Macrophages are immune cells belonging to the mononuclear phagocyte system.They play crucial roles in immune defense,surveillance,and homeostasis.This review systematically discusses the types of hematopoietic progeni...Macrophages are immune cells belonging to the mononuclear phagocyte system.They play crucial roles in immune defense,surveillance,and homeostasis.This review systematically discusses the types of hematopoietic progenitors that give rise to macrophages,including primitive hematopoietic progenitors,erythro-myeloid progenitors,and hematopoietic stem cells.These progenitors have distinct genetic backgrounds and developmental processes.Accordingly,macrophages exhibit complex and diverse functions in the body,including phagocytosis and clearance of cellular debris,antigen presentation,and immune response,regulation of inflammation and cytokine production,tissue remodeling and repair,and multi-level regulatory signaling pathways/crosstalk involved in homeostasis and physiology.Besides,tumor-associated macrophages are a key component of the TME,exhibiting both anti-tumor and pro-tumor properties.Furthermore,the functional status of macrophages is closely linked to the development of various diseases,including cancer,autoimmune disorders,cardiovascular disease,neurodegenerative diseases,metabolic conditions,and trauma.Targeting macrophages has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy in these contexts.Clinical trials of macrophage-based targeted drugs,macrophage-based immunotherapies,and nanoparticle-based therapy were comprehensively summarized.Potential challenges and future directions in targeting macrophages have also been discussed.Overall,our review highlights the significance of this versatile immune cell in human health and disease,which is expected to informfutureresearchandclinical practice.展开更多
Since flat optics has the feature to implement a compact system,they are widely used in various applications to replace bulky refractive optics.However,they suffer from chromatic aberrations due to dispersion,limiting...Since flat optics has the feature to implement a compact system,they are widely used in various applications to replace bulky refractive optics.However,they suffer from chromatic aberrations due to dispersion,limiting their effectiveness to a narrow wavelength range.Consequently,diffractive optics has been applied for dynamic beam steering within a specific wavelength region or for static steering across multiple wavelengths.This limitation has made it challenging to implement dynamic beam steering in full-color display applications.To address this issue,we developed a multi-wavelength-based optical architecture that mitigates chromatic aberrations.This system incorporates color-selective retarders,half-wave plates,polarization plates,and beam deflectors.We experimentally demonstrated an achromatic beam deflector using a dynamic phase array in transmission mode,achieving continuous tunable beam steering over multiple wavelengths at 460,520,and 638 nm.展开更多
基金supported the material in graphics in this article.This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82372943,82303610,82073893)Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(2022JJ20095)+5 种基金Health Research Project of Hunan Provincial Health Commission(202204044869)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2023MD734131)Chongqing Postdoctoral Science Foundation(CSTB2023NSCQBHX0002)Chongqing Postdoctoral Research Special Funding Project(2023CQBSHTB3095)Hunan Youth Science and Technology Talent Project(2023RC3074)Science Foundation of the AMHT Group(NO.2022YK04).
文摘Macrophages are immune cells belonging to the mononuclear phagocyte system.They play crucial roles in immune defense,surveillance,and homeostasis.This review systematically discusses the types of hematopoietic progenitors that give rise to macrophages,including primitive hematopoietic progenitors,erythro-myeloid progenitors,and hematopoietic stem cells.These progenitors have distinct genetic backgrounds and developmental processes.Accordingly,macrophages exhibit complex and diverse functions in the body,including phagocytosis and clearance of cellular debris,antigen presentation,and immune response,regulation of inflammation and cytokine production,tissue remodeling and repair,and multi-level regulatory signaling pathways/crosstalk involved in homeostasis and physiology.Besides,tumor-associated macrophages are a key component of the TME,exhibiting both anti-tumor and pro-tumor properties.Furthermore,the functional status of macrophages is closely linked to the development of various diseases,including cancer,autoimmune disorders,cardiovascular disease,neurodegenerative diseases,metabolic conditions,and trauma.Targeting macrophages has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy in these contexts.Clinical trials of macrophage-based targeted drugs,macrophage-based immunotherapies,and nanoparticle-based therapy were comprehensively summarized.Potential challenges and future directions in targeting macrophages have also been discussed.Overall,our review highlights the significance of this versatile immune cell in human health and disease,which is expected to informfutureresearchandclinical practice.
基金National Research Foundation(NRF)grants(RS-2024-00356928,RS-2024-00462912,RS-2024-00416272,RS-2024-00337012,RS-2024-00408286)funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT(MSIT)of the Korean government.K.W.acknowledges the NRF grant(RS-2023-00280938)funded by the MSIT of the Korean government.
文摘Since flat optics has the feature to implement a compact system,they are widely used in various applications to replace bulky refractive optics.However,they suffer from chromatic aberrations due to dispersion,limiting their effectiveness to a narrow wavelength range.Consequently,diffractive optics has been applied for dynamic beam steering within a specific wavelength region or for static steering across multiple wavelengths.This limitation has made it challenging to implement dynamic beam steering in full-color display applications.To address this issue,we developed a multi-wavelength-based optical architecture that mitigates chromatic aberrations.This system incorporates color-selective retarders,half-wave plates,polarization plates,and beam deflectors.We experimentally demonstrated an achromatic beam deflector using a dynamic phase array in transmission mode,achieving continuous tunable beam steering over multiple wavelengths at 460,520,and 638 nm.
