The coexistence of emerging containments,such as antibiotic resistant bacteria(ARB),antibiotic-resistant genes(ARGs)and antibiotics,potentially influence elimination efficiencies in UV light-emitting diode(UV-LED)alon...The coexistence of emerging containments,such as antibiotic resistant bacteria(ARB),antibiotic-resistant genes(ARGs)and antibiotics,potentially influence elimination efficiencies in UV light-emitting diode(UV-LED)alone and UV-LED/H_(2)O_(2) system as their complex interactions.Tetracycline(TC)degradation efficiency(kF)correlated closely with its UV molar absorbance(R^(2)=0.831)in UV-LED alone system and with·OH yield(R^(2)=0.999)in UV-LED/H_(2)O_(2) system across studied wavelengths(265,280 and 310 nm).The kF values for intracellular DNA(i-ARGs)also exhibited a high correlation with UV-LED wavelengths in both systems(R^(2)=0.997-0.999).The coexistence of TC and ARB/ARGs resulted in a mutual inhibition of their degradation efficiencies due to competition for photons and·OH,along with the consequent reduction in intracellular ROS within ARB,with their degradation efficiencies exhibiting marked dependence on wavelength in both systems.Notably,the UV-LED/H_(2)O_(2) system at 265 nm effectively achieved the simultaneous removal of TC,ARB and ARGs with minimal energy consumption,and successfully fragmented ARGs.The degradation pathway of TC was analyzed,and the biotoxicity of its degradation intermediates demonstrated the environmental friendliness and safety of UV-LED/H_(2)O_(2) technology.This study elucidated the competitive interactions between antibiotics and ARB/ARGs within UV-LED/H_(2)O_(2) system,providing a promising approach for their simultaneous removal while ensuring energy efficiency.展开更多
Objective:Clinical use of stimulator of interferon genes(STING)agonists has challenges due to poor responsiveness and variable efficacy.Therefore,identifying tumor types that are sensitive to these agents and clarifyi...Objective:Clinical use of stimulator of interferon genes(STING)agonists has challenges due to poor responsiveness and variable efficacy.Therefore,identifying tumor types that are sensitive to these agents and clarifying the underlying mechanisms are essential.Methods:In vitro screening was performed to identify tumor types that are sensitive to STING agonists.The non-nucleotide agonist,SR-717,and the macrocyclic agonist,E7766,were compared for efficacy.Complementary in vivo and in vitro studies,including gene-knockout models,HMGN2-knockout Neuro-2A and CT-2A cells apoptosis assays,and murine tumor models,were then performed.These experiments focused on the mechanism by which SR-717 mediates antitumor effects and emphasized the role of STING signaling-induced high-mobility group nucleosome-binding protein 2(HMGN2).In addition,the potential of HMGN2 as a prognostic biomarker was assessed.Results:Neuroblastomas and glioblastomas,two nervous system tumors,were shown to be sensitive to STING agonists.SR-717 exhibited greater antitumor efficacy compared to E7766.Mechanistic studies indicated that STING agonists promote apoptosis through activation of the intrinsic STING-signal transducer and activator of transcription 1(STAT1)-HMGN2 axis within tumor cells.Ectopic expression of HMGN2 in melanoma cells,which naturally lack HMGN2,led to significant apoptosis.Furthermore,analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus databases revealed positive correlation between elevated HMGN2 expression and patient survival,supporting the utility of HMGN2 as a prognostic biomarker.Conclusions:This study clarified the mechanism underlying the potent antitumor activity of SR-717 in nervous system tumors through activation of the STING-STAT1-HMGN2 signaling pathway and demonstrated that SR-717 has superior efficacy compared to E7766.In addition,HMGN2 was shown to exhibit translational potential as a prognostic biomarker for patient survival.展开更多
Advanced oxidation processes(AOPs)that utilize the highly potent hydroxyl radical(·OH)are a cornerstone of modern environmental remediation.Among these,the Fenton reaction is renowned for its effectiveness[1].How...Advanced oxidation processes(AOPs)that utilize the highly potent hydroxyl radical(·OH)are a cornerstone of modern environmental remediation.Among these,the Fenton reaction is renowned for its effectiveness[1].However,its practical application has been persistently hampered by two fundamental constraints:a strict reliance on acidic conditions(typically pH 2-4)and the need to be continuously supplied,costly externally generated hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2))[2-4].展开更多
V2X communication enables vehicles to share real-time traffic and road-condition data,but binding messages to persistent identifiers enables location tracking.Furthermore,since forged reports from malicious vehicles c...V2X communication enables vehicles to share real-time traffic and road-condition data,but binding messages to persistent identifiers enables location tracking.Furthermore,since forged reports from malicious vehicles can distort trust decisions and threaten road safety,privacy-preserving trust management is essential.Lu et al.previously presented BARS,an anonymous reputation mechanism founded on blockchain technology to establish a privacy-preserving trust architecture for V2X communication.In this system,reputation certificates without a vehicle identifier ensure anonymity,while two authorities jointly manage certificate issuance and reputation updates.However,the centralized certificate updates introduce scalability limitations,and the authorities can trace vehicle behavioral information,which threatens privacy guarantees.Several subsequent systems derived from BARS still rely on centralized certificate management and are subject to authority-side privacy leakage.As a result,a key challenge in this line of research remains unresolved:how to decentralize the certificate-update process while preserving privacy against the authorities in privacy-preservingV2X trustmanagement.In this paper,we propose a distributed anonymous reputation system for V2X communication,based on an anonymous reputation system for crowdsensing.In our proposed system for V2X communication,the server is distributed to a certificate authority(CA)and roadside units(RSUs).Each vehicle shows the reputation level to the nearest RSU at the beginning of each time interval,and registers a short-time public key.In the interval,the messages from the vehicle are authenticated under the public key and are scored.At the end of the interval,the nearest RSU updates the certificate anonymously.Our solution decentralizes the certificate-update process by assigning each update to the nearest RSU.A zero-knowledge-proof-based show protocol removes the need for any central authority to handle vehicle certificates and thus prevents the authorities from tracing vehicle activities.Compared with BARS,where centralized authorities must update the reputation certificates of many vehicles and may incur communication and processing delays,our system performs each update locally at the nearest RSUonce per interval.The required interaction consists only of a fewkilobytes of communication and a zero-knowledge proof that is almost fully precomputed on the vehicle side,while the RSU-side processing is estimated to take about 40 ms based on timingmeasurements of the underlying cryptographic operations.This distributed updatemodel avoids the centralized bottleneck of BARS and simultaneously removes the privacy risk arising from authority collusion.展开更多
Probiotics can regulate gut microbes to maintain human health.However,the sensitivity of probiotics to environmental conditions reduces their bioavailability.In contrast,the formation of probiotic biofilm provides a n...Probiotics can regulate gut microbes to maintain human health.However,the sensitivity of probiotics to environmental conditions reduces their bioavailability.In contrast,the formation of probiotic biofilm provides a natural physical barrier against external interference.Our previous study established a dynamic culture system of the biofilm-state Bifidobacterium adolescentis Gr19(B-DC-B.adolescentis Gr19),forming higher density and more structurally stable biofilms,which enhanced its potential probiotic properties in vivo.Thus,the protective effect and mechanism of B-DC-B.adolescentis Gr19 on lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction were investigated in this study.The results showed that B-DC-B.adolescentis Gr19 not only had high resistance and adhesion activity,but also improved the intestinal barrier by increasing goblet cells and promoting the expression of tight junction(TJ)-related proteins.Moreover,B-DC-B.adolescentis Gr19 effectively attenuated intestinal barrier injury in Caco-2 cells by improving intestinal permeability and integrity.Remarkably,B-DC-B.adolescentis Gr19 enhanced expression of TJ proteins,restored localization of cytoskeleton and reduced intestinal inflammation by suppressing the Ras homolog family member A/Rho-associated coiled-coil-forming kinases/nuclear factor kappa B/myosin light chain kinase/myosin light chain(RhoA/ROCK/NF-κB/MLCK/MLC)pathway.Therefore,B-DC-B.adolescentis Gr19 plays a key role in mitigating LPS-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction.Overall,the present study provides a theoretical basis for ameliorating intestinal barrier dysfunction and developing novel functional foods by using biofilm-state probiotics under dynamic culture.展开更多
The application of conventional manganese dioxide(MnO_(2))materials in sodium-ion supercapacitors(Na-SCs)is considerably limited by their low conductivity and structural instability.Biomimetic morphology engineering c...The application of conventional manganese dioxide(MnO_(2))materials in sodium-ion supercapacitors(Na-SCs)is considerably limited by their low conductivity and structural instability.Biomimetic morphology engineering can optimize the electrochemical performance of MnO_(2).Here,based on the metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)-derived method and electrochemical reconstruction,a coral-like MnO_(2)structure integrated with a functional nitrogen-doped carbon(NC)coating is designed for Na-SC application.The bioinspired coral-like structure captures numerous electrolyte ions and increases the Na+concentration on the electrode surface,which is beneficial for optimizing the Na+transport pathway and accelerating the electrode reaction kinetics.Moreover,the coral-like crosslinked structure effectively enhances the mechanical properties,enabling the maintenance of the structure of MnO_(2)-based electrodes during long-term operation.Furthermore,in/ex-situ characterizations are performed to elucidate the mechanism of lattice transformation during electrochemical phase reconstruction.Additionally,the theoretical calculation and simulation results reveal the ion/electron dynamics in the fabricated electrode.The prepared electrode demonstrates excellent capacitance storage ability(340.7 F g^(−1)at 0.5 A g^(−1))and cycling stability(85.1%capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles).The assembled hybrid device exhibits exceptional life-span(82.0%capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles)and exceptional energy density(36.5 Wh kg^(−1)).This study provides a reliable biomimetic morphology design strategy for MnO_(2)cathodes,paving the way for the fabrication of high-performance Na-SCs.展开更多
Strategically coupling nanoparticle hybrids and internal thermosensitive molecular switches establishes an innovative paradigm for constructing micro/nanoscale-reconfigurable robots,facilitating energyefficient CO_(2)...Strategically coupling nanoparticle hybrids and internal thermosensitive molecular switches establishes an innovative paradigm for constructing micro/nanoscale-reconfigurable robots,facilitating energyefficient CO_(2) management in life-support systems of confined space.Here,a micro/nano-reconfigurable robot is constructed from the CO_(2) molecular hunters,temperature-sensitive molecular switch,solar photothermal conversion,and magnetically-driven function engines.The molecular hunters within the molecular extension state can capture 6.19 mmol g^(−1) of CO_(2) to form carbamic acid and ammonium bicarbonate.Interestingly,the molecular switch of the robot activates a molecular curling state that facilitates CO_(2) release through nano-reconfiguration,which is mediated by the temperature-sensitive curling of Pluronic F127 molecular chains during the photothermal desorption.Nano-reconfiguration of robot alters the amino microenvironment,including increasing surface electrostatic potential of the amino group and decreasing overall lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy level.This weakened the nucleophilic attack ability of the amino group toward the adsorption product derivatives,thereby inhibiting the side reactions that generate hard-to-decompose urea structures,achieving the lowest regeneration temperature of 55℃ reported to date.The engine of the robot possesses non-contact magnetically-driven micro-reconfiguration capability to achieve efficient photothermal regeneration while avoiding local overheating.Notably,the robot successfully prolonged the survival time of mice in the sealed container by up to 54.61%,effectively addressing the issue of carbon suffocation in confined spaces.This work significantly enhances life-support systems for deep-space exploration,while stimulating innovations in sustainable carbon management technologies for terrestrial extreme environments.展开更多
In the present study,researchers examined a solar off-grid-connected photovoltaic system for a family house in the city of Baghdad.The design was created with the help of the“How to Design PV Program”and the“Renewa...In the present study,researchers examined a solar off-grid-connected photovoltaic system for a family house in the city of Baghdad.The design was created with the help of the“How to Design PV Program”and the“Renewable Energy Investment Calculator(REICAL)”software(Version 1.1).In Iraq,the national grid provides around 71%of the overall electricity demand,though this drops to nearly 50%during extremely hot and cold months,where the supply alternates between four hours on and four hours off.During the off periods,power is generated by local generators at high costs.To promote the adoption of photovoltaic solar systems among Iraqi citizens through loans,three options for meeting 100% of electricity needs have been proposed:an on-grid solution,a hybrid system that supplies 24 h,and an off-grid solution for a 24-h supply.The 12-h off-grid system(hybrid)is both economical and efficient for delivering electricity.Findings reveal that,over 20 years,the system’s output will amount to 141,176.71 kWh,with a payback period of 5.85 years and a performance ratio of 86.2%.Investment outcome data showed a net present value of $6445,and the profitability index was 6.16,indicating the project’s profitability.Additionally,the system could result in a net reduction of CO_(2) emissions totaling 132,810.24 kg.展开更多
Vehicular communication systems rely on secure vehicle-to-vehicle(V2V)communications for safety-critical information exchange.However,the presence of eavesdropping vehicles poses a significant challenge.This paper inv...Vehicular communication systems rely on secure vehicle-to-vehicle(V2V)communications for safety-critical information exchange.However,the presence of eavesdropping vehicles poses a significant challenge.This paper investigates the security of V2V communications in reconfigurable intelligent surface(RIS)-assisted vehicular communication systems with spectrum sharing.It proposes a three-stage alternating optimization(TSAO)algorithm to address the complex problem of multiple eavesdropped V2V links that reuse the spectrum already occupied by vehicle-toinfrastructure(V2I)links.To solve the mixed-integer and non-convex optimization problem due to coupled variables and complex constraints,the algorithm decomposes the original problem into three easily solvable sub-problems:RIS reflection coefficient optimization,vehicle transmission power optimization,and spectrum sharing optimization.First,the RIS reflection coefficients are optimized by using the penalty convex-concave procedure(CCP)method.Second,the optimal power points are determined in the power optimization sub-problem.Finally,the spectrum sharing optimization sub-problem is constructed as a weighted bipartite graph matching problem and solved by using the optimal matching algorithm.The TSAO algorithm not only maximizes the sum V2V secrecy rate but also ensures the quality-of-service(QoS)requirements of the V2I links.Simulation results validate the superiority of the proposed algorithm and highlight the improvement in the sum V2V secrecy rate achieved by utilizing RIS technology in vehicular communication systems with spectrum sharing.展开更多
Cross-band camouflage technology is a critical necessity,enabling personnel and equipment to evade detection across evolving surveillance systems,thereby enhancing survivability and mission success.Herein,this work de...Cross-band camouflage technology is a critical necessity,enabling personnel and equipment to evade detection across evolving surveillance systems,thereby enhancing survivability and mission success.Herein,this work develops a layer-structured composite system based on carbon nanotube(CNT)film comprising ionic liquid(IL)interlayer for infrared(IR)modulation and surface-engineered Cu_(2)O nanoparticles for visible camouflage.The CNT/IL/CNT architecture enables reversible IR emissivity switching(Δε≈0.55)through electrically driven ion intercalation/deintercalation within 2 s,while spray-coated Cu_(2)O nanoparticles(100~400 nm diameter)on the top CNT film layer generate rich structure colors with 90%IR transmittance.This spectral-decoupling design overcomes the traditional trade-off between color visibility and IR transmittance observed in pigment-based systems.Remarkably,due to physical interface coupling,the Cu_(2)O-coated layer-structured system maintains exceptional electrical conductivity,enabling simultaneous electromagnetic interference shielding and electrothermal energy conversion.The integrated system demonstrates long-term operational stability.By unifying visible-IR camouflage,electromagnetic protection,and energy management in a lightweight platform,this work provides an important paradigm for cross-band camouflage technologies.展开更多
Dear Editor,Systemic sclerosis(SSc)is an autoimmune connective tissue disease in which there are vascular abnormalities,inflammation,and fibrosis[1].These three characteristics primarily affect the skin and lungs.Of a...Dear Editor,Systemic sclerosis(SSc)is an autoimmune connective tissue disease in which there are vascular abnormalities,inflammation,and fibrosis[1].These three characteristics primarily affect the skin and lungs.Of all the autoimmune rheumatic diseases,SSc has the highest all-cause mortality rate,and the underlying pathogenic processes that mediate disease are still obscure,with wide diff erences in presentation and progression[2,3].展开更多
Recent increases in infectious diseases affecting the central nervous system have raised concerns about their role in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration.Viral pathogens or their products can invade the central ne...Recent increases in infectious diseases affecting the central nervous system have raised concerns about their role in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration.Viral pathogens or their products can invade the central nervous system and cause damage,leading to meningitis,encephalitis,meningoencephalitis,myelitis,or post-infectious demyelinating diseases.Although neuroinflammation initially has a protective function,chronic inflammation can contribute to the development of neurodegenerative diseases.Mechanisms such as protein aggregation and cellular disturbances are implicated with specific viruses such as herpes simplex virus type 1 and Epstein-Barr virus being associated with Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis,respectively.Extracellular nucleotides,particularly adenosine triphosphate and its metabolites are released from activated,infected,and dying cells,acting as alarmins mediating neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration.When viruses infect central nervous system cells,adenosine triphosphate is released as an alarmin,triggering inflammatory responses.This process is mediated by purinergic receptors,divided into two families:P1,which responds to adenosine,and P2,activated by adenosine triphosphate and other nucleotides.This review highlights how specific viruses,such as human immunodeficiency virus type 1,Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus,herpes simplex virus type 1,Epstein-Barr virus,dengue virus,Zika virus,and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,can initiate inflammatory responses through the release of extracellular nucleotides,particularly adenosine triphosphate,which act as critical mediators in the progression of neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative disorders.A better understanding of purinergic signaling pathways in these diseases may suggest new potential therapeutic strategies for targeting neuroinflammation to mitigate the long-term consequences of viral infections in the central nervous system.展开更多
A simplified CaO-V_(2)O_(5)-MnO_(2) system was established to qualitatively and quantitatively investigate the transformation behavior of vanadates.The results demonstrated dynamic transformations between calcium vana...A simplified CaO-V_(2)O_(5)-MnO_(2) system was established to qualitatively and quantitatively investigate the transformation behavior of vanadates.The results demonstrated dynamic transformations between calcium vanadate and manganese vanadate as n(CaO)/n(V_(2)O_(5))/n(MnO_(2))ratios and roasting temperatures varied.When MnO_(2) was incrementally added with n(CaO)/n(V_(2)O_(5))of 2,some Ca_(2)V_(2)O_(7) converted to Mn_(2)V_(2)O_(7).The mass of vanadium as calcium vanadate consistently exceeded that as manganese vanadate.Conversely,when CaO was gradually added with n(MnO_(2))/n(V_(2)O_(5))of 2,Mn_(2)V_(2)O_(7) tended to transform into Ca_(2)V_(2)O_(7) and Ca3V2O8.The affinity of vanadium for calcium was higher compared that of vanadium for manganese.The specific type of calcium vanadate formed depended on both n(CaO)/n(V_(2)O_(5))/n(MnO_(2))values and roasting temperatures,while manganese vanadate remained predominantly as Mn_(2)V_(2)O_(7).The influence of roasting temperature on the conversion between calcium vanadate and manganese vanadate was minimal.At n(CaO)/n(V_(2)O_(5))/n(MnO_(2))of 2/1/2 and temperatures ranging from 650 to 850°C,the mass ratio of vanadium present as calcium vanadate to manganese vanadate stabilized at approximately 2.展开更多
Litchi chinensis Sonn.is an important economic fruit tree in tropical and subtropical regions.Regrettably,the efficiency of plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis in litchi is typically low due to the poor conve...Litchi chinensis Sonn.is an important economic fruit tree in tropical and subtropical regions.Regrettably,the efficiency of plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis in litchi is typically low due to the poor conversion of embryos to plants.The purpose of this study was to establish a regeneration system via somatic embryogenesis from immature embryos explants in‘Heiye'cultivar of litchi.Our results demonstrated that MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg L^(-1)2,4-D was optimal for callus induction.For somatic embryo(SE)induction,MS medium containing0.5 g L^(-1) activated charcoal(AC)was the most effective,while the use of zeatin(ZT)and thidiazuron(TDZ)resulted in abnormal somatic embryos.The rooting and regeneration rate of 2.15%and 17.5%,respectively,were achieved using MS medium supplemented with 0.5 g L^(-1) AC.Furthermore,transcriptome analysis was performed on embryogenic callus(EC),globular embryo(GE),and heart embryo(HE)to explore the molecular mechanisms of early somatic embryogenesis.2,587 common differentially expressed genes(DEGs)between EC_vs_GE and EC_vs_HE were identified,and the expression patterns of these common DEGs were separated into twelve major clusters.GO annotation and KEGG pathway analysis revealed that these common DEGs were implicated in plant hormone signal transduction,auxin-activated signaling pathway,and other biological processes.Additionally,differentially expressed transcription factors were identified,and the function of LcBBM2 which is specifically highly expressed during early somatic embryogenesis was verified.Overexpression of LcBBM2 in tomato promotes callus and shoot formation.Therefore,this study can provide a theoretical basis and technical support for genetic breeding improvement of litchi.展开更多
The formation of the mammalian nervous system and its maturation into sensory,motor,cognitive,and behavioral circuits is a complex process that begins during early embryogenesis and lasts until young adulthood.Impaire...The formation of the mammalian nervous system and its maturation into sensory,motor,cognitive,and behavioral circuits is a complex process that begins during early embryogenesis and lasts until young adulthood.Impaired neurodevelopment can result in various neurological and psychiatric conditions,jointly named neurodevelopmental disorders(NDDs).展开更多
Layered transition metal hydroxides show distinct advantages in separately co-catalyzing CO_(2)reduction and H_(2)O oxidation at the electron-accumulating and hole-accumulating sites of wrapped heterojunction photocat...Layered transition metal hydroxides show distinct advantages in separately co-catalyzing CO_(2)reduction and H_(2)O oxidation at the electron-accumulating and hole-accumulating sites of wrapped heterojunction photocatalysts,while concurrently preventing side reactions and photocorrosion on the semiconductor surface.Herein,Ni-Co bimetallic hydroxides with varying Ni/Co molar ratios(Ni_(x)Co_(1-x)(OH)_(2),x=1,0.75,0.5,0.25,and 0)were grown in situ on a model 2D/2D S-scheme heterojunction composed of Cu_(2)O nanosheets and Fe_(2)O_(3)nanoplates to form a series of Cu_(2)O/Fe_(2)O_(3)@Ni_(x)Co_(1-x)(OH)_(2)(CF@NiCo)photocatalysts.The combined experimental and theoretical investigation demonstrates that incorporating an appropriate amount of Co into Ni(OH)_(2)not only modulates the energy band structure of Ni_(x)Co_(1-x)(OH)_(2),balances the electron-and hole-trapping abilities of the bifunctional cocatalyst and maximizes the charge separation efficiency of the heterojunction,but also regulates the d-band center of Ni_(x)Co_(1-x)(OH)_(2),reinforcing the adsorption and activation of CO_(2)and H_(2)O on the cocatalyst surface and lowering the rate-limiting barriers in the CO_(2)-to-CO and H_(2)O-to-O_(2)conversion.Benefiting from the Ni-Co synergy,the redox reactions proceed stoichiometrically.The optimized CF@Ni_(0.75)Co_(0.25)achieves CO and O_(2)yields of 552.7 and 313.0μmol gcat^(-1)h^(-1),respectively,11.3/9.9,1.6/1.7,and 4.5/5.9-fold higher than those of CF,CF@Ni,and CF@Co.This study offers valuable insights into the design of bifunctional noble-metal-free cocatalysts for high-performance artificial photosynthesis.展开更多
基金supported by Major Scientific and Technological Innovation Project of Shandong Province(No.2020CXGC011204)Qingdao Natural Science Foundation(No.23-2-1-234-zyyd-jch).
文摘The coexistence of emerging containments,such as antibiotic resistant bacteria(ARB),antibiotic-resistant genes(ARGs)and antibiotics,potentially influence elimination efficiencies in UV light-emitting diode(UV-LED)alone and UV-LED/H_(2)O_(2) system as their complex interactions.Tetracycline(TC)degradation efficiency(kF)correlated closely with its UV molar absorbance(R^(2)=0.831)in UV-LED alone system and with·OH yield(R^(2)=0.999)in UV-LED/H_(2)O_(2) system across studied wavelengths(265,280 and 310 nm).The kF values for intracellular DNA(i-ARGs)also exhibited a high correlation with UV-LED wavelengths in both systems(R^(2)=0.997-0.999).The coexistence of TC and ARB/ARGs resulted in a mutual inhibition of their degradation efficiencies due to competition for photons and·OH,along with the consequent reduction in intracellular ROS within ARB,with their degradation efficiencies exhibiting marked dependence on wavelength in both systems.Notably,the UV-LED/H_(2)O_(2) system at 265 nm effectively achieved the simultaneous removal of TC,ARB and ARGs with minimal energy consumption,and successfully fragmented ARGs.The degradation pathway of TC was analyzed,and the biotoxicity of its degradation intermediates demonstrated the environmental friendliness and safety of UV-LED/H_(2)O_(2) technology.This study elucidated the competitive interactions between antibiotics and ARB/ARGs within UV-LED/H_(2)O_(2) system,providing a promising approach for their simultaneous removal while ensuring energy efficiency.
文摘Objective:Clinical use of stimulator of interferon genes(STING)agonists has challenges due to poor responsiveness and variable efficacy.Therefore,identifying tumor types that are sensitive to these agents and clarifying the underlying mechanisms are essential.Methods:In vitro screening was performed to identify tumor types that are sensitive to STING agonists.The non-nucleotide agonist,SR-717,and the macrocyclic agonist,E7766,were compared for efficacy.Complementary in vivo and in vitro studies,including gene-knockout models,HMGN2-knockout Neuro-2A and CT-2A cells apoptosis assays,and murine tumor models,were then performed.These experiments focused on the mechanism by which SR-717 mediates antitumor effects and emphasized the role of STING signaling-induced high-mobility group nucleosome-binding protein 2(HMGN2).In addition,the potential of HMGN2 as a prognostic biomarker was assessed.Results:Neuroblastomas and glioblastomas,two nervous system tumors,were shown to be sensitive to STING agonists.SR-717 exhibited greater antitumor efficacy compared to E7766.Mechanistic studies indicated that STING agonists promote apoptosis through activation of the intrinsic STING-signal transducer and activator of transcription 1(STAT1)-HMGN2 axis within tumor cells.Ectopic expression of HMGN2 in melanoma cells,which naturally lack HMGN2,led to significant apoptosis.Furthermore,analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus databases revealed positive correlation between elevated HMGN2 expression and patient survival,supporting the utility of HMGN2 as a prognostic biomarker.Conclusions:This study clarified the mechanism underlying the potent antitumor activity of SR-717 in nervous system tumors through activation of the STING-STAT1-HMGN2 signaling pathway and demonstrated that SR-717 has superior efficacy compared to E7766.In addition,HMGN2 was shown to exhibit translational potential as a prognostic biomarker for patient survival.
基金Cardiff University and the Max Planck Centre for Fundamental Heterogeneous Catalysis(FUNCAT)for financial supportthe Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions Fellowship(101107009-AtomCat4Fuel)UKRI(EP/Y029305/1)。
文摘Advanced oxidation processes(AOPs)that utilize the highly potent hydroxyl radical(·OH)are a cornerstone of modern environmental remediation.Among these,the Fenton reaction is renowned for its effectiveness[1].However,its practical application has been persistently hampered by two fundamental constraints:a strict reliance on acidic conditions(typically pH 2-4)and the need to be continuously supplied,costly externally generated hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2))[2-4].
文摘V2X communication enables vehicles to share real-time traffic and road-condition data,but binding messages to persistent identifiers enables location tracking.Furthermore,since forged reports from malicious vehicles can distort trust decisions and threaten road safety,privacy-preserving trust management is essential.Lu et al.previously presented BARS,an anonymous reputation mechanism founded on blockchain technology to establish a privacy-preserving trust architecture for V2X communication.In this system,reputation certificates without a vehicle identifier ensure anonymity,while two authorities jointly manage certificate issuance and reputation updates.However,the centralized certificate updates introduce scalability limitations,and the authorities can trace vehicle behavioral information,which threatens privacy guarantees.Several subsequent systems derived from BARS still rely on centralized certificate management and are subject to authority-side privacy leakage.As a result,a key challenge in this line of research remains unresolved:how to decentralize the certificate-update process while preserving privacy against the authorities in privacy-preservingV2X trustmanagement.In this paper,we propose a distributed anonymous reputation system for V2X communication,based on an anonymous reputation system for crowdsensing.In our proposed system for V2X communication,the server is distributed to a certificate authority(CA)and roadside units(RSUs).Each vehicle shows the reputation level to the nearest RSU at the beginning of each time interval,and registers a short-time public key.In the interval,the messages from the vehicle are authenticated under the public key and are scored.At the end of the interval,the nearest RSU updates the certificate anonymously.Our solution decentralizes the certificate-update process by assigning each update to the nearest RSU.A zero-knowledge-proof-based show protocol removes the need for any central authority to handle vehicle certificates and thus prevents the authorities from tracing vehicle activities.Compared with BARS,where centralized authorities must update the reputation certificates of many vehicles and may incur communication and processing delays,our system performs each update locally at the nearest RSUonce per interval.The required interaction consists only of a fewkilobytes of communication and a zero-knowledge proof that is almost fully precomputed on the vehicle side,while the RSU-side processing is estimated to take about 40 ms based on timingmeasurements of the underlying cryptographic operations.This distributed updatemodel avoids the centralized bottleneck of BARS and simultaneously removes the privacy risk arising from authority collusion.
基金funded by Beijing Natural Science Foundation(6252001)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2022A1515140021)Natural Science Foundation of China(31871772).
文摘Probiotics can regulate gut microbes to maintain human health.However,the sensitivity of probiotics to environmental conditions reduces their bioavailability.In contrast,the formation of probiotic biofilm provides a natural physical barrier against external interference.Our previous study established a dynamic culture system of the biofilm-state Bifidobacterium adolescentis Gr19(B-DC-B.adolescentis Gr19),forming higher density and more structurally stable biofilms,which enhanced its potential probiotic properties in vivo.Thus,the protective effect and mechanism of B-DC-B.adolescentis Gr19 on lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction were investigated in this study.The results showed that B-DC-B.adolescentis Gr19 not only had high resistance and adhesion activity,but also improved the intestinal barrier by increasing goblet cells and promoting the expression of tight junction(TJ)-related proteins.Moreover,B-DC-B.adolescentis Gr19 effectively attenuated intestinal barrier injury in Caco-2 cells by improving intestinal permeability and integrity.Remarkably,B-DC-B.adolescentis Gr19 enhanced expression of TJ proteins,restored localization of cytoskeleton and reduced intestinal inflammation by suppressing the Ras homolog family member A/Rho-associated coiled-coil-forming kinases/nuclear factor kappa B/myosin light chain kinase/myosin light chain(RhoA/ROCK/NF-κB/MLCK/MLC)pathway.Therefore,B-DC-B.adolescentis Gr19 plays a key role in mitigating LPS-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction.Overall,the present study provides a theoretical basis for ameliorating intestinal barrier dysfunction and developing novel functional foods by using biofilm-state probiotics under dynamic culture.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22409065)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2022A1515011906)+2 种基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2023M731153)the Research Fund Program of Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technologythe Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF(GZC20230868).
文摘The application of conventional manganese dioxide(MnO_(2))materials in sodium-ion supercapacitors(Na-SCs)is considerably limited by their low conductivity and structural instability.Biomimetic morphology engineering can optimize the electrochemical performance of MnO_(2).Here,based on the metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)-derived method and electrochemical reconstruction,a coral-like MnO_(2)structure integrated with a functional nitrogen-doped carbon(NC)coating is designed for Na-SC application.The bioinspired coral-like structure captures numerous electrolyte ions and increases the Na+concentration on the electrode surface,which is beneficial for optimizing the Na+transport pathway and accelerating the electrode reaction kinetics.Moreover,the coral-like crosslinked structure effectively enhances the mechanical properties,enabling the maintenance of the structure of MnO_(2)-based electrodes during long-term operation.Furthermore,in/ex-situ characterizations are performed to elucidate the mechanism of lattice transformation during electrochemical phase reconstruction.Additionally,the theoretical calculation and simulation results reveal the ion/electron dynamics in the fabricated electrode.The prepared electrode demonstrates excellent capacitance storage ability(340.7 F g^(−1)at 0.5 A g^(−1))and cycling stability(85.1%capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles).The assembled hybrid device exhibits exceptional life-span(82.0%capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles)and exceptional energy density(36.5 Wh kg^(−1)).This study provides a reliable biomimetic morphology design strategy for MnO_(2)cathodes,paving the way for the fabrication of high-performance Na-SCs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22168008,22378085)the Guangxi Natural Science Foundation(2024GXNSFDA010053)+1 种基金the Technology Development Project of Guangxi Bossco Environmental Protection Technology Co.,Ltd(202100039)Innovation Project of Guangxi Graduate Education(YCBZ2024065).
文摘Strategically coupling nanoparticle hybrids and internal thermosensitive molecular switches establishes an innovative paradigm for constructing micro/nanoscale-reconfigurable robots,facilitating energyefficient CO_(2) management in life-support systems of confined space.Here,a micro/nano-reconfigurable robot is constructed from the CO_(2) molecular hunters,temperature-sensitive molecular switch,solar photothermal conversion,and magnetically-driven function engines.The molecular hunters within the molecular extension state can capture 6.19 mmol g^(−1) of CO_(2) to form carbamic acid and ammonium bicarbonate.Interestingly,the molecular switch of the robot activates a molecular curling state that facilitates CO_(2) release through nano-reconfiguration,which is mediated by the temperature-sensitive curling of Pluronic F127 molecular chains during the photothermal desorption.Nano-reconfiguration of robot alters the amino microenvironment,including increasing surface electrostatic potential of the amino group and decreasing overall lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy level.This weakened the nucleophilic attack ability of the amino group toward the adsorption product derivatives,thereby inhibiting the side reactions that generate hard-to-decompose urea structures,achieving the lowest regeneration temperature of 55℃ reported to date.The engine of the robot possesses non-contact magnetically-driven micro-reconfiguration capability to achieve efficient photothermal regeneration while avoiding local overheating.Notably,the robot successfully prolonged the survival time of mice in the sealed container by up to 54.61%,effectively addressing the issue of carbon suffocation in confined spaces.This work significantly enhances life-support systems for deep-space exploration,while stimulating innovations in sustainable carbon management technologies for terrestrial extreme environments.
文摘In the present study,researchers examined a solar off-grid-connected photovoltaic system for a family house in the city of Baghdad.The design was created with the help of the“How to Design PV Program”and the“Renewable Energy Investment Calculator(REICAL)”software(Version 1.1).In Iraq,the national grid provides around 71%of the overall electricity demand,though this drops to nearly 50%during extremely hot and cold months,where the supply alternates between four hours on and four hours off.During the off periods,power is generated by local generators at high costs.To promote the adoption of photovoltaic solar systems among Iraqi citizens through loans,three options for meeting 100% of electricity needs have been proposed:an on-grid solution,a hybrid system that supplies 24 h,and an off-grid solution for a 24-h supply.The 12-h off-grid system(hybrid)is both economical and efficient for delivering electricity.Findings reveal that,over 20 years,the system’s output will amount to 141,176.71 kWh,with a payback period of 5.85 years and a performance ratio of 86.2%.Investment outcome data showed a net present value of $6445,and the profitability index was 6.16,indicating the project’s profitability.Additionally,the system could result in a net reduction of CO_(2) emissions totaling 132,810.24 kg.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.61772130,71171045 and 61901104)Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission,China(No.14YZ130)。
文摘Vehicular communication systems rely on secure vehicle-to-vehicle(V2V)communications for safety-critical information exchange.However,the presence of eavesdropping vehicles poses a significant challenge.This paper investigates the security of V2V communications in reconfigurable intelligent surface(RIS)-assisted vehicular communication systems with spectrum sharing.It proposes a three-stage alternating optimization(TSAO)algorithm to address the complex problem of multiple eavesdropped V2V links that reuse the spectrum already occupied by vehicle-toinfrastructure(V2I)links.To solve the mixed-integer and non-convex optimization problem due to coupled variables and complex constraints,the algorithm decomposes the original problem into three easily solvable sub-problems:RIS reflection coefficient optimization,vehicle transmission power optimization,and spectrum sharing optimization.First,the RIS reflection coefficients are optimized by using the penalty convex-concave procedure(CCP)method.Second,the optimal power points are determined in the power optimization sub-problem.Finally,the spectrum sharing optimization sub-problem is constructed as a weighted bipartite graph matching problem and solved by using the optimal matching algorithm.The TSAO algorithm not only maximizes the sum V2V secrecy rate but also ensures the quality-of-service(QoS)requirements of the V2I links.Simulation results validate the superiority of the proposed algorithm and highlight the improvement in the sum V2V secrecy rate achieved by utilizing RIS technology in vehicular communication systems with spectrum sharing.
基金Financial support from the National Nature Science Foundation of China(No.:52373244)the Foundation of National Science and Technology Key Laboratory(No.:KZ571801)。
文摘Cross-band camouflage technology is a critical necessity,enabling personnel and equipment to evade detection across evolving surveillance systems,thereby enhancing survivability and mission success.Herein,this work develops a layer-structured composite system based on carbon nanotube(CNT)film comprising ionic liquid(IL)interlayer for infrared(IR)modulation and surface-engineered Cu_(2)O nanoparticles for visible camouflage.The CNT/IL/CNT architecture enables reversible IR emissivity switching(Δε≈0.55)through electrically driven ion intercalation/deintercalation within 2 s,while spray-coated Cu_(2)O nanoparticles(100~400 nm diameter)on the top CNT film layer generate rich structure colors with 90%IR transmittance.This spectral-decoupling design overcomes the traditional trade-off between color visibility and IR transmittance observed in pigment-based systems.Remarkably,due to physical interface coupling,the Cu_(2)O-coated layer-structured system maintains exceptional electrical conductivity,enabling simultaneous electromagnetic interference shielding and electrothermal energy conversion.The integrated system demonstrates long-term operational stability.By unifying visible-IR camouflage,electromagnetic protection,and energy management in a lightweight platform,this work provides an important paradigm for cross-band camouflage technologies.
文摘Dear Editor,Systemic sclerosis(SSc)is an autoimmune connective tissue disease in which there are vascular abnormalities,inflammation,and fibrosis[1].These three characteristics primarily affect the skin and lungs.Of all the autoimmune rheumatic diseases,SSc has the highest all-cause mortality rate,and the underlying pathogenic processes that mediate disease are still obscure,with wide diff erences in presentation and progression[2,3].
基金supported by funds from the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico do Brasil(CNPq)(312286/2023-6,307201/2023-6,and Instituto Nacional Saude Cerebral INSC,No.406020/2022-1)Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior(CAPES)Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro-FAPERJ(E-26/010.002260/2019,E-26/010.001652/2019,E-26/010.101036/2018,E-26/202.774/2018,E-26/210.240/2020,E-26/211.138/2021,26/210.823/2021,E-26/211.325/2021,E-26/210.779/2021,E-26/201.086/2022,E-26/210.312/2022,E-26/203.262/2023,E-26/200.195/2023)(to LEBS)。
文摘Recent increases in infectious diseases affecting the central nervous system have raised concerns about their role in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration.Viral pathogens or their products can invade the central nervous system and cause damage,leading to meningitis,encephalitis,meningoencephalitis,myelitis,or post-infectious demyelinating diseases.Although neuroinflammation initially has a protective function,chronic inflammation can contribute to the development of neurodegenerative diseases.Mechanisms such as protein aggregation and cellular disturbances are implicated with specific viruses such as herpes simplex virus type 1 and Epstein-Barr virus being associated with Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis,respectively.Extracellular nucleotides,particularly adenosine triphosphate and its metabolites are released from activated,infected,and dying cells,acting as alarmins mediating neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration.When viruses infect central nervous system cells,adenosine triphosphate is released as an alarmin,triggering inflammatory responses.This process is mediated by purinergic receptors,divided into two families:P1,which responds to adenosine,and P2,activated by adenosine triphosphate and other nucleotides.This review highlights how specific viruses,such as human immunodeficiency virus type 1,Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus,herpes simplex virus type 1,Epstein-Barr virus,dengue virus,Zika virus,and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,can initiate inflammatory responses through the release of extracellular nucleotides,particularly adenosine triphosphate,which act as critical mediators in the progression of neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative disorders.A better understanding of purinergic signaling pathways in these diseases may suggest new potential therapeutic strategies for targeting neuroinflammation to mitigate the long-term consequences of viral infections in the central nervous system.
基金finally supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.52204309,52174277,52374300)。
文摘A simplified CaO-V_(2)O_(5)-MnO_(2) system was established to qualitatively and quantitatively investigate the transformation behavior of vanadates.The results demonstrated dynamic transformations between calcium vanadate and manganese vanadate as n(CaO)/n(V_(2)O_(5))/n(MnO_(2))ratios and roasting temperatures varied.When MnO_(2) was incrementally added with n(CaO)/n(V_(2)O_(5))of 2,some Ca_(2)V_(2)O_(7) converted to Mn_(2)V_(2)O_(7).The mass of vanadium as calcium vanadate consistently exceeded that as manganese vanadate.Conversely,when CaO was gradually added with n(MnO_(2))/n(V_(2)O_(5))of 2,Mn_(2)V_(2)O_(7) tended to transform into Ca_(2)V_(2)O_(7) and Ca3V2O8.The affinity of vanadium for calcium was higher compared that of vanadium for manganese.The specific type of calcium vanadate formed depended on both n(CaO)/n(V_(2)O_(5))/n(MnO_(2))values and roasting temperatures,while manganese vanadate remained predominantly as Mn_(2)V_(2)O_(7).The influence of roasting temperature on the conversion between calcium vanadate and manganese vanadate was minimal.At n(CaO)/n(V_(2)O_(5))/n(MnO_(2))of 2/1/2 and temperatures ranging from 650 to 850°C,the mass ratio of vanadium present as calcium vanadate to manganese vanadate stabilized at approximately 2.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Fund of China(Grant Nos.31872066 and 32272663)the Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangzhou(Grant No.2023B01J2002)+1 种基金the Key Research and Development Program of Hainan(Grant No.ZDYF2023XDNY052)the Seed Industry Engineering Project of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Guangdong(Grant Nos.2022-NPY-00-004 and 2022-NBH-00-001)。
文摘Litchi chinensis Sonn.is an important economic fruit tree in tropical and subtropical regions.Regrettably,the efficiency of plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis in litchi is typically low due to the poor conversion of embryos to plants.The purpose of this study was to establish a regeneration system via somatic embryogenesis from immature embryos explants in‘Heiye'cultivar of litchi.Our results demonstrated that MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg L^(-1)2,4-D was optimal for callus induction.For somatic embryo(SE)induction,MS medium containing0.5 g L^(-1) activated charcoal(AC)was the most effective,while the use of zeatin(ZT)and thidiazuron(TDZ)resulted in abnormal somatic embryos.The rooting and regeneration rate of 2.15%and 17.5%,respectively,were achieved using MS medium supplemented with 0.5 g L^(-1) AC.Furthermore,transcriptome analysis was performed on embryogenic callus(EC),globular embryo(GE),and heart embryo(HE)to explore the molecular mechanisms of early somatic embryogenesis.2,587 common differentially expressed genes(DEGs)between EC_vs_GE and EC_vs_HE were identified,and the expression patterns of these common DEGs were separated into twelve major clusters.GO annotation and KEGG pathway analysis revealed that these common DEGs were implicated in plant hormone signal transduction,auxin-activated signaling pathway,and other biological processes.Additionally,differentially expressed transcription factors were identified,and the function of LcBBM2 which is specifically highly expressed during early somatic embryogenesis was verified.Overexpression of LcBBM2 in tomato promotes callus and shoot formation.Therefore,this study can provide a theoretical basis and technical support for genetic breeding improvement of litchi.
基金supported by Danish National Research Foundation(#DNRF133)(to AN)。
文摘The formation of the mammalian nervous system and its maturation into sensory,motor,cognitive,and behavioral circuits is a complex process that begins during early embryogenesis and lasts until young adulthood.Impaired neurodevelopment can result in various neurological and psychiatric conditions,jointly named neurodevelopmental disorders(NDDs).
文摘Layered transition metal hydroxides show distinct advantages in separately co-catalyzing CO_(2)reduction and H_(2)O oxidation at the electron-accumulating and hole-accumulating sites of wrapped heterojunction photocatalysts,while concurrently preventing side reactions and photocorrosion on the semiconductor surface.Herein,Ni-Co bimetallic hydroxides with varying Ni/Co molar ratios(Ni_(x)Co_(1-x)(OH)_(2),x=1,0.75,0.5,0.25,and 0)were grown in situ on a model 2D/2D S-scheme heterojunction composed of Cu_(2)O nanosheets and Fe_(2)O_(3)nanoplates to form a series of Cu_(2)O/Fe_(2)O_(3)@Ni_(x)Co_(1-x)(OH)_(2)(CF@NiCo)photocatalysts.The combined experimental and theoretical investigation demonstrates that incorporating an appropriate amount of Co into Ni(OH)_(2)not only modulates the energy band structure of Ni_(x)Co_(1-x)(OH)_(2),balances the electron-and hole-trapping abilities of the bifunctional cocatalyst and maximizes the charge separation efficiency of the heterojunction,but also regulates the d-band center of Ni_(x)Co_(1-x)(OH)_(2),reinforcing the adsorption and activation of CO_(2)and H_(2)O on the cocatalyst surface and lowering the rate-limiting barriers in the CO_(2)-to-CO and H_(2)O-to-O_(2)conversion.Benefiting from the Ni-Co synergy,the redox reactions proceed stoichiometrically.The optimized CF@Ni_(0.75)Co_(0.25)achieves CO and O_(2)yields of 552.7 and 313.0μmol gcat^(-1)h^(-1),respectively,11.3/9.9,1.6/1.7,and 4.5/5.9-fold higher than those of CF,CF@Ni,and CF@Co.This study offers valuable insights into the design of bifunctional noble-metal-free cocatalysts for high-performance artificial photosynthesis.
