Sperm cryopreservation is an essential technique for male fertility preservation,especially in men who are undergoing medical treatment.Conventional cryopreservation methods face limitations such as oxidative stress,D...Sperm cryopreservation is an essential technique for male fertility preservation,especially in men who are undergoing medical treatment.Conventional cryopreservation methods face limitations such as oxidative stress,DNA fragmentation,and cytotoxicity associated with traditional cryoprotectants like dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO).Recent breakthroughs have focused on improving post-thaw sperm viability with novel cryoprotectants and innovative freezing strategies.Prospective approaches include the use of amino acid-based cryoprotectants,deep eutectic solvents,and antioxidants that have been described to prevent oxidative damage and maintain DNA integrity.Vitrification,a high-speed freezing technique that prevents ice crystal formation,has demonstrated superior outcomes compared to conventional slow freezing.Moreover,the Direct Dropping Method,a cryoprotectant-free approach,has been introduced as a contamination-minimizing technique that preserves sperm functionality.Multiomics tools are also utilized to determine biomarkers for protocol optimization.Despite these advancements,cryoprotectant toxicity is a central challenge,emphasizing the necessity for safer agents.Future research must focus on long-term sperm functionality and individualized cryopreservation strategies to maximize reproductive outcomes.The current review highlights the challenges associated with sperm cryopreservation,explores innovative strategies and novel cryoprotectants,underscores the significance of maintaining DNA integrity,and proposes future research directions to improve fertility preservation outcomes.展开更多
文摘Sperm cryopreservation is an essential technique for male fertility preservation,especially in men who are undergoing medical treatment.Conventional cryopreservation methods face limitations such as oxidative stress,DNA fragmentation,and cytotoxicity associated with traditional cryoprotectants like dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO).Recent breakthroughs have focused on improving post-thaw sperm viability with novel cryoprotectants and innovative freezing strategies.Prospective approaches include the use of amino acid-based cryoprotectants,deep eutectic solvents,and antioxidants that have been described to prevent oxidative damage and maintain DNA integrity.Vitrification,a high-speed freezing technique that prevents ice crystal formation,has demonstrated superior outcomes compared to conventional slow freezing.Moreover,the Direct Dropping Method,a cryoprotectant-free approach,has been introduced as a contamination-minimizing technique that preserves sperm functionality.Multiomics tools are also utilized to determine biomarkers for protocol optimization.Despite these advancements,cryoprotectant toxicity is a central challenge,emphasizing the necessity for safer agents.Future research must focus on long-term sperm functionality and individualized cryopreservation strategies to maximize reproductive outcomes.The current review highlights the challenges associated with sperm cryopreservation,explores innovative strategies and novel cryoprotectants,underscores the significance of maintaining DNA integrity,and proposes future research directions to improve fertility preservation outcomes.
