China has implemented both quantitative and policy incentives for renewable energy development since 2019 and is currently in the policy transition stage.The implementation of renewable portfolio standards(RPSs)is dif...China has implemented both quantitative and policy incentives for renewable energy development since 2019 and is currently in the policy transition stage.The implementation of renewable portfolio standards(RPSs)is difficult due to the interests of multiple stakeholders,including power generation enterprises,power grid companies,power users,local governments,and the central government.Based on China’s RPS policy and power system reform documents,this research sorted out the core game decision problems of China’s renewable energy industry and established a conceptual game decision model of the renewable energy industry from the perspective of local governments,power generation enterprises and power grid companies.The results reveal that for local governments,the probability of meeting the earnings quota or punishments for not reaching quota completion are the major determinants for active participation in quota supervision.For power grid firms,the willingness to accept renewable electricity quotas depends on the additional cost of receiving renewable electricity and governmental incentives.It is reasonable,from the theoretical perspective,to implement the RPS policy on the power generation side.Electricity reform will help clarify the electricity price system and increase the transparency of the quota implementation process.Policy implications are suggested to achieve sustainable development of the renewable energy industry from price incentives and quantity delivery.展开更多
Purpose:The purpose of this article is to analyze how to make changes to prescribed curriculum,pedagogy,activities,learning environments,and assessments to loosen control over time and space of learning to increase ti...Purpose:The purpose of this article is to analyze how to make changes to prescribed curriculum,pedagogy,activities,learning environments,and assessments to loosen control over time and space of learning to increase time for student autonomy.Design/Approach/Methods:A theoretical analysis of functions of the five elements(curriculum,pedagogy,activities,learning environments,and assessments)of schooling in controlling time and space in learning.Findings:Students'time available for autonomy is limited due to prescribed curriculum,which occupies all students'school time.Pedagogical practices that aim to efficiently implement the prescribed curriculum force and tempt students to spend all available time on the prescribed curriculum and extend work on the prescribed curriculum beyond classrooms through time concentration.Furthermore,the design and implementation of learning activities alter students'perception of time,making activities long and tedious.Moreover,students'time occupation by the prescribed curriculum compresses their space in learning environments.Finally,assessments and evaluations are typically limited to a distorted picture of students due to misplaced observers on different time scales and from an observation perspective.All these can be changed and we proposed possible directions of change.Originality/Value:This article furthers our positions in the previous article published in ECNU Review of Education——"Paradigm Shifting in Education:An Ecological Analysis."In this article,we provided a more detailed analysis of schooling from spatiotemporal perspectives and gave a uniquely fresh perspective on the changes we need in the age of Al to increase the time available for autonomy.展开更多
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.71704178)Beijing Excellent Talent Program(No.2017000020124G133)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Nos.2021YQNY07 and 2021YQNY01).
文摘China has implemented both quantitative and policy incentives for renewable energy development since 2019 and is currently in the policy transition stage.The implementation of renewable portfolio standards(RPSs)is difficult due to the interests of multiple stakeholders,including power generation enterprises,power grid companies,power users,local governments,and the central government.Based on China’s RPS policy and power system reform documents,this research sorted out the core game decision problems of China’s renewable energy industry and established a conceptual game decision model of the renewable energy industry from the perspective of local governments,power generation enterprises and power grid companies.The results reveal that for local governments,the probability of meeting the earnings quota or punishments for not reaching quota completion are the major determinants for active participation in quota supervision.For power grid firms,the willingness to accept renewable electricity quotas depends on the additional cost of receiving renewable electricity and governmental incentives.It is reasonable,from the theoretical perspective,to implement the RPS policy on the power generation side.Electricity reform will help clarify the electricity price system and increase the transparency of the quota implementation process.Policy implications are suggested to achieve sustainable development of the renewable energy industry from price incentives and quantity delivery.
文摘Purpose:The purpose of this article is to analyze how to make changes to prescribed curriculum,pedagogy,activities,learning environments,and assessments to loosen control over time and space of learning to increase time for student autonomy.Design/Approach/Methods:A theoretical analysis of functions of the five elements(curriculum,pedagogy,activities,learning environments,and assessments)of schooling in controlling time and space in learning.Findings:Students'time available for autonomy is limited due to prescribed curriculum,which occupies all students'school time.Pedagogical practices that aim to efficiently implement the prescribed curriculum force and tempt students to spend all available time on the prescribed curriculum and extend work on the prescribed curriculum beyond classrooms through time concentration.Furthermore,the design and implementation of learning activities alter students'perception of time,making activities long and tedious.Moreover,students'time occupation by the prescribed curriculum compresses their space in learning environments.Finally,assessments and evaluations are typically limited to a distorted picture of students due to misplaced observers on different time scales and from an observation perspective.All these can be changed and we proposed possible directions of change.Originality/Value:This article furthers our positions in the previous article published in ECNU Review of Education——"Paradigm Shifting in Education:An Ecological Analysis."In this article,we provided a more detailed analysis of schooling from spatiotemporal perspectives and gave a uniquely fresh perspective on the changes we need in the age of Al to increase the time available for autonomy.
