea polyphenol content and soluble solid content of the extract(oil tea soup),the yield of finished solid product and sensory quality were comprehensively evaluated.[Results]The optimum instant tea technical parameters were determined as follows:the ratio of material to liquid 1∶15,the extraction time of boiling 60 min,the inlet air temperature of spray drying 180℃,the feeding speed 850 ml/h,the soluble solid content of the extract 13%,and the amount of maltodextrin added 12 mg/g.Under these conditions,the yield of the instant tea was high,and the instant tea had better sensory quality and good solubility.[Conclusions]This study provides a reference for the commercial development of"oil tea".
文摘<span style="font-family:Verdana;">Melaleuca (tea tree) oil has become increasingly commonly used in recent decades. The essential oil in Australia for the past 120 years is now available globally as an active component in various products. Historically, Melaleuca oil is known for its antiseptic and anti-inflammatory actions. Currently, microwave technology is applied to extract Melaleuca oil, but this extraction technology is not commercially under practice. Traditionally, Melaleuca oil extraction is possible through steam distillation of the <span style="white-space:nowrap;">Melaleuca alternifolia<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> terminal branches and leaves, and the resultant extract is always either clear or pale yellowish. Melaleuca oil has been promoted as a therapeutic agent because scientific studies indicate that the Rideal-Walker (RW) coefficients of its extract composition include 8 for cymene, 16 for terpineol, 13.5 for tepinen-4-ol and 3.5 for cineole. The mode of action against bacteria is now partially elucidated, and assumptions exist. Hydrocarbons partition into biological membranes to disrupt the vital functions of Melaleuca oil, and also its components behave in the same manner. Therefore, the inhibition of respiration and the leakage of ions or loss of intracellular material and the inability to maintain homeostasis reflect the loss of membrane integrity and lysis in Melaleuca oil products containing lower than usual terpenes concentrations. Melaleuca oil possesses antifungal properties and is known exclusively for the treatment of <span style="white-space:nowrap;">Candida albicans<span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;">. <span style="white-space:nowrap;">This essential oil<span style="font-family:Verdana;"> strongly changes the permeability of <span style="white-space:nowrap;">Candida albican<span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"> cells. <span style="white-space:nowrap;">C. albicans<span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"> treatment with 0.25% tea tree oil leads to propidium iodide uptake. However, a significant loss of 260-nmlight-absorbing materials after staining with methylene blue occurs after 6 hours. <span style="white-space:nowrap;">Melaleuca<span style="font-family:Verdana;"> extracts alter the permeability of <span style="white-space:nowrap;">Candida glabrata<span style="font-family:Verdana;"> that occurs when the membrane is treated with 0.25% Melaleuca oil. Melaleuca oils possess antiviral properties but most findings evidence that this oil fights against both non-enveloped and enveloped viruses, although the range of viruses tested to date is minimal. Melaleuca oil is known for its antiprotozoal activity because it causes a 50% reduction in the growth of protozoa <span style="white-space:nowrap;">Leishmania major<span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"> and <span style="white-space:nowrap;">Trypanosoma brucei<span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"> at concentrations of 403 mg/ml and 0.5 mg/ml, respectively, based on the studies done (in comparison to controls). An investigation has shown that terpinen-4-ol also contributes significantly to antiprotozoal activity. Tea tree oils at 300 mg/ml killed all cells of <span style="white-space:nowrap;">Trichomonas vaginalis<span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;">, and also anecdotal <span style="white-space:nowrap;">in-vivo<span style="font-family:Verdana;"> studies evidence that Melaleuca oil may be effective in treating infections caused by <span style="white-space:nowrap;">Trichomonas vaginalis<span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;">. This review article summarizes the developments in our understanding of the phytochemistry, bioactivity, metabolism and the economic aspects of Melaleuca alternifolia, and it details how Melaleuca alternifolia species have evolved in the ecosystem.
文摘In recent years, natural biodegradable nanoparticles as stabilizers of Pickering emulsions have attracted extensive attention. In this work, a Pickering emulsion composed of chitosan/Arabic gum nanoparticles (CS/GA NPs), tea tree oil and vitamin E was formulated. Then the antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and wound healing abilities of the emulsion were evaluated. Pickering emulsion encapsulated the tea tree oil strengthened antibacterial activity towards Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans. Besides, this multi-phase system offered a platform to load with vitamin E, which provides anti-inflammatory effects while antibacterial. Meanwhile, Pickering emulsion avoided contact between bacteria and skin when used in wound treatment.
基金the JST SPRING (Grant No.:JPMJSP2124)for the support of his life and this study.
文摘This study aimed to prepare tea tree oil-β-cyclodextrin microcapsules using an optimized co-precipitated method.The impact of the volume fraction of ethanol in the solvent system for microencapsulation on encapsulation efficiency was investigated and analyzed sophisticatedly.Super-high encapsulation efficiency was achieved when a 40%volume fraction of ethanol was used for the microencapsulation procedure,where the recovery yield of microcapsules and the embedding fraction of tea tree oil in microcapsules were as high as 88.3%and 94.3%,respec-tively.Additionally,considering the operation cost,including time and energy consumption,an economical preparation was validated so that it would be viable for large-scale production.Based on the results of morphological and X-ray diffraction analysis,the crystal structure appeared to differ before and after microencapsulation.The results of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the successful formation of microcapsules.Furthermore,the antibacterial activity of the fabricated microcapsules was assessed by a simple growth inhibition test using Bacillus subtilis as the study object,and the hydrophilic property was proved by a water contact angle measurement.
基金supported by the key project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB11050300,KSZD-EW-TZ-008)the key project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31330013).
文摘The scatter-hoarding behavior of granivorous rodents plays an important role in seed dispersal and seedling regeneration of trees,as well as the evolution of several well-known mutualisms between trees and rodents in forest ecosystems.Because it is difficult to identify seed hoarders and pilferers under field conditions by traditional methods,the full costs incurred and benefits accrued by scatter-hoarding have not been fully evaluated in most systems.By using infrared radiation camera tracking and seed tagging,we investigated the benefits and losses of scatter-hoarded seeds(Camellia oleifera)for 3 sympatric rodent species(Apodemus draco,Niviventer confucianus and Leopoldamys edwardsi)in a subtropical forest of Southwest China during 2013 to 2015.We established the relationships between the rodents and the seeds at the individual level.For each rodent species,we calculated the cache recovery rate of cache owners,as well as conspecific and interspecific pilferage rates.We found that all 3 sympatric rodent species had a cache recovery advantage with rates that far exceeded average pilferage rates over a 30-day tracking period.The smallest species(A.draco)showed the highest rate of scatter-hoarding and the highest recovery advantage compared with the other 2 larger species(N.confucianus and L.edwardsi).Our results suggest that scatter-hoarding benefits cache owners in food competition,supporting the pilferage avoidance hypothesis.Therefore,scatter-hoarding behavior should be favored by natural selection,and plays a significant role in species coexistence of rodent community and in the formation of mutualism between seeds and rodents in forest ecosystems.
