Microglia are the macrophages that populate the brain parenchyma.Research in the past decades has identified them as both essential guardians of the brain and significant contributors to various neurological diseases....Microglia are the macrophages that populate the brain parenchyma.Research in the past decades has identified them as both essential guardians of the brain and significant contributors to various neurological diseases.A highly versatile cell type,microglia have been shown to fulfill a multitude of critical roles in the central nervous system,including facilitating neurogenesis and myelination,pruning synapses,removing debris and waste,modulating neuronal activity,supporting the blood-brain barrier,repairing tissue damage,and surveilling against microbial invasions under physiological conditions(Prinz et al.,2021;Paolicelli et al.,2022).展开更多
To defend against pathogens,plants employ a two-tiered innate immune system comprising pattern-triggered immunity(PTI)and effector-triggered immunity(ETI).Additionally,plants possess a systemic inducible immune system...To defend against pathogens,plants employ a two-tiered innate immune system comprising pattern-triggered immunity(PTI)and effector-triggered immunity(ETI).Additionally,plants possess a systemic inducible immune system,including systemic acquired resistance(SAR),a defense mechanism activated by local infection to protect the plant against multiple pathogens.These immune responses are precisely regulated by complex,interconnected signaling pathways,some of which share conserved signaling events and components.展开更多
The frequent occurrence of extreme heat events in the context of global warming poses a serious threat to public health.Increasing evidence has highlighted the limitations of China’s traditional early heat warning sy...The frequent occurrence of extreme heat events in the context of global warming poses a serious threat to public health.Increasing evidence has highlighted the limitations of China’s traditional early heat warning system,including an overemphasis on meteorological factors,the absence of health risk assessments,limited regional adaptability,and a disconnect between observations and public perception.These shortcomings hinder the ability of the system to meet the growing demand for precise health protection warnings and initiatives.Consequently,the development of an early warning system that focuses on the health risks of high temperatures has emerged as a critical strategy for addressing climate change-related health impacts.This study systematically reviews the existing standards and service limitations of heat warning systems in China and analyzes the necessity of advancing research on and applications of healthoriented heat risk warnings.In the future,the broader social scope of such meteorological warning systems is expected to transform them into health risk assessment systems that benefit the entire population.展开更多
基金funded by NIH grants HL154720-03S1, AG057587, AG074283, DK122708-03S1, BrightFocus ADR A20183775Brown Foundation 2020 Healthy Aging Initiative (to WC)
文摘Microglia are the macrophages that populate the brain parenchyma.Research in the past decades has identified them as both essential guardians of the brain and significant contributors to various neurological diseases.A highly versatile cell type,microglia have been shown to fulfill a multitude of critical roles in the central nervous system,including facilitating neurogenesis and myelination,pruning synapses,removing debris and waste,modulating neuronal activity,supporting the blood-brain barrier,repairing tissue damage,and surveilling against microbial invasions under physiological conditions(Prinz et al.,2021;Paolicelli et al.,2022).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(no.32072403 to F.S.)the China Agriculture Research System of the Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China(no.CARS-25 to F.S.)the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(no.GZC20232353 to Y.B.).
文摘To defend against pathogens,plants employ a two-tiered innate immune system comprising pattern-triggered immunity(PTI)and effector-triggered immunity(ETI).Additionally,plants possess a systemic inducible immune system,including systemic acquired resistance(SAR),a defense mechanism activated by local infection to protect the plant against multiple pathogens.These immune responses are precisely regulated by complex,interconnected signaling pathways,some of which share conserved signaling events and components.
文摘The frequent occurrence of extreme heat events in the context of global warming poses a serious threat to public health.Increasing evidence has highlighted the limitations of China’s traditional early heat warning system,including an overemphasis on meteorological factors,the absence of health risk assessments,limited regional adaptability,and a disconnect between observations and public perception.These shortcomings hinder the ability of the system to meet the growing demand for precise health protection warnings and initiatives.Consequently,the development of an early warning system that focuses on the health risks of high temperatures has emerged as a critical strategy for addressing climate change-related health impacts.This study systematically reviews the existing standards and service limitations of heat warning systems in China and analyzes the necessity of advancing research on and applications of healthoriented heat risk warnings.In the future,the broader social scope of such meteorological warning systems is expected to transform them into health risk assessment systems that benefit the entire population.
