The development of the Internet of Things(IoT)has rapidly progressed,revolutionizing numerous industries and transforming how we interact with technology.IoT relies on seamless connectivity between devices,allowing th...The development of the Internet of Things(IoT)has rapidly progressed,revolutionizing numerous industries and transforming how we interact with technology.IoT relies on seamless connectivity between devices,allowing them to collect,share,and analyze data.As a result,compatibility and connectivity have become major concerns for customers adopting smart devices.Achieving compatibility in a smart device is a shared responsibility between the IoT platform provider and the smart device manufacturer.However,the impact of their respective efforts on smart device compatibility depends on investment efficiency and the service level.In this study,we develop a game-theoretical model to examine how investment efficiency affects the incentives of the upstream platform and the downstream manufacturer to exert compatibility efforts under the licensing pricing and revenue sharing models in a supply chain setting.Our findings indicate that,given a certain IoT platform service level,a manufacturer’s effort decreases as the relative weight decreases in the licensing pricing model.Additionally,when the platform’s effort cost is lower,the platform can invest more in compatibility,thereby improving the compatibility of smart devices.In such cases,the manufacturer can benefit from the platform’s incentives to exert compatibility efforts by reducing her efforts.We also identify two effects:the compatibility effect and the service value-added effect.When the relative weight of compatibility is small,the role of platform compatibility diminishes.Consequently,the platform cannot increase technology licensing fees to augment IoT service income,reducing profits.Our results also provide insights into how an IoT platform provider can strategically target a particular IoT service based on their cost characteristics and service level in smart device supply chains.展开更多
Recent years have witnessed a rapid development of deformable devices and epidermal electronics that are in urgent request for flexible batteries.The intrinsically soft and ductile conductive electrode materials can o...Recent years have witnessed a rapid development of deformable devices and epidermal electronics that are in urgent request for flexible batteries.The intrinsically soft and ductile conductive electrode materials can offer pivotal hints in extending the lifespan of devices under frequent deformation.Featuring inherent liquidity,metal-licity,and biocompatibility,Ga-based room-temperature liquid metals(GBRTLMs)are potential candidates to fulfill the requirement of soft batteries.Herein,to illustrate the glamour of liquid components,high-temperature liquid metal batteries(HTLMBs)are briefly summarized from the aspects of principle,application,advantages,and drawbacks.Then,Ga-based liquid metals as main working electrodes in primary and secondary batteries are reviewed in terms of battery configurations,working mechanisms,and fiinctions.Next,Ga-based liquid metals as auxiliary working electrodes in lithium and nonlithium batteries are also discussed,which work as functional self-healing additives to alleviate the degradation and enhance the durability and capacity of the battery system.After that,Ga-based liquid metals as interconnecting electrodes in multi-scenarios including photovoltaics solar cells,generators,and supercapacitors(SCs)are interpreted,respectively.The summary and perspective of Ga-based liquid metals as diverse battery materials are also focused on.Finally,it was suggested that tremendous endeavors are yet to be made in exploring the innovative battery chemistry,inherent reaction mechanism,and multifunctional integration of Ga-based liquid metal battery systems in the coining future.展开更多
基金supported in part by International Chinese Language Education Research Foundation of Ministry of Education of China,under Grant No.23YH39DPhilosophical and Social Science Planning Project of Tianjin,under grants No.TJGLQN23-006。
文摘The development of the Internet of Things(IoT)has rapidly progressed,revolutionizing numerous industries and transforming how we interact with technology.IoT relies on seamless connectivity between devices,allowing them to collect,share,and analyze data.As a result,compatibility and connectivity have become major concerns for customers adopting smart devices.Achieving compatibility in a smart device is a shared responsibility between the IoT platform provider and the smart device manufacturer.However,the impact of their respective efforts on smart device compatibility depends on investment efficiency and the service level.In this study,we develop a game-theoretical model to examine how investment efficiency affects the incentives of the upstream platform and the downstream manufacturer to exert compatibility efforts under the licensing pricing and revenue sharing models in a supply chain setting.Our findings indicate that,given a certain IoT platform service level,a manufacturer’s effort decreases as the relative weight decreases in the licensing pricing model.Additionally,when the platform’s effort cost is lower,the platform can invest more in compatibility,thereby improving the compatibility of smart devices.In such cases,the manufacturer can benefit from the platform’s incentives to exert compatibility efforts by reducing her efforts.We also identify two effects:the compatibility effect and the service value-added effect.When the relative weight of compatibility is small,the role of platform compatibility diminishes.Consequently,the platform cannot increase technology licensing fees to augment IoT service income,reducing profits.Our results also provide insights into how an IoT platform provider can strategically target a particular IoT service based on their cost characteristics and service level in smart device supply chains.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.91748206)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2020YFC0122301).
文摘Recent years have witnessed a rapid development of deformable devices and epidermal electronics that are in urgent request for flexible batteries.The intrinsically soft and ductile conductive electrode materials can offer pivotal hints in extending the lifespan of devices under frequent deformation.Featuring inherent liquidity,metal-licity,and biocompatibility,Ga-based room-temperature liquid metals(GBRTLMs)are potential candidates to fulfill the requirement of soft batteries.Herein,to illustrate the glamour of liquid components,high-temperature liquid metal batteries(HTLMBs)are briefly summarized from the aspects of principle,application,advantages,and drawbacks.Then,Ga-based liquid metals as main working electrodes in primary and secondary batteries are reviewed in terms of battery configurations,working mechanisms,and fiinctions.Next,Ga-based liquid metals as auxiliary working electrodes in lithium and nonlithium batteries are also discussed,which work as functional self-healing additives to alleviate the degradation and enhance the durability and capacity of the battery system.After that,Ga-based liquid metals as interconnecting electrodes in multi-scenarios including photovoltaics solar cells,generators,and supercapacitors(SCs)are interpreted,respectively.The summary and perspective of Ga-based liquid metals as diverse battery materials are also focused on.Finally,it was suggested that tremendous endeavors are yet to be made in exploring the innovative battery chemistry,inherent reaction mechanism,and multifunctional integration of Ga-based liquid metal battery systems in the coining future.
