Objectives:Cold-acclimated organisms accumulate low molecular weight organic solutes such as sugar alcohols and soluble sugars.This study aimed to compare the efficacy of five sugar alcohols and 14 soluble sugars in s...Objectives:Cold-acclimated organisms accumulate low molecular weight organic solutes such as sugar alcohols and soluble sugars.This study aimed to compare the efficacy of five sugar alcohols and 14 soluble sugars in stabilizing proteins under freezing,freeze-drying,and air-drying stresses.Materials and methods:Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase(G6PD)was used as the model protein.G6PD solutions with or without sugar alcohols and or sugars were subjected to freezing,freeze-drying,and air-drying stresses.The recovery of G6PD activity was measured to evaluate the protective efficacy of these compounds.Results:Without stabilizers,freezing G6PD at-20℃ or-80℃ reduced enzyme activity by around 24%,while freeze-drying or air-drying reduced activity by 90%-95%.Among the five sugar alcohols tested,pinitol,quebrachitol and sorbitol stabilized G6PD,whereas mannitol and myo-inositol destabilized it.Among 14 soluble sugars,trehalose and raffinose showed slightly lower enzyme recovery after repeated freeze-thaw cycles at-20℃.Most soluble sugars(except arabinose and xylose)protected G6PD during freeze-drying,with di-,tri-,and oligosaccharides generally outperforming monosaccharides.During air-drying,lactose was ineffective,while arabinose,galactose,and xylose were detrimental.Conclusion:The study highlights the diverse mechanisms of sugar alcohols and sugars in protein stabilization under stress,offering insights for formulating stable protein-and cell-based drugs.展开更多
Fresh-cut lettuce is widely used in ready-to-eat salads sold in modified atmosphere packages (MAP).Even in MAP,fresh-cut lettuce has short shelf life that results in loss of nutrients.Lettuce cultivars exhibit genetic...Fresh-cut lettuce is widely used in ready-to-eat salads sold in modified atmosphere packages (MAP).Even in MAP,fresh-cut lettuce has short shelf life that results in loss of nutrients.Lettuce cultivars exhibit genetic variation for shelf life in MAP,but their variation for nutrient retention is not known.Fifty accessions were evaluated for initial content of ascorbic acid (AsA),carotenoids,and sugars and their retention in storage.Accessions with high content and/or good retention of one or more nutrients were identified.The romaine accession ‘Floricos’ had high levels of all the three nutrients.Accessions with relatively high retention of all the three nutrients were ‘Salinas 88’,‘Siskiyou’,‘Solar’,SM09A,‘Romance’,and ‘Green Towers’.Romaine cultivars,‘Balady Barrage’,‘Green Towers’,and ‘Darkland’ had relatively high initial levels of all tested nutrients and good rate of their retention.There was no clear correlation between initial AsA/carotene concentrations and their retention rates,suggesting that besides content,retention of nutrients should also be a breeding target in a lettuce nutritional improvement program.Statistical analyses with the Pearson's correlation coefficient determined a negative relationship between tissue deterioration(AUDePS) and retention of all tested nutrients[r of-0.52 (P<0.0001) for AsA,-0.27 (P<0.01) for total carotene,and-0.59 (P<0.0001) for total sugars],suggesting that an increase in tissue deterioration intensifies nutrient decay.Broad-sense heritability (H^(2)) across the experiments was0.15 for AsA,0.23 for total carotene,and 0.50 for total sugars.Identification of germplasm with high nutrient content,extended shelf life and good nutrient retention provides valuable information for the lettuce industry and associated breeding programs.展开更多
Phosphorylated sugars,recognized as central intermediates in carbohydrate metabolism and critical precursors for enzymatic synthesis of rare sugars,face significant technical barriers in their industrialscale producti...Phosphorylated sugars,recognized as central intermediates in carbohydrate metabolism and critical precursors for enzymatic synthesis of rare sugars,face significant technical barriers in their industrialscale production.The multi-enzymatic preparation systems for these compounds inherently accumulate complex impurities,including protein-based catalysts,residual substrates,and oligosaccharide byproducts,posing persistent challenges in product separation and biocatalyst recycling.To address this limitation,we conducted a systematic investigation of ultrafiltration-based separation strategies during the multi-enzyme-catalyzed synthesis of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate(FDP),with particular emphasis on membrane fouling mechanisms.By screening the ultrafiltration membranes,UE020 showed the best performance in the model system,achieving significant separation targets:99.97% retention of bovine serum albumin,FDP/maltodextrin separation coefficient of 7.41,and FDP recovery of 93.63%.An analysis of the components of resistance revealed that concentration polarization induced by maltodextrin was the main factor constituting the resistance,irreversible resistance due to bovine serum albumin was a secondary effect,and the resistance constituted by FDP was negligible.A mitigation strategy employing powdered activated carbon for dynamic membrane formation significantly improved system performance,reducing irreversible resistance by 59.14% and enhancing flux recovery by 20.85%.In this study,ultrafiltration was strategically employed to achieve efficient separation of FDP and enzyme recovery.Significantly,we deciphered the synergistic fouling mechanisms arising from interactions within the multicomponent system containing phosphorylated sugars,oligosaccharides,and proteins.These findings provide a mechanistic framework for scaling up multi-enzymatic systems dedicated to phosphorylated sugar biosynthesis,effectively bridging the gap between laboratory-scale synthesis and industrial implementation.展开更多
Sugars are widely recognized for their ability to stabilize cell membranes during dehydration.However,the precise mechanisms by which sugars interact with lipid bilayers remain unclear.This mini-review synthesizes fou...Sugars are widely recognized for their ability to stabilize cell membranes during dehydration.However,the precise mechanisms by which sugars interact with lipid bilayers remain unclear.This mini-review synthesizes four key hypotheses explaining sugar-mediated protection of dehydrated bilayers:the Water Replacement Hypothesis(WRH),Hydration Force Hypothesis(HFH),Headgroup Bridging Hypothesis(HBH),and Vitrification Hypothesis(VH).We argue that these mechanisms are not mutually exclusive but instead operate synergistically under different cellular contexts.We propose that these hypotheses are not mutually exclusive but likely operate under different cellular contexts.Future studies should prioritize the development of biologically realistic membrane models-incorporating diverse lipids,proteins,and asymmetric leaflets-to elucidate the exact roles and mechanisms of sugars in membrane stabilization.Such advancements will enhance our understanding of anhydrobiosis and inform cryopreservation strategies for mammalian cells.展开更多
Autophagy is a universal cellular process in eukaryotes that plays a critical role in plant growth and stress response.However,the role of autophagy in fruit ripening is largely unknown.Here,we demonstrated that most ...Autophagy is a universal cellular process in eukaryotes that plays a critical role in plant growth and stress response.However,the role of autophagy in fruit ripening is largely unknown.Here,we demonstrated that most autophagy-related genes(ATGs)were up-regulated during tomato(Solanum lycopersicum L.)fruit ripening.By using mutants of different autophagy pathway genes(ATG6,ATG10,ATG18a),we revealed that the deficiency of autophagy delayed the ripening of fruit.Compared with wild-type(WT),the production of ethylene was significantly reduced and the accumulation of lycopene was delayed in atg mutants during fruit ripening.We also observed the contents of glucose and fructose were both significantly decreased in atg mutants compared with WT,while the content of organic acids showed the opposite trend.Additionally,the negative regulator of ethylene production,APETALA2a(AP2a),interacted with ATG8 through a specific ATG8-interacting motif(AIM)and could be degraded through the autophagy pathway.These results demonstrate that autophagy plays a critical role in fruit ripening by regulating ethylene production and the accumulation of pigments,sugars and organic acids in tomato.展开更多
Non-structural carbohydrates(NSCs)are crucial for tree growth and survival under climatic stress,yet their spatial dynamics across broad climate gradients remain unclear.Pines(Pinus spp.),one of the most widely distri...Non-structural carbohydrates(NSCs)are crucial for tree growth and survival under climatic stress,yet their spatial dynamics across broad climate gradients remain unclear.Pines(Pinus spp.),one of the most widely distributed tree genera worldwide,provide an ideal system for investigating large-scale spatial patterns of NSC within a single genus along extensive climatic gradients.Here,we compiled a global NSC database for pines across 74 sites,and assessed the spatial variation in total NSC,starch(St),and soluble sugars(SS)concentrations in stem sapwood,the primary reserve tissue,along site-specific mean annual temperature(MAT)and precipitation(MAP).Our results show that MAP exerted a stronger influence(R^(2)=20%–47%)on the spatial variation in total NSC and its components than did MAT(R^(2)=6%–16%).Tota concentrations declined nonlinearly with increasing MAP,with the rate of decline slowing beyond approximately 800 mm.While MAT had weaker effects on total NSC concentrations,both MAT and MAP jointly regulated NSC partitioning:Higher MAT and MAP were associated with reduced St concentrations but elevated SS concentrations and SS:St ratios.These findings suggest that pine species in cold and arid environments prioritize storing NSC as St,whereas in relatively warm and humid environments,NSC are preferentially mobilized into SS to support immediate metabolic and growth demands.展开更多
Phytophthora blight is a devastating disease of pigeon pea(Cajanus cajan)that severely impacts plant growth and productivity.This study investigates the morphological,anatomical,and biochemical responses of a suscepti...Phytophthora blight is a devastating disease of pigeon pea(Cajanus cajan)that severely impacts plant growth and productivity.This study investigates the morphological,anatomical,and biochemical responses of a susceptible variety(ICPL 11260)and a resistant variety(IPAC-02)following infection by Phytophthora.Morphological analyses showed that infection caused a drastic reduction in root length,shoot length,leaf number,fresh weight,and dry weight in the susceptible ICPL 11260 variety,with reductions ranging from 0.5-to 2-fold compared to non-infected controls.Anatomical observations revealed pronounced cellular damage and mycelial invasion in infected ICPL 11260 plants by 30 days after infection,whereas infected IPAC-02 plants exhibited no fungal colonization.Biochemical analyses further demonstrated that the resistant IPAC-02 variety accumulated higher levels of total soluble sugars,proteins,phenols,and flavonoids,along with increased activities of defense-related enzymes(chitinase andβ-1,3-glucanase),compared with the susceptible ICPL 11260.Under P.cajani stress,IPAC-02 maintained significantly elevated osmolyte concentrations(total sugars 153.7 mg g^(−1)FW;proteins 25.4 mg g^(−1)FW),secondary metabolites(phenols 51.7 mg g^(−1)FW;flavonoids 33.1 mg g^(−1)FW),and PR-enzyme activities(chitinase 11.4 U mg^(−1)protein;β-1,3-glucanase 9.1 U mg^(−1)protein).These responses support a lignification-mediated defense mechanism in IPAC-02 and highlight its potential value for breeding Phytophthora-resistant pigeon pea cultivars.展开更多
The Australian sugarcane industry has long maintained high sugar content in cane and ranks among the world's lowest-cost raw sugar producers.This paper analyzes the key factors behind this competitive performance....The Australian sugarcane industry has long maintained high sugar content in cane and ranks among the world's lowest-cost raw sugar producers.This paper analyzes the key factors behind this competitive performance.It examines industry statistics,cost of production studies,historical records,and international comparisons.The analysis shows that the industryʼs advantage stems not from any single factor,but from a combination of six elements:(a)a climate favorable for high sucrose accumulation;(b)economies of scale in both farming and milling;(c)a high level of mechanization,particularly in harvesting;(d)a cane pricing formula that incentivizes high sugar content;(e)a research and development system that is mandatory-funded,industry-led,and industry-controlled by growers and millers;and(f)prolonged exposure to international competition with minimal trade protection.For other sugar-producing countries aiming to lower costs,this suggests pathways such as facilitating farm consolidation,introducing mechanization within suitably adapted farming systems,reforming cane payment systems to reward sugar content,refocusing R&D investment to better meet industry needs,and optimizing nutrient management to reduce nitrogen fertilizer use.展开更多
Tea plant(Camellia sinensis(L.)O.Kuntze)is a cold-sensitive leaf-harvesting crop whose growth,yield,and processed tea quality are all inhibited by low temperatures.Therefore,identifying the regulatory genes involved i...Tea plant(Camellia sinensis(L.)O.Kuntze)is a cold-sensitive leaf-harvesting crop whose growth,yield,and processed tea quality are all inhibited by low temperatures.Therefore,identifying the regulatory genes involved in tea plant growth and freezing tolerance is crucial for genetic improvement.WRKY transcription factors regulate various plant processes,including growth and development,stress responses,and metabolite biosynthesis.However,the molecular network through which WRKY coordinates these pathways in tea plants remains unclear.In this study,we revealed that CsWRKY57L,a cold-inducible WRKY IIc subfamily member,positively regulated freezing tolerance by directly promoting flavonoid accumulation in tea plants.Transient suppression of CsWRKY57L weakened the freezing tolerance of tea plants by reducing flavonoid content and suppressing the C-repeat-binding factor(CBF)-cold-responsive(COR)gene pathway.In contrast,heterologous overexpression of CsWRKY57L in Arabidopsis had the opposite effect.Additionally,overexpression of CsWRKY57L inhibited reproductive development and accelerated senescence in Arabidopsis.Interaction analysis revealed that CsWRKY57L directly binds to the promoters of CsSWEET1a,CsSWEET15,and AtSWEET15,which encode sugar transporters essential for plant reproductive development,and inhibits their transcription.Overall,the study revealed a dual role of CsWRKY57L in promoting freezing tolerance via flavonoid biosynthesis and inhibiting reproductive development by regulating SWEETs expression.This study uncovers a novel mechanism whereby CsWRKY57L coordinately regulates both stress responses and growth in tea plants,providing a molecular basis for breeding low-temperature-tolerant varieties with restricted reproductive development.展开更多
In tomato,early fruit development involves rapid cell division and expansion,which are highly dependent on sugar availability(Huang et al.,2025;Yuan et al.,2025).After fruit set,soluble sugars are loaded into pericarp...In tomato,early fruit development involves rapid cell division and expansion,which are highly dependent on sugar availability(Huang et al.,2025;Yuan et al.,2025).After fruit set,soluble sugars are loaded into pericarp cells through the symplasmic(cytosol)or apoplasmic pathway(cell wall and extracellular matrix)(Patrick and Offler,1996).Sucrose,as the major form of carbon translocated to tomato fruit,can be directly unloaded into fruit cells.However,some sucrose can be hydrolyzed by extracellular invertase,producing glucose and fructose for metabolism and biosynthesis in pericarp cells(Ruan,2014).展开更多
We first received and examined X-ray and IR （infra red） spectroscopy of uranium complexes with sugars. We proposed a method for direct synthesis of complex organic compounds, uranium chloride UO2Cl2 with various sug...We first received and examined X-ray and IR （infra red） spectroscopy of uranium complexes with sugars. We proposed a method for direct synthesis of complex organic compounds, uranium chloride UO2Cl2 with various sugars （D-glucose, D （＋） maltose, D-sucrose, D-lactose and the polysaccharide Dextran） as potential precursors for the treatment of cancer diseases.展开更多
The last decade has been characterized by a decrease in peach(Prunus persica)fruit consumption in many countries,foremost due to unsatisfactory quality.The sugar content is one of the most important quality traits per...The last decade has been characterized by a decrease in peach(Prunus persica)fruit consumption in many countries,foremost due to unsatisfactory quality.The sugar content is one of the most important quality traits perceived by consumers,and the development of novel peach cultivars with sugar-enhanced content is a primary objective of breeding programs to revert the market inertia.Nevertheless,the progress reachable through classical phenotypic selection is limited by the narrow genetic bases of peach breeding material and by the complex quantitative nature of the trait,which is deeply affected by environmental conditions and agronomical management.The development of molecular markers applicable in MAS or MAB has become an essential strategy to boost the selection efficiency.Despite the enormous advances in‘omics’sciences,providing powerful tools for plant genotyping,the identification of the genetic bases of sugar-related traits is hindered by the lack of adequate phenotyping methods that are able to address strong within-plant variability.This review provides an overview of the current knowledge of the metabolic pathways and physiological mechanisms regulating sugar accumulation in peach fruit,the main advances in phenotyping approaches and genetic background,and finally addressing new research priorities and prospective for breeders.展开更多
Using the potent anticancer agent 2-deoxy-2-chloro-1-amino sugar as a lead compound, its analogs were prepared in 6 steps starting from D-glucal. The key step was the synthesis of 2-chloro-1-acetamido sugars using （C...Using the potent anticancer agent 2-deoxy-2-chloro-1-amino sugar as a lead compound, its analogs were prepared in 6 steps starting from D-glucal. The key step was the synthesis of 2-chloro-1-acetamido sugars using （COCl） 2-AgNO 3-CH 3 CN system in high yields. 2-Deoxy-2-chloro-1-amino sugars were obtained by treating the corresponding acetamido sugars with HCl in MeOH. All the compounds, including the reference compound, displayed almost no cytotoxic activity to the selected cancer cell lines.展开更多
In order to provide reference for the selection of appropriate pollination varieties facilitating the improvement of the flavor quality of bagged Fuji apple, the metaxenia effects of 5 pollination varieties on sugars,...In order to provide reference for the selection of appropriate pollination varieties facilitating the improvement of the flavor quality of bagged Fuji apple, the metaxenia effects of 5 pollination varieties on sugars, organic acids and flavor quality of bagged Fuji fruit were studied. The results showed that the 5 pollination varieties had significant metaxenia effects on sugars, organic acids and flavor quality of bagged Fuji fruit. For the sugar components, the fruits pollinated with Golden Delicious and Jinxiuhaitang showed higher glucose contents, and the fruit pollinated with Gala had the highest sucrose content; the fruits pollinated by Gala, Golden Delicious and Ruby exhibited higher malic acids, and the oxalic acid content and the succinic acid content were higher in the fruits pollinated with Jinxiuhaitang and Ruby ; and the fruit pollinated with Gala had the highest total sugar content, and the total acid content was higher in the fruits pollinated by Jinxiuhaitang and Ruby. The sugar-acid ratio was higher in the fruits pollinated with Gala and Golden Delicious, and the lowest in the fruit pollinated with Ruby. The senso- ry evaluation of fruits showed that the fruit pollinated with Ruby tasted sour-sweet, while the fruits pollinated with other 4 pollination varieties were sour and sweet moderately.展开更多
Drought is a major production constraint for major fruits and vegetable crops in the tropics. This study was conducted to in- vestigate the effect of limited water supply at three growth stages （vegetative, flowering...Drought is a major production constraint for major fruits and vegetable crops in the tropics. This study was conducted to in- vestigate the effect of limited water supply at three growth stages （vegetative, flowering and fruiting） on the accumulation of proline and soluble sugars in three pepper species. Seeds of the three pepper species, Capsicum chinense Jacq., C. annuum L. and C. frutescens L. were raised in a nursery and the seedlings were transplanted into seventy two plastic pots arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replicates, 25 days after planting. Four water treatments, 200 mL of water supplied twice daily （W1）, once in every three days （W2）, once in every five days （W3）, and zero water supplied throughout growing period （W0） were imposed at three vegetative, flowering, and fruiting growth stages. Data were collected on relative water content, free proline and total soluble sugar. Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance and means were separated using Duncan＇s multiple range test. Results show that the concentration ofproline and soluble sugar in leaves of the three pepper species were found to be remarkable at the different stages of growth in the stressed plants.展开更多
It is practical, economic and sometimes essential to derive rules or conclusions by performing lesser runs of experiments. In this part, a methodology based on 2 f factorial design was brought up to derive guidelines ...It is practical, economic and sometimes essential to derive rules or conclusions by performing lesser runs of experiments. In this part, a methodology based on 2 f factorial design was brought up to derive guidelines to simulate growth curve and production of sugars by Spirulina (Arthrospira) maxima . The growth curve or accumulation process of sugars was idealized by sets of straight lines limited by phase transfers of growth or accumulation of sugars. Normal analyses of the critical values of the transfers were used to derive their linear relationships with the initial conditions of the experimental factors. These linear functions were called guidelines and were used to simulate the growth curve or accumulation of sugars. Generalization of the guideline technique was determined by the kinetic limitation of nutrient nitrogen or sulfur that was dependent upon their stoichiometric deficiency directly derived from their initial values in the medium. This method uses the initial conditions of culture and does not need measurements of concentrations of nitrate, sulfate and pigments during cultivation. It is a practical and useful alternative way to trace and predict approximately the growth curve and production of sugars by S. maxima .展开更多
[Objectives]This study was conducted to provide basic information for the utilization,quality control and deep processing of‘Xintai Tianhong’hawthorn fruit resources.[Methods]The contents of sugar and acid component...[Objectives]This study was conducted to provide basic information for the utilization,quality control and deep processing of‘Xintai Tianhong’hawthorn fruit resources.[Methods]The contents of sugar and acid components in‘Xintai Tianhong’hawthorn fruit were determined by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC).[Results]‘Xintai Tianhong’hawthorn fruit contained such four kinds of sugar components as fructose,sorbitol,glucose and sucrose,and such six kinds of organic acid components as oxalic acid,tartaric acid,malic acid,acetic acid,citric acid and succinic acid.The fruit had the highest sucrose content,accounting for 70.53%of the total sugar content,followed by fructose,glucose and sorbitol.For the organic acid components,the content of succinic acid was the highest,accounting for 47.32%of the total acid content,followed by citric acid,malic acid,oxalic acid and tartaric acid,and acetic acid had the lowest content.[Conclusions]‘Xintai Tianhong’hawthorn should be a succinic acid-type hawthorn variety,which can be used as a parent in genetic research and breeding practice.展开更多
Translucency is a recurring problem for pineapple industry. Translucent fruit contained more sucrose, glucose and fructose in apoplast than those in apoplast of normal fruit. There were more liquid in intercellular sp...Translucency is a recurring problem for pineapple industry. Translucent fruit contained more sucrose, glucose and fructose in apoplast than those in apoplast of normal fruit. There were more liquid in intercellular space of translucent fruit than that of normal flesh. The contents of alcohol and ethylene in translucent fruit were higher than those in normal fruit. Translucent fruit contained less calcium than normal fruit. Electrolyte leakage of translucent flesh was more than that of normal flesh. There were 205 proteins of which the expressions in translucent flesh were higher than those in normal flesh. Calcium-ions-binding protein EF-hand domain-containing protein, ethylene-synthesizing enzyme 1-aminpcyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase, ROS-producing protein universal stress protein A-like protein were the top three proteins of which the expressions in translucent flesh were higher than those in normal fruit. When much sugar was transferred into fruit pulp and accumulated in intercellular space, water will be absorbed from cells around and translucence formed. The accumulation of sugar and liquid in apoplast were due to that cell wall and membrane were degraded, which was from being attacked by ROS. There might be more and larger pores in cell wall and membranes of translucent flesh. These data played foundations for researching methods for controlling pineapple translucency.展开更多
Six orange varieties （Washington Navel, Navelina, Navelate, Lane Late, Cara Cara, Valencia）, four mandarin varieties （Okitsu Wase, Dobashi Beni, Ortanique, Satsuma Owari） and two grapefruit varieties （Star Ruby a...Six orange varieties （Washington Navel, Navelina, Navelate, Lane Late, Cara Cara, Valencia）, four mandarin varieties （Okitsu Wase, Dobashi Beni, Ortanique, Satsuma Owari） and two grapefruit varieties （Star Ruby and Rio Red） were evaluated for their fruit quality characteristics such as fructose, glucose, sucrose, total sugars, malic acid, citric acid and Vitamin C contents. Sugars, carboxylic acids, and vitamin C contents of citrus juices were identified and quantified by HPLC （High Performance Liquid Chromatography） technique. The predominating individual sugars were detected as sucrose in all mandarin and orange varieties except grapefruit varieties. Whereas fructose and glucose were found to be higher in grapefruit varieties, citric acid was considered as a major carboxylic acid in all citrus species and detected in oranges higher concentration than mandarin and grapefruit varieties. Furthermore, vitamin C content of grapefruit juices were detected higher concentration than the oranges （except cv. Valencia） and mandarins. Our results showed that itrus species differed in not only species but also varieties based on the sugar and acid characteristics.展开更多
Chiral glycosyl lactone is an important class of bioactive compound and pharmaceutical intermediate in nature, especially for chiral lactones with 4 carbon atoms, which are very useful building blocks for synthesis of...Chiral glycosyl lactone is an important class of bioactive compound and pharmaceutical intermediate in nature, especially for chiral lactones with 4 carbon atoms, which are very useful building blocks for synthesis of biologically interesting compounds. Herein, a selective dehydrogenation and solvent matched catalytic system under oxygen-free conditions was developed to try to achieve the one-step direct conversion of cyclic hemiacetal sugars toward their chiral glycosyl lactones. During the process, the inherent structural characteristics of sugar was efficiently utilized, and the transfer of its chiral centers was realized. Under the optimum condition, the corresponding lactones were successfully prepared from C_(4)-C6sugars with cyclic hemiacetal structure in acetonitrile. The reaction mechanism in acetonitrile was explored by the first principle density functional theory calculations and tracking reaction process. It was found that the high lactone yield in acetonitrile was due to the high proportion of α-conformation form among multiple tautomers in it. This selective dehydrogenation process may further extend the possibility of the preparation of chiral synthons from carbohydrates directly.展开更多
基金supported by a research grant from the National University of Singapore to WQS(RP-3960366)a collaborative research grant from Sichuan Zhongke Organ Co.Ltd(Chengdu,China).
文摘Objectives:Cold-acclimated organisms accumulate low molecular weight organic solutes such as sugar alcohols and soluble sugars.This study aimed to compare the efficacy of five sugar alcohols and 14 soluble sugars in stabilizing proteins under freezing,freeze-drying,and air-drying stresses.Materials and methods:Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase(G6PD)was used as the model protein.G6PD solutions with or without sugar alcohols and or sugars were subjected to freezing,freeze-drying,and air-drying stresses.The recovery of G6PD activity was measured to evaluate the protective efficacy of these compounds.Results:Without stabilizers,freezing G6PD at-20℃ or-80℃ reduced enzyme activity by around 24%,while freeze-drying or air-drying reduced activity by 90%-95%.Among the five sugar alcohols tested,pinitol,quebrachitol and sorbitol stabilized G6PD,whereas mannitol and myo-inositol destabilized it.Among 14 soluble sugars,trehalose and raffinose showed slightly lower enzyme recovery after repeated freeze-thaw cycles at-20℃.Most soluble sugars(except arabinose and xylose)protected G6PD during freeze-drying,with di-,tri-,and oligosaccharides generally outperforming monosaccharides.During air-drying,lactose was ineffective,while arabinose,galactose,and xylose were detrimental.Conclusion:The study highlights the diverse mechanisms of sugar alcohols and sugars in protein stabilization under stress,offering insights for formulating stable protein-and cell-based drugs.
基金supported by the Specialty Crop Block Grant Program of the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA), Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS) through the California Department of Food and Agriculture (SCB15015)partly also by funding from the California Leafy Greens Research Board and by Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) Research Participation Program。
文摘Fresh-cut lettuce is widely used in ready-to-eat salads sold in modified atmosphere packages (MAP).Even in MAP,fresh-cut lettuce has short shelf life that results in loss of nutrients.Lettuce cultivars exhibit genetic variation for shelf life in MAP,but their variation for nutrient retention is not known.Fifty accessions were evaluated for initial content of ascorbic acid (AsA),carotenoids,and sugars and their retention in storage.Accessions with high content and/or good retention of one or more nutrients were identified.The romaine accession ‘Floricos’ had high levels of all the three nutrients.Accessions with relatively high retention of all the three nutrients were ‘Salinas 88’,‘Siskiyou’,‘Solar’,SM09A,‘Romance’,and ‘Green Towers’.Romaine cultivars,‘Balady Barrage’,‘Green Towers’,and ‘Darkland’ had relatively high initial levels of all tested nutrients and good rate of their retention.There was no clear correlation between initial AsA/carotene concentrations and their retention rates,suggesting that besides content,retention of nutrients should also be a breeding target in a lettuce nutritional improvement program.Statistical analyses with the Pearson's correlation coefficient determined a negative relationship between tissue deterioration(AUDePS) and retention of all tested nutrients[r of-0.52 (P<0.0001) for AsA,-0.27 (P<0.01) for total carotene,and-0.59 (P<0.0001) for total sugars],suggesting that an increase in tissue deterioration intensifies nutrient decay.Broad-sense heritability (H^(2)) across the experiments was0.15 for AsA,0.23 for total carotene,and 0.50 for total sugars.Identification of germplasm with high nutrient content,extended shelf life and good nutrient retention provides valuable information for the lettuce industry and associated breeding programs.
基金the funding support provided by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDC0120402)the National Key Research&Development Program of China (2022YFC2105103)。
文摘Phosphorylated sugars,recognized as central intermediates in carbohydrate metabolism and critical precursors for enzymatic synthesis of rare sugars,face significant technical barriers in their industrialscale production.The multi-enzymatic preparation systems for these compounds inherently accumulate complex impurities,including protein-based catalysts,residual substrates,and oligosaccharide byproducts,posing persistent challenges in product separation and biocatalyst recycling.To address this limitation,we conducted a systematic investigation of ultrafiltration-based separation strategies during the multi-enzyme-catalyzed synthesis of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate(FDP),with particular emphasis on membrane fouling mechanisms.By screening the ultrafiltration membranes,UE020 showed the best performance in the model system,achieving significant separation targets:99.97% retention of bovine serum albumin,FDP/maltodextrin separation coefficient of 7.41,and FDP recovery of 93.63%.An analysis of the components of resistance revealed that concentration polarization induced by maltodextrin was the main factor constituting the resistance,irreversible resistance due to bovine serum albumin was a secondary effect,and the resistance constituted by FDP was negligible.A mitigation strategy employing powdered activated carbon for dynamic membrane formation significantly improved system performance,reducing irreversible resistance by 59.14% and enhancing flux recovery by 20.85%.In this study,ultrafiltration was strategically employed to achieve efficient separation of FDP and enzyme recovery.Significantly,we deciphered the synergistic fouling mechanisms arising from interactions within the multicomponent system containing phosphorylated sugars,oligosaccharides,and proteins.These findings provide a mechanistic framework for scaling up multi-enzymatic systems dedicated to phosphorylated sugar biosynthesis,effectively bridging the gap between laboratory-scale synthesis and industrial implementation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,China(Grant No.52376052)the Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation,China(Grant No.2308085ME174).
文摘Sugars are widely recognized for their ability to stabilize cell membranes during dehydration.However,the precise mechanisms by which sugars interact with lipid bilayers remain unclear.This mini-review synthesizes four key hypotheses explaining sugar-mediated protection of dehydrated bilayers:the Water Replacement Hypothesis(WRH),Hydration Force Hypothesis(HFH),Headgroup Bridging Hypothesis(HBH),and Vitrification Hypothesis(VH).We argue that these mechanisms are not mutually exclusive but instead operate synergistically under different cellular contexts.We propose that these hypotheses are not mutually exclusive but likely operate under different cellular contexts.Future studies should prioritize the development of biologically realistic membrane models-incorporating diverse lipids,proteins,and asymmetric leaflets-to elucidate the exact roles and mechanisms of sugars in membrane stabilization.Such advancements will enhance our understanding of anhydrobiosis and inform cryopreservation strategies for mammalian cells.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32302642,32272790)the Starry Night Science Fund of Zhejiang University Shanghai Institute for Advanced Study(Grant No.SN-ZJU-SIAS-0011)+1 种基金Collaborative Promotion Program of Zhejiang Provincial Agricultural Technology of China(Grant No.2023ZDXT05)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.226-2022-00122).
文摘Autophagy is a universal cellular process in eukaryotes that plays a critical role in plant growth and stress response.However,the role of autophagy in fruit ripening is largely unknown.Here,we demonstrated that most autophagy-related genes(ATGs)were up-regulated during tomato(Solanum lycopersicum L.)fruit ripening.By using mutants of different autophagy pathway genes(ATG6,ATG10,ATG18a),we revealed that the deficiency of autophagy delayed the ripening of fruit.Compared with wild-type(WT),the production of ethylene was significantly reduced and the accumulation of lycopene was delayed in atg mutants during fruit ripening.We also observed the contents of glucose and fructose were both significantly decreased in atg mutants compared with WT,while the content of organic acids showed the opposite trend.Additionally,the negative regulator of ethylene production,APETALA2a(AP2a),interacted with ATG8 through a specific ATG8-interacting motif(AIM)and could be degraded through the autophagy pathway.These results demonstrate that autophagy plays a critical role in fruit ripening by regulating ethylene production and the accumulation of pigments,sugars and organic acids in tomato.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42430503 and 42271048)the Hebei Natural Science Foundation(No.D2025205003)the Science Foundation of Hebei Normal University(No.L2025B31)。
文摘Non-structural carbohydrates(NSCs)are crucial for tree growth and survival under climatic stress,yet their spatial dynamics across broad climate gradients remain unclear.Pines(Pinus spp.),one of the most widely distributed tree genera worldwide,provide an ideal system for investigating large-scale spatial patterns of NSC within a single genus along extensive climatic gradients.Here,we compiled a global NSC database for pines across 74 sites,and assessed the spatial variation in total NSC,starch(St),and soluble sugars(SS)concentrations in stem sapwood,the primary reserve tissue,along site-specific mean annual temperature(MAT)and precipitation(MAP).Our results show that MAP exerted a stronger influence(R^(2)=20%–47%)on the spatial variation in total NSC and its components than did MAT(R^(2)=6%–16%).Tota concentrations declined nonlinearly with increasing MAP,with the rate of decline slowing beyond approximately 800 mm.While MAT had weaker effects on total NSC concentrations,both MAT and MAP jointly regulated NSC partitioning:Higher MAT and MAP were associated with reduced St concentrations but elevated SS concentrations and SS:St ratios.These findings suggest that pine species in cold and arid environments prioritize storing NSC as St,whereas in relatively warm and humid environments,NSC are preferentially mobilized into SS to support immediate metabolic and growth demands.
基金supported and funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research,Vice Presidency for Graduate Studies and Scientific Research,King Faisal University,Saudi Arabia,grant number(KFU252909).
文摘Phytophthora blight is a devastating disease of pigeon pea(Cajanus cajan)that severely impacts plant growth and productivity.This study investigates the morphological,anatomical,and biochemical responses of a susceptible variety(ICPL 11260)and a resistant variety(IPAC-02)following infection by Phytophthora.Morphological analyses showed that infection caused a drastic reduction in root length,shoot length,leaf number,fresh weight,and dry weight in the susceptible ICPL 11260 variety,with reductions ranging from 0.5-to 2-fold compared to non-infected controls.Anatomical observations revealed pronounced cellular damage and mycelial invasion in infected ICPL 11260 plants by 30 days after infection,whereas infected IPAC-02 plants exhibited no fungal colonization.Biochemical analyses further demonstrated that the resistant IPAC-02 variety accumulated higher levels of total soluble sugars,proteins,phenols,and flavonoids,along with increased activities of defense-related enzymes(chitinase andβ-1,3-glucanase),compared with the susceptible ICPL 11260.Under P.cajani stress,IPAC-02 maintained significantly elevated osmolyte concentrations(total sugars 153.7 mg g^(−1)FW;proteins 25.4 mg g^(−1)FW),secondary metabolites(phenols 51.7 mg g^(−1)FW;flavonoids 33.1 mg g^(−1)FW),and PR-enzyme activities(chitinase 11.4 U mg^(−1)protein;β-1,3-glucanase 9.1 U mg^(−1)protein).These responses support a lignification-mediated defense mechanism in IPAC-02 and highlight its potential value for breeding Phytophthora-resistant pigeon pea cultivars.
文摘The Australian sugarcane industry has long maintained high sugar content in cane and ranks among the world's lowest-cost raw sugar producers.This paper analyzes the key factors behind this competitive performance.It examines industry statistics,cost of production studies,historical records,and international comparisons.The analysis shows that the industryʼs advantage stems not from any single factor,but from a combination of six elements:(a)a climate favorable for high sucrose accumulation;(b)economies of scale in both farming and milling;(c)a high level of mechanization,particularly in harvesting;(d)a cane pricing formula that incentivizes high sugar content;(e)a research and development system that is mandatory-funded,industry-led,and industry-controlled by growers and millers;and(f)prolonged exposure to international competition with minimal trade protection.For other sugar-producing countries aiming to lower costs,this suggests pathways such as facilitating farm consolidation,introducing mechanization within suitably adapted farming systems,reforming cane payment systems to reward sugar content,refocusing R&D investment to better meet industry needs,and optimizing nutrient management to reduce nitrogen fertilizer use.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32072630,32372774,and U22A20499)the earmarked fund for CARS(Grant No.CARS-19-01A).
文摘Tea plant(Camellia sinensis(L.)O.Kuntze)is a cold-sensitive leaf-harvesting crop whose growth,yield,and processed tea quality are all inhibited by low temperatures.Therefore,identifying the regulatory genes involved in tea plant growth and freezing tolerance is crucial for genetic improvement.WRKY transcription factors regulate various plant processes,including growth and development,stress responses,and metabolite biosynthesis.However,the molecular network through which WRKY coordinates these pathways in tea plants remains unclear.In this study,we revealed that CsWRKY57L,a cold-inducible WRKY IIc subfamily member,positively regulated freezing tolerance by directly promoting flavonoid accumulation in tea plants.Transient suppression of CsWRKY57L weakened the freezing tolerance of tea plants by reducing flavonoid content and suppressing the C-repeat-binding factor(CBF)-cold-responsive(COR)gene pathway.In contrast,heterologous overexpression of CsWRKY57L in Arabidopsis had the opposite effect.Additionally,overexpression of CsWRKY57L inhibited reproductive development and accelerated senescence in Arabidopsis.Interaction analysis revealed that CsWRKY57L directly binds to the promoters of CsSWEET1a,CsSWEET15,and AtSWEET15,which encode sugar transporters essential for plant reproductive development,and inhibits their transcription.Overall,the study revealed a dual role of CsWRKY57L in promoting freezing tolerance via flavonoid biosynthesis and inhibiting reproductive development by regulating SWEETs expression.This study uncovers a novel mechanism whereby CsWRKY57L coordinately regulates both stress responses and growth in tea plants,providing a molecular basis for breeding low-temperature-tolerant varieties with restricted reproductive development.
基金supported by The National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32120103010,32341045,and 32272729).
文摘In tomato,early fruit development involves rapid cell division and expansion,which are highly dependent on sugar availability(Huang et al.,2025;Yuan et al.,2025).After fruit set,soluble sugars are loaded into pericarp cells through the symplasmic(cytosol)or apoplasmic pathway(cell wall and extracellular matrix)(Patrick and Offler,1996).Sucrose,as the major form of carbon translocated to tomato fruit,can be directly unloaded into fruit cells.However,some sucrose can be hydrolyzed by extracellular invertase,producing glucose and fructose for metabolism and biosynthesis in pericarp cells(Ruan,2014).
文摘We first received and examined X-ray and IR （infra red） spectroscopy of uranium complexes with sugars. We proposed a method for direct synthesis of complex organic compounds, uranium chloride UO2Cl2 with various sugars （D-glucose, D （＋） maltose, D-sucrose, D-lactose and the polysaccharide Dextran） as potential precursors for the treatment of cancer diseases.
基金This work was supported by MASPES(Italian project aimed at apricot and peach breeding)and FRUITBREEDOMICS(grant 265582–EC-GAUE,7th Framework Program:the views expressed in this work are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Commission).
文摘The last decade has been characterized by a decrease in peach(Prunus persica)fruit consumption in many countries,foremost due to unsatisfactory quality.The sugar content is one of the most important quality traits perceived by consumers,and the development of novel peach cultivars with sugar-enhanced content is a primary objective of breeding programs to revert the market inertia.Nevertheless,the progress reachable through classical phenotypic selection is limited by the narrow genetic bases of peach breeding material and by the complex quantitative nature of the trait,which is deeply affected by environmental conditions and agronomical management.The development of molecular markers applicable in MAS or MAB has become an essential strategy to boost the selection efficiency.Despite the enormous advances in‘omics’sciences,providing powerful tools for plant genotyping,the identification of the genetic bases of sugar-related traits is hindered by the lack of adequate phenotyping methods that are able to address strong within-plant variability.This review provides an overview of the current knowledge of the metabolic pathways and physiological mechanisms regulating sugar accumulation in peach fruit,the main advances in phenotyping approaches and genetic background,and finally addressing new research priorities and prospective for breeders.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,Grant No.21072017)
文摘Using the potent anticancer agent 2-deoxy-2-chloro-1-amino sugar as a lead compound, its analogs were prepared in 6 steps starting from D-glucal. The key step was the synthesis of 2-chloro-1-acetamido sugars using （COCl） 2-AgNO 3-CH 3 CN system in high yields. 2-Deoxy-2-chloro-1-amino sugars were obtained by treating the corresponding acetamido sugars with HCl in MeOH. All the compounds, including the reference compound, displayed almost no cytotoxic activity to the selected cancer cell lines.
基金Supported by Major Agricultural Applied Technology Innovation Project of Shandong Province(2014)Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CXGC2016B07)Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-28)
文摘In order to provide reference for the selection of appropriate pollination varieties facilitating the improvement of the flavor quality of bagged Fuji apple, the metaxenia effects of 5 pollination varieties on sugars, organic acids and flavor quality of bagged Fuji fruit were studied. The results showed that the 5 pollination varieties had significant metaxenia effects on sugars, organic acids and flavor quality of bagged Fuji fruit. For the sugar components, the fruits pollinated with Golden Delicious and Jinxiuhaitang showed higher glucose contents, and the fruit pollinated with Gala had the highest sucrose content; the fruits pollinated by Gala, Golden Delicious and Ruby exhibited higher malic acids, and the oxalic acid content and the succinic acid content were higher in the fruits pollinated with Jinxiuhaitang and Ruby ; and the fruit pollinated with Gala had the highest total sugar content, and the total acid content was higher in the fruits pollinated by Jinxiuhaitang and Ruby. The sugar-acid ratio was higher in the fruits pollinated with Gala and Golden Delicious, and the lowest in the fruit pollinated with Ruby. The senso- ry evaluation of fruits showed that the fruit pollinated with Ruby tasted sour-sweet, while the fruits pollinated with other 4 pollination varieties were sour and sweet moderately.
文摘Drought is a major production constraint for major fruits and vegetable crops in the tropics. This study was conducted to in- vestigate the effect of limited water supply at three growth stages （vegetative, flowering and fruiting） on the accumulation of proline and soluble sugars in three pepper species. Seeds of the three pepper species, Capsicum chinense Jacq., C. annuum L. and C. frutescens L. were raised in a nursery and the seedlings were transplanted into seventy two plastic pots arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replicates, 25 days after planting. Four water treatments, 200 mL of water supplied twice daily （W1）, once in every three days （W2）, once in every five days （W3）, and zero water supplied throughout growing period （W0） were imposed at three vegetative, flowering, and fruiting growth stages. Data were collected on relative water content, free proline and total soluble sugar. Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance and means were separated using Duncan＇s multiple range test. Results show that the concentration ofproline and soluble sugar in leaves of the three pepper species were found to be remarkable at the different stages of growth in the stressed plants.
文摘It is practical, economic and sometimes essential to derive rules or conclusions by performing lesser runs of experiments. In this part, a methodology based on 2 f factorial design was brought up to derive guidelines to simulate growth curve and production of sugars by Spirulina (Arthrospira) maxima . The growth curve or accumulation process of sugars was idealized by sets of straight lines limited by phase transfers of growth or accumulation of sugars. Normal analyses of the critical values of the transfers were used to derive their linear relationships with the initial conditions of the experimental factors. These linear functions were called guidelines and were used to simulate the growth curve or accumulation of sugars. Generalization of the guideline technique was determined by the kinetic limitation of nutrient nitrogen or sulfur that was dependent upon their stoichiometric deficiency directly derived from their initial values in the medium. This method uses the initial conditions of culture and does not need measurements of concentrations of nitrate, sulfate and pigments during cultivation. It is a practical and useful alternative way to trace and predict approximately the growth curve and production of sugars by S. maxima .
基金Supported by Agricultural Improved Variety Project of Shandong Province(2016LZGC034)
文摘[Objectives]This study was conducted to provide basic information for the utilization,quality control and deep processing of‘Xintai Tianhong’hawthorn fruit resources.[Methods]The contents of sugar and acid components in‘Xintai Tianhong’hawthorn fruit were determined by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC).[Results]‘Xintai Tianhong’hawthorn fruit contained such four kinds of sugar components as fructose,sorbitol,glucose and sucrose,and such six kinds of organic acid components as oxalic acid,tartaric acid,malic acid,acetic acid,citric acid and succinic acid.The fruit had the highest sucrose content,accounting for 70.53%of the total sugar content,followed by fructose,glucose and sorbitol.For the organic acid components,the content of succinic acid was the highest,accounting for 47.32%of the total acid content,followed by citric acid,malic acid,oxalic acid and tartaric acid,and acetic acid had the lowest content.[Conclusions]‘Xintai Tianhong’hawthorn should be a succinic acid-type hawthorn variety,which can be used as a parent in genetic research and breeding practice.
文摘Translucency is a recurring problem for pineapple industry. Translucent fruit contained more sucrose, glucose and fructose in apoplast than those in apoplast of normal fruit. There were more liquid in intercellular space of translucent fruit than that of normal flesh. The contents of alcohol and ethylene in translucent fruit were higher than those in normal fruit. Translucent fruit contained less calcium than normal fruit. Electrolyte leakage of translucent flesh was more than that of normal flesh. There were 205 proteins of which the expressions in translucent flesh were higher than those in normal flesh. Calcium-ions-binding protein EF-hand domain-containing protein, ethylene-synthesizing enzyme 1-aminpcyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase, ROS-producing protein universal stress protein A-like protein were the top three proteins of which the expressions in translucent flesh were higher than those in normal fruit. When much sugar was transferred into fruit pulp and accumulated in intercellular space, water will be absorbed from cells around and translucence formed. The accumulation of sugar and liquid in apoplast were due to that cell wall and membrane were degraded, which was from being attacked by ROS. There might be more and larger pores in cell wall and membranes of translucent flesh. These data played foundations for researching methods for controlling pineapple translucency.
文摘Six orange varieties （Washington Navel, Navelina, Navelate, Lane Late, Cara Cara, Valencia）, four mandarin varieties （Okitsu Wase, Dobashi Beni, Ortanique, Satsuma Owari） and two grapefruit varieties （Star Ruby and Rio Red） were evaluated for their fruit quality characteristics such as fructose, glucose, sucrose, total sugars, malic acid, citric acid and Vitamin C contents. Sugars, carboxylic acids, and vitamin C contents of citrus juices were identified and quantified by HPLC （High Performance Liquid Chromatography） technique. The predominating individual sugars were detected as sucrose in all mandarin and orange varieties except grapefruit varieties. Whereas fructose and glucose were found to be higher in grapefruit varieties, citric acid was considered as a major carboxylic acid in all citrus species and detected in oranges higher concentration than mandarin and grapefruit varieties. Furthermore, vitamin C content of grapefruit juices were detected higher concentration than the oranges （except cv. Valencia） and mandarins. Our results showed that itrus species differed in not only species but also varieties based on the sugar and acid characteristics.
基金supported by the National Major Research and Development Plan (No. 2018YFA0209402)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 21673045, 22088101)。
文摘Chiral glycosyl lactone is an important class of bioactive compound and pharmaceutical intermediate in nature, especially for chiral lactones with 4 carbon atoms, which are very useful building blocks for synthesis of biologically interesting compounds. Herein, a selective dehydrogenation and solvent matched catalytic system under oxygen-free conditions was developed to try to achieve the one-step direct conversion of cyclic hemiacetal sugars toward their chiral glycosyl lactones. During the process, the inherent structural characteristics of sugar was efficiently utilized, and the transfer of its chiral centers was realized. Under the optimum condition, the corresponding lactones were successfully prepared from C_(4)-C6sugars with cyclic hemiacetal structure in acetonitrile. The reaction mechanism in acetonitrile was explored by the first principle density functional theory calculations and tracking reaction process. It was found that the high lactone yield in acetonitrile was due to the high proportion of α-conformation form among multiple tautomers in it. This selective dehydrogenation process may further extend the possibility of the preparation of chiral synthons from carbohydrates directly.
