Objectives:Cold-acclimated organisms accumulate low molecular weight organic solutes such as sugar alcohols and soluble sugars.This study aimed to compare the efficacy of five sugar alcohols and 14 soluble sugars in s...Objectives:Cold-acclimated organisms accumulate low molecular weight organic solutes such as sugar alcohols and soluble sugars.This study aimed to compare the efficacy of five sugar alcohols and 14 soluble sugars in stabilizing proteins under freezing,freeze-drying,and air-drying stresses.Materials and methods:Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase(G6PD)was used as the model protein.G6PD solutions with or without sugar alcohols and or sugars were subjected to freezing,freeze-drying,and air-drying stresses.The recovery of G6PD activity was measured to evaluate the protective efficacy of these compounds.Results:Without stabilizers,freezing G6PD at-20℃ or-80℃ reduced enzyme activity by around 24%,while freeze-drying or air-drying reduced activity by 90%-95%.Among the five sugar alcohols tested,pinitol,quebrachitol and sorbitol stabilized G6PD,whereas mannitol and myo-inositol destabilized it.Among 14 soluble sugars,trehalose and raffinose showed slightly lower enzyme recovery after repeated freeze-thaw cycles at-20℃.Most soluble sugars(except arabinose and xylose)protected G6PD during freeze-drying,with di-,tri-,and oligosaccharides generally outperforming monosaccharides.During air-drying,lactose was ineffective,while arabinose,galactose,and xylose were detrimental.Conclusion:The study highlights the diverse mechanisms of sugar alcohols and sugars in protein stabilization under stress,offering insights for formulating stable protein-and cell-based drugs.展开更多
Sucrose transporters(SUTs)play a crucial role in carbon allocation from the source leaf to the sink end,and the function of SUTs varies among family members.However,the genome-wide identifcation of the SUT superfamily...Sucrose transporters(SUTs)play a crucial role in carbon allocation from the source leaf to the sink end,and the function of SUTs varies among family members.However,the genome-wide identifcation of the SUT superfamily in Camellia oleifera is lacking,and their biological function remains elusive.In this study,four SUT genes-designated Co SUT1-4-were identifed in C.oleifera through a genome-wide analysis and classifed into three subfamilies.We used a combination of cis-acting elements analysis,mRNA quantifcation,histochemical analysis,and heterologous transformation to evaluate the expression profiles and functions of these SUTs.A key finding is that CoSUT4,localized on the plasma membrane,is highly expressed in mature leaves and the early stage of seed development in C.oleifera.In vitro culture of C.oleifera seed revealed the responsiveness of CoSUT4 to various exogenous hormones such as ABA and GA.CoSUT4 was able to restore the growth of the yeast strain SUSY7/ura3(a sucrose transport-defcient mutant)on sucrose-containing media and specifcally contributed to sucrose translocation and tissue growth in CoSUT4-overexpressed apple calli.In situ hybridization identifed chalazal nucellus and transfer cells as the action sites of CoSUT4 at the maternal-flial interface mediating sucrose transportation in oil tea seeds.CoSUT4 overexpression in Arabidopsis thaliana atsuc4 mutant restored the growth and seed yield defciencies of the mutant,leading to an increase in flled seeds and oil content.Additionally,CoSUT4 overexpression enhanced the drought and salt stress tolerance by augmenting sugar content.Overall,these fndings provide valuable insights into the function of SUTs and present promising candidates for the genetic enhancement of seed production in C.oleifera.展开更多
The content of soluble sugars is a vital parameter that indicates the quality of fleshy fruits such as apple(Malus domestica Borkh.).Studying the patterns of accumulation of soluble sugars and regulatory mechanisms as...The content of soluble sugars is a vital parameter that indicates the quality of fleshy fruits such as apple(Malus domestica Borkh.).Studying the patterns of accumulation of soluble sugars and regulatory mechanisms associated with fruit development is crucial for breeding improved fruit varieties.Here,we report that MdCIbHLH1,a low temperature-induced b HLH transcription factor,inhibits the accumulation of soluble sugars by regulating sugar-metabolizing enzyme activities,photosynthetic performance,and the expression of sugar-related genes in developing apple fruits.MdCIbHLH1 inhibits MdFBP and MdPEPCK expression,thus blocking the conversion of acids to sugars in apple fruits.We also discovered that MdCIbHLH1 decreases the photosynthetic rate and carbohydrate accumulation in apple leaves.Our results suggest that soluble sugar accumulation in apple fruits is influenced by multiple factors,including metabolic status,photosynthesis,and carbohydrate allocation.MdCIbHLH1 is critically involved in controlling the accumulation of soluble sugars by coordinating carbohydrate synthesis and allocation,thus influencing sugar transport and its metabolism during the development of apple fruits.展开更多
BACKGROUND At present,China has become the country with the largest number of individuals with diabetes mellitus(DM)in the world,with a total of approximately 140 million patients,the majority of whom have type 2 DM(T...BACKGROUND At present,China has become the country with the largest number of individuals with diabetes mellitus(DM)in the world,with a total of approximately 140 million patients,the majority of whom have type 2 DM(T2DM).Based on conven-tional nursing methods,community home care has important clinical significance in controlling blood sugar and disease progression.AIM To explore the impact of community public health nursing on treatment effect,health cognition,and self-management in patients with T2DM.METHODS One hundred patients with T2DM were selected as the research subjects.The patients were divided into either a conventional nursing group or community nursing(CN)group using the random number table method.The conventional nursing group(50 cases)received routine care,while the CN group(50 cases)received community public health care in addition to routine care as that for the conventional nursing group.The rate of excellent and good blood glucose control,fasting blood glucose before and after care,2-h postprandial blood glucose,health cognition,and self-management ability,and patient satisfaction were compared between the two groups.RESULTS The CN group had a higher rate of excellent blood sugar control than the conventional nursing group(88%vs 70%,P<0.05).Before care,there was no significant difference in fasting blood glucose or 2-h postprandial blood glucose between the two groups of patients(P>0.05).After nursing,fasting blood glucose and 2-h postprandial blood glucose were reduced to varying degrees in both groups,and both blood glucose levels in the CN group were lower than those of the conventional nursing group(P<0.05).Compared with the scores before care,the cognitive level score for diabetes and self-management ability score improved after care in both groups.The cognitive level and self-management ability of patients in the CN group were higher than those of the conventional nursing group(P<0.05).The overall satisfaction of the CN group was better than that of the conventional nursing group(98%vs 86%,P<0.05).CONCLUSION Community public health care based on conventional care of T2DM can achieve better blood sugar control,and improve patients’health cognitive level and self-management ability.展开更多
Sugars are one of the major metabolites and are essential for nucleic acid synthesis and energy production.In addition,sugars can act as signaling molecules.To study sugar signaling at the systemic level,there is an u...Sugars are one of the major metabolites and are essential for nucleic acid synthesis and energy production.In addition,sugars can act as signaling molecules.To study sugar signaling at the systemic level,there is an urgent need to systematically identify sugar-sensing proteins and nucleic acids.I propose the terms“swodkoreceptor”and“swodkocrine signaling,”derived from the Polish word“slodki”meaning“sweet,”to comprise all sugar-sensing proteins and signaling events,respectively,regardless of their cellular location and signaling domains.This proposal is intended to facilitate the inclusion of proteins such as the Escherichia coli Lac I repressor as an allolactose receptor,human glucokinase regulatory protein(GCKR)as a fructose receptor,and other sugar-binding based allosterically regulated enzymes and transcription factors as sugar-sensing receptors.In addition,enzyme-interacting proteins whose interaction state is regulated by sugar binding have also been proposed as sugar receptors.The systemic study of protein-and nucleic-acid-based swodkoreceptors may help to identify organelle-specific swodkoreceptors and to also address receptor duality.The study of intra-and inter-organism swodkocrine signaling and its crosstalk with gasocrine signaling may help to understand the etiology of diseases due to dysregulation in sugar homeostasis and signaling.展开更多
Background: Diabetes is a set of metabolic abnormalities typified by hyperglycemia believed to be associated with aberrant insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Erectile dysfunction and infertility are globally ...Background: Diabetes is a set of metabolic abnormalities typified by hyperglycemia believed to be associated with aberrant insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Erectile dysfunction and infertility are globally prevalent complications among male diabetic patients. There is a need to understand the role of a male reproductive hormone in the etiology of infertility in diabetic patients. Objective: This study aims to determine the effect of diabetes mellitus on the Male reproductive hormone (testosterone) on diabetic patients attending the Urology unit of Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria and the effect of industrial sugar consumption in rats model. Materials and Methods: 30 samples (including repeats, n = 3) were collected from known diabetic patients and 30 (including repeats, n = 3) control-non diabetic healthy individuals. Five millilitres (5 ml) of blood was collected from the antecubital vein of each participant and placed into a plain container for serum testosterone measurement using the enzyme-linked immunoassay technique. Blood was also collected from the same subjects in a fluoride oxalate container for plasma enzymatic glucose estimation using a Randox Glucose oxidase kit. For in vivo rat model, the albino rats were grouped into 2 of five (5) rats. The control group (1) was only given normal rat food and water while the test group (2) was treated with 0.4 g of industrial sugar/mL/body weight in addition to rat food and water via oral intubation for 21 days. Blood samples were collected via ocular puncture into plain tubes for testosterone measurement as described above. Results: There is a significant (p Conclusion: In conclusion, data available from this study suggests that increased plasma glucose levels and excessive industrial sugar consumption are associated with decreased testosterone levels in both human and animal models respectively. The mechanism is yet unclear but it could be that DM alters conventional sperm parameters, spermatogenesis, and biosynthesis of testosterone and induces degenerative changes in the testis and epididymis and ejaculatory dysfunction. These mechanisms need to be investigated.展开更多
The yield of direct-seeded rice(DSR)was constrained by inadequate grain filling.Recent studies have indicated that paclobutrazol application plays a significant role in enhancing crop agronomic traits and increasing y...The yield of direct-seeded rice(DSR)was constrained by inadequate grain filling.Recent studies have indicated that paclobutrazol application plays a significant role in enhancing crop agronomic traits and increasing yield.This study aimed to examine the effects of paclobutrazol seed soaking(PSS)on non-structural carbohydrate accumulation and grain enrichment in DSR,potentially providing a theoretical foundation for achieving high-yield DSR cultivation.The experiment utilized two rice varieties,Jiyujing(JYJ)and Jijing305(JJ305),with seeds soaked in paclobutrazol concentrations of 0 mg L^(−1) and 100 mg L^(−1).PSS demonstrated increased chlorophyll content,net photosynthetic rate,and leaf area,as well as an extended photosynthetic function period during the filling stage.It also elevated soluble sugar and starch contents in the flag leaf(during the filling stage)and stem sheath(after heading),decreased starch content in the top panicle while increasing it in the middle and lower panicle during the filling stage,and enhanced spikelet per unit area and seed setting rate,thereby improving DSR yield.In conclusion,PSS enhanced the photosynthetic capacity of DSR during the filling stage,coordinated the filling process of superior and inferior grains,maintained source-sink balance,and facilitated stable and orderly filling,ultimately resulting in improved yield.展开更多
Fresh-cut lettuce is widely used in ready-to-eat salads sold in modified atmosphere packages (MAP).Even in MAP,fresh-cut lettuce has short shelf life that results in loss of nutrients.Lettuce cultivars exhibit genetic...Fresh-cut lettuce is widely used in ready-to-eat salads sold in modified atmosphere packages (MAP).Even in MAP,fresh-cut lettuce has short shelf life that results in loss of nutrients.Lettuce cultivars exhibit genetic variation for shelf life in MAP,but their variation for nutrient retention is not known.Fifty accessions were evaluated for initial content of ascorbic acid (AsA),carotenoids,and sugars and their retention in storage.Accessions with high content and/or good retention of one or more nutrients were identified.The romaine accession ‘Floricos’ had high levels of all the three nutrients.Accessions with relatively high retention of all the three nutrients were ‘Salinas 88’,‘Siskiyou’,‘Solar’,SM09A,‘Romance’,and ‘Green Towers’.Romaine cultivars,‘Balady Barrage’,‘Green Towers’,and ‘Darkland’ had relatively high initial levels of all tested nutrients and good rate of their retention.There was no clear correlation between initial AsA/carotene concentrations and their retention rates,suggesting that besides content,retention of nutrients should also be a breeding target in a lettuce nutritional improvement program.Statistical analyses with the Pearson's correlation coefficient determined a negative relationship between tissue deterioration(AUDePS) and retention of all tested nutrients[r of-0.52 (P<0.0001) for AsA,-0.27 (P<0.01) for total carotene,and-0.59 (P<0.0001) for total sugars],suggesting that an increase in tissue deterioration intensifies nutrient decay.Broad-sense heritability (H^(2)) across the experiments was0.15 for AsA,0.23 for total carotene,and 0.50 for total sugars.Identification of germplasm with high nutrient content,extended shelf life and good nutrient retention provides valuable information for the lettuce industry and associated breeding programs.展开更多
Autophagy is a universal cellular process in eukaryotes that plays a critical role in plant growth and stress response.However,the role of autophagy in fruit ripening is largely unknown.Here,we demonstrated that most ...Autophagy is a universal cellular process in eukaryotes that plays a critical role in plant growth and stress response.However,the role of autophagy in fruit ripening is largely unknown.Here,we demonstrated that most autophagy-related genes(ATGs)were up-regulated during tomato(Solanum lycopersicum L.)fruit ripening.By using mutants of different autophagy pathway genes(ATG6,ATG10,ATG18a),we revealed that the deficiency of autophagy delayed the ripening of fruit.Compared with wild-type(WT),the production of ethylene was significantly reduced and the accumulation of lycopene was delayed in atg mutants during fruit ripening.We also observed the contents of glucose and fructose were both significantly decreased in atg mutants compared with WT,while the content of organic acids showed the opposite trend.Additionally,the negative regulator of ethylene production,APETALA2a(AP2a),interacted with ATG8 through a specific ATG8-interacting motif(AIM)and could be degraded through the autophagy pathway.These results demonstrate that autophagy plays a critical role in fruit ripening by regulating ethylene production and the accumulation of pigments,sugars and organic acids in tomato.展开更多
During the era of Middle Ages,throughout Europe,a mulled or spiced wine commonly consumed at the end of a meal as a digestive,sweetened with honey or containing sugar,named“Hyppocras”(or hypocras,hippocras,ypocras,i...During the era of Middle Ages,throughout Europe,a mulled or spiced wine commonly consumed at the end of a meal as a digestive,sweetened with honey or containing sugar,named“Hyppocras”(or hypocras,hippocras,ypocras,ipocras,Latin:Vinum Hippocraticum),was the most famous aperitif,having also a cluster of supposedly drug qualities[1,2].Hyppocras was regularly served as a digestive at the end of the meal,becoming symbolically the ceremonial conclusion of any banquet since 14th century[3].Evidence of the high regard Hyppocras enjoyed among the medieval lore is testified by the fact that a recipe of the wine enriched with rosewater and raisins,survived within the work“On Wines”written by one on the most esteemed physicians of the 13th century.展开更多
Sugars are widely recognized for their ability to stabilize cell membranes during dehydration.However,the precise mechanisms by which sugars interact with lipid bilayers remain unclear.This mini-review synthesizes fou...Sugars are widely recognized for their ability to stabilize cell membranes during dehydration.However,the precise mechanisms by which sugars interact with lipid bilayers remain unclear.This mini-review synthesizes four key hypotheses explaining sugar-mediated protection of dehydrated bilayers:the Water Replacement Hypothesis(WRH),Hydration Force Hypothesis(HFH),Headgroup Bridging Hypothesis(HBH),and Vitrification Hypothesis(VH).We argue that these mechanisms are not mutually exclusive but instead operate synergistically under different cellular contexts.We propose that these hypotheses are not mutually exclusive but likely operate under different cellular contexts.Future studies should prioritize the development of biologically realistic membrane models-incorporating diverse lipids,proteins,and asymmetric leaflets-to elucidate the exact roles and mechanisms of sugars in membrane stabilization.Such advancements will enhance our understanding of anhydrobiosis and inform cryopreservation strategies for mammalian cells.展开更多
The compositions and contents of soluble sugars highly determine the flavor and quality of fleshy fruits.In the present study,we found that the overexpression of transcription factor MdWRKY126 localized on the nucleus...The compositions and contents of soluble sugars highly determine the flavor and quality of fleshy fruits.In the present study,we found that the overexpression of transcription factor MdWRKY126 localized on the nucleus enhanced sucrose concentration while decreased fructose and glucose concentration in transgenic apple calli and ripening tomato fruits.To comprehensively understand the effects of the MdWRKY126 on the content of various soluble sugars in apple and tomato fruits,enzyme activities and related essential genes associated with the sugar metabolism and transportation pathway in MdWRKY126-overrexpressed apple and tomato lines were analyzed.The results indicated that the overexpression of MdWRKY126 upregulated sucrose phosphate synthase(SPS)activity and the gene expression levels of SPS and sucrose transporter SUT,which was conducive to a large accumulation of sucrose in fruit cells.Meanwhile,MdWRKY126 overexpression downregulated the activity of enzymes involved in sucrose decomposition including cell wall invertase(CWINV),sucrose synthase(SUSY)and the corresponding gene expressions,as well as inhibited the expression levels of hexose transporter(HTs)and tonoplast sugar transporter(TSTs)that transport hexose into vacuoles,resulting in a reduced hexose level in apple calli and tomato fruit.These findings enrich our understanding of the metabolism and regulation of soluble sugars in apple fruits.展开更多
1 Most of us know that eating too much sugar isn't good for us.With its consumption being linked to health dangers like obesity,fatty liver disease,type 2 diabetes,heart disease and cancer,sugar is high on most of...1 Most of us know that eating too much sugar isn't good for us.With its consumption being linked to health dangers like obesity,fatty liver disease,type 2 diabetes,heart disease and cancer,sugar is high on most of our lists of vices(恶行)worth giving up.展开更多
In Shandong,the special folk activity of blowing sugar figures during the Spring Festival has a long history.It is said that this skill can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty.At that time,as sugar-making technology im...In Shandong,the special folk activity of blowing sugar figures during the Spring Festival has a long history.It is said that this skill can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty.At that time,as sugar-making technology improved a lot,smart folk craftsmen(工匠)began to use sugar to create various small items.Once heated,sugar turns soft and malleable(可塑的).展开更多
To investigate the differences in physical and chemical indicators of tobacco stems from different parts of the‘Honghuadajinyuan’variety in the Dali tobacco-growing area,a comparative analysis of these indicators wa...To investigate the differences in physical and chemical indicators of tobacco stems from different parts of the‘Honghuadajinyuan’variety in the Dali tobacco-growing area,a comparative analysis of these indicators was conducted.The results showed that in terms of physical indicators,the tobacco stem length and content in middle part were significantly higher than those in other parts;the filling value of cut stems in upper part was significantly better than that in the middle and lower parts.In terms of chemical compositions,the content of total sugar and reducing sugar in middle part were the highest;the content of nicotine,total chlorine,and chlorine in upper part were the highest;the difference between total sugar and reducing sugar,sugar-to-nicotine ratio,nitrogen-to-nicotine ratio,and potassium-to-chlorine ratio in middle part were the best;and the potassium content in lower part was significantly higher than that in other parts.Correlation analysis showed that equilibrium moisture content was significantly positively correlated with total nitrogen content.Among them,equilibrium moisture content in upper part was positively correlated with nicotine content,and equilibrium moisture content in middle part was positively correlated with potassium and chlorine content.In addition,the filling value of cut stems in lower part was positively correlated with reducing sugar and total nitrogen content,while the filling value of cut stems in all parts was negatively correlated with the difference between total sugar and reducing sugar,sugar-to-nicotine ratio,and nitrogen-to-nicotine ratio.展开更多
Rice is the world's largest food crop,but it often encounters flowering asynchronization problems during hybrid rice seed production.In addition,the slow closure of female florets leads to seed mildew and affects ...Rice is the world's largest food crop,but it often encounters flowering asynchronization problems during hybrid rice seed production.In addition,the slow closure of female florets leads to seed mildew and affects the quality.The hormone abscisic acid(ABA)plays a crucial role in plant responses to abiotic stresses.Previous studies showed that exogenous ABA promotes floret closure,although the molecular mechanisms and effects of endogenous ABA on floret closure remain unknown.In this study,the effect of endogenous ABA on floret closure and the molecular mechanism by which ABA promotes floret closure through sugar transporters were investigated by changing the expression levels of OsNCED3 and OsPYL1 in rice.The results showed that overexpression(OE)-OsNCED3increased the endogenous ABA level of florets.Florets closed 5.91 min earlier and OsNCED3 gene knockout line delayed the closure of florets by 5.08 min compared with the wild type.In addition,OsPYL1 regulated the endogenous ABA content and changed the sensitivity to ABA such that the floret closure times for OE and CRISPR-Cas9(CR)were 9.84 min earlier and 12.78 min later,respectively,resulting in an increase in the split husk rate to 15.4%.The gene expression levels of some sugar transporters(STs)changed.The OsPYL1 and OsSWEET4proteins could interact on the cell membrane.These results indicate that ABA promotes the closure of rice florets and the enhanced sensitivity to ABA promotes this effect even more.The molecular mechanism is mainly related to downstream sugar transporters that respond to the ABA signaling pathway,especially OsSWEET4.展开更多
Codonopsis pilosula is a major Qi-tonifying medicinal herb,and its active composition is analyzed systematically.However,the relationship between its production origins and commodity specification grades with the acti...Codonopsis pilosula is a major Qi-tonifying medicinal herb,and its active composition is analyzed systematically.However,the relationship between its production origins and commodity specification grades with the active composition of C.pilosula lacks systematic research.This study integrates the HPLC and UV-Vis methodologies to evaluate the quality of C.pilosula from commodity specification grades and different origins,and it explores the correlation between ecological factors and production origins with active components.Here,network pharmacology is used to determine that lobetyolin,syringin,and tangshenoside I have potential efficacy in treating pulmonary fibrosis and oxidative stress.The HPLC and UV-Vis methods were employed to quantitatively analyse the levels of five active compounds from different origins and commodity specification grades.Ecological factors were collected from the different production origins with ArcGIS,and correlation analysis was conducted between these factors and the active components of C.pilosula to identify the key ecological influences that drive the accumulation of active compounds.Results showed that network pharmacology analyses indicated that the active components of C.pilosula,including lobetyolin,syringin,and tangshenoside I,bind to targets and exhibit antioxidant and antipulmonary fibrosis effects.Differences in the contents of active components across three commodity specification grades were not significant.The contents of active components in C.pilosula showed differences with varying origins,with the most variation observed in soluble sugar content,and notable variations are also observed in the levels of lobetyolin,syringin,and tangshenoside I,which could serve as potential biomarkers for different origins.Additionally,ecological factors influenced the accumulation of C.pilosula’s active components.The contents of soluble sugars and tangshenoside I were positively correlated with temperature and precipitation.Our study evaluated the active components of C.pilosula,and findings show that lobetyolin,syringin,and tangshenoside I have potential efficacy in treating pulmonary fibrosis and oxidative stress.The differences in the quality of C.pilosula across varying commodity specification grades are not significant.The different contents of C.pilosula across varying origins are significant,with soluble sugars and glycosides serving as potential markers for distinguishing C.pilosula from different origins.Moreover,ecological factors drove the accumulation of C.pilosula components.Soluble sugars and tangshenoside I content were particularly influenced by temperature and precipitation.Sand content and electrical conductivity significantly correlated with syringin,whereas organic carbon negatively influenced total flavonoids.This research provides a theoretical basis for the selection of the C.pilosula growing area and lays a foundation for the study of the C.pilosula quality standard.展开更多
Lactic acid bacteria constitute numerous unique but varied microorganisms,with general characteristics such as catalase negative,Gram-positive,similar end product which is lactic acid as a result of sugar fermentation...Lactic acid bacteria constitute numerous unique but varied microorganisms,with general characteristics such as catalase negative,Gram-positive,similar end product which is lactic acid as a result of sugar fermentation.The safe usage of lactic acid bacteria in fermented foods is as old as creation,but as technological advancement grows and new strains of lactic acid bacteria are discovered,and researchers have the responsibilities of testing the safety of the new strains along with the old ones.Lactic acid bacteria such as Bifidobacterium species,Streptococcus species and Lactobacillus species,Leuconostoc,Pediococcus have been used in fermented foods over the years without any associated health risks and many of the LAB strains have been granted the GRAS(generally regarded as safe)status by regulatory bodies.展开更多
The sugar beet cyst nematode(Heterodera schachtii) is one of the most destructive pathogens in sugar beet production, which causes serious economic losses every year. Few molecular details of effectors of H. schachtii...The sugar beet cyst nematode(Heterodera schachtii) is one of the most destructive pathogens in sugar beet production, which causes serious economic losses every year. Few molecular details of effectors of H. schachtii parasitism are known. We analyzed the genome and transcriptome data of H. schachtii and identified multiple potential predicted proteins. After filtering out predicted proteins with high homology to other plant-parasitic nematodes, we performed functional validation of the remaining effector proteins. 37 putative effectors of H. schachtii were screened based on the Nicotiana benthamiana system for identifying the effectors that inhibit plant immune response, eventually determines 13 candidate effectors could inhibit cell death caused by Bax. Among the 13 effectors, nine have the ability to inhibit GPA2/RBP1-induced cell death. All 13 effectortriggered immunity(ETI) suppressor genes were analyzed by qRT-PCR and confirmed to result in a significant downregulation of one or more defense genes during infection compared to empty vector. For in situ hybridization,13 effectors were specifically expressed and located in esophageal gland cells. These data and functional analysis set the stage for further studies on the interaction of H. schachtii with host and H. schachtii parasitic control.展开更多
One sake brand that recently captured the attention of BBC Chan nel 4 is DS SAKE,a heritage-inspired label reviving China’s 2,000-year-old brewing traditions.This recognition aligns with the broader rise of Chinese a...One sake brand that recently captured the attention of BBC Chan nel 4 is DS SAKE,a heritage-inspired label reviving China’s 2,000-year-old brewing traditions.This recognition aligns with the broader rise of Chinese alcohol exports,which reached 620 million liters(valued at USD 1.49 billion)between January and October 2024-a 6%year-on-year increase.Within this growing market,premium sake has emerged as a key driver,particularly varieties like Junmai Daiginjo.Character ized by low alcohol content(15-20%),minimal sugar,and zero additives,these drinks appeal to health-conscious consumers through their natural composition of amino acids and vitamins.DS SAKE’s success exemplifies how historical techniques,when refined with modern precision,can satisfy contemporary demands for both cultural authenticity and nutritional mindfulness.展开更多
基金supported by a research grant from the National University of Singapore to WQS(RP-3960366)a collaborative research grant from Sichuan Zhongke Organ Co.Ltd(Chengdu,China).
文摘Objectives:Cold-acclimated organisms accumulate low molecular weight organic solutes such as sugar alcohols and soluble sugars.This study aimed to compare the efficacy of five sugar alcohols and 14 soluble sugars in stabilizing proteins under freezing,freeze-drying,and air-drying stresses.Materials and methods:Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase(G6PD)was used as the model protein.G6PD solutions with or without sugar alcohols and or sugars were subjected to freezing,freeze-drying,and air-drying stresses.The recovery of G6PD activity was measured to evaluate the protective efficacy of these compounds.Results:Without stabilizers,freezing G6PD at-20℃ or-80℃ reduced enzyme activity by around 24%,while freeze-drying or air-drying reduced activity by 90%-95%.Among the five sugar alcohols tested,pinitol,quebrachitol and sorbitol stabilized G6PD,whereas mannitol and myo-inositol destabilized it.Among 14 soluble sugars,trehalose and raffinose showed slightly lower enzyme recovery after repeated freeze-thaw cycles at-20℃.Most soluble sugars(except arabinose and xylose)protected G6PD during freeze-drying,with di-,tri-,and oligosaccharides generally outperforming monosaccharides.During air-drying,lactose was ineffective,while arabinose,galactose,and xylose were detrimental.Conclusion:The study highlights the diverse mechanisms of sugar alcohols and sugars in protein stabilization under stress,offering insights for formulating stable protein-and cell-based drugs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32071798)5·5 Engineering Research&Innovation Team Project of Beijing Forestry University,China(BLRC2023B08)。
文摘Sucrose transporters(SUTs)play a crucial role in carbon allocation from the source leaf to the sink end,and the function of SUTs varies among family members.However,the genome-wide identifcation of the SUT superfamily in Camellia oleifera is lacking,and their biological function remains elusive.In this study,four SUT genes-designated Co SUT1-4-were identifed in C.oleifera through a genome-wide analysis and classifed into three subfamilies.We used a combination of cis-acting elements analysis,mRNA quantifcation,histochemical analysis,and heterologous transformation to evaluate the expression profiles and functions of these SUTs.A key finding is that CoSUT4,localized on the plasma membrane,is highly expressed in mature leaves and the early stage of seed development in C.oleifera.In vitro culture of C.oleifera seed revealed the responsiveness of CoSUT4 to various exogenous hormones such as ABA and GA.CoSUT4 was able to restore the growth of the yeast strain SUSY7/ura3(a sucrose transport-defcient mutant)on sucrose-containing media and specifcally contributed to sucrose translocation and tissue growth in CoSUT4-overexpressed apple calli.In situ hybridization identifed chalazal nucellus and transfer cells as the action sites of CoSUT4 at the maternal-flial interface mediating sucrose transportation in oil tea seeds.CoSUT4 overexpression in Arabidopsis thaliana atsuc4 mutant restored the growth and seed yield defciencies of the mutant,leading to an increase in flled seeds and oil content.Additionally,CoSUT4 overexpression enhanced the drought and salt stress tolerance by augmenting sugar content.Overall,these fndings provide valuable insights into the function of SUTs and present promising candidates for the genetic enhancement of seed production in C.oleifera.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32122080,31972375)Shandong Province(Grant No.ZR2020YQ25)。
文摘The content of soluble sugars is a vital parameter that indicates the quality of fleshy fruits such as apple(Malus domestica Borkh.).Studying the patterns of accumulation of soluble sugars and regulatory mechanisms associated with fruit development is crucial for breeding improved fruit varieties.Here,we report that MdCIbHLH1,a low temperature-induced b HLH transcription factor,inhibits the accumulation of soluble sugars by regulating sugar-metabolizing enzyme activities,photosynthetic performance,and the expression of sugar-related genes in developing apple fruits.MdCIbHLH1 inhibits MdFBP and MdPEPCK expression,thus blocking the conversion of acids to sugars in apple fruits.We also discovered that MdCIbHLH1 decreases the photosynthetic rate and carbohydrate accumulation in apple leaves.Our results suggest that soluble sugar accumulation in apple fruits is influenced by multiple factors,including metabolic status,photosynthesis,and carbohydrate allocation.MdCIbHLH1 is critically involved in controlling the accumulation of soluble sugars by coordinating carbohydrate synthesis and allocation,thus influencing sugar transport and its metabolism during the development of apple fruits.
文摘BACKGROUND At present,China has become the country with the largest number of individuals with diabetes mellitus(DM)in the world,with a total of approximately 140 million patients,the majority of whom have type 2 DM(T2DM).Based on conven-tional nursing methods,community home care has important clinical significance in controlling blood sugar and disease progression.AIM To explore the impact of community public health nursing on treatment effect,health cognition,and self-management in patients with T2DM.METHODS One hundred patients with T2DM were selected as the research subjects.The patients were divided into either a conventional nursing group or community nursing(CN)group using the random number table method.The conventional nursing group(50 cases)received routine care,while the CN group(50 cases)received community public health care in addition to routine care as that for the conventional nursing group.The rate of excellent and good blood glucose control,fasting blood glucose before and after care,2-h postprandial blood glucose,health cognition,and self-management ability,and patient satisfaction were compared between the two groups.RESULTS The CN group had a higher rate of excellent blood sugar control than the conventional nursing group(88%vs 70%,P<0.05).Before care,there was no significant difference in fasting blood glucose or 2-h postprandial blood glucose between the two groups of patients(P>0.05).After nursing,fasting blood glucose and 2-h postprandial blood glucose were reduced to varying degrees in both groups,and both blood glucose levels in the CN group were lower than those of the conventional nursing group(P<0.05).Compared with the scores before care,the cognitive level score for diabetes and self-management ability score improved after care in both groups.The cognitive level and self-management ability of patients in the CN group were higher than those of the conventional nursing group(P<0.05).The overall satisfaction of the CN group was better than that of the conventional nursing group(98%vs 86%,P<0.05).CONCLUSION Community public health care based on conventional care of T2DM can achieve better blood sugar control,and improve patients’health cognitive level and self-management ability.
基金supported by the National Science Centre grants,Grant/Award Number:SONATA-BIS 2020/38/E/NZ3/00090 and SONATA 2021/43/D/NZ3/01798。
文摘Sugars are one of the major metabolites and are essential for nucleic acid synthesis and energy production.In addition,sugars can act as signaling molecules.To study sugar signaling at the systemic level,there is an urgent need to systematically identify sugar-sensing proteins and nucleic acids.I propose the terms“swodkoreceptor”and“swodkocrine signaling,”derived from the Polish word“slodki”meaning“sweet,”to comprise all sugar-sensing proteins and signaling events,respectively,regardless of their cellular location and signaling domains.This proposal is intended to facilitate the inclusion of proteins such as the Escherichia coli Lac I repressor as an allolactose receptor,human glucokinase regulatory protein(GCKR)as a fructose receptor,and other sugar-binding based allosterically regulated enzymes and transcription factors as sugar-sensing receptors.In addition,enzyme-interacting proteins whose interaction state is regulated by sugar binding have also been proposed as sugar receptors.The systemic study of protein-and nucleic-acid-based swodkoreceptors may help to identify organelle-specific swodkoreceptors and to also address receptor duality.The study of intra-and inter-organism swodkocrine signaling and its crosstalk with gasocrine signaling may help to understand the etiology of diseases due to dysregulation in sugar homeostasis and signaling.
文摘Background: Diabetes is a set of metabolic abnormalities typified by hyperglycemia believed to be associated with aberrant insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Erectile dysfunction and infertility are globally prevalent complications among male diabetic patients. There is a need to understand the role of a male reproductive hormone in the etiology of infertility in diabetic patients. Objective: This study aims to determine the effect of diabetes mellitus on the Male reproductive hormone (testosterone) on diabetic patients attending the Urology unit of Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria and the effect of industrial sugar consumption in rats model. Materials and Methods: 30 samples (including repeats, n = 3) were collected from known diabetic patients and 30 (including repeats, n = 3) control-non diabetic healthy individuals. Five millilitres (5 ml) of blood was collected from the antecubital vein of each participant and placed into a plain container for serum testosterone measurement using the enzyme-linked immunoassay technique. Blood was also collected from the same subjects in a fluoride oxalate container for plasma enzymatic glucose estimation using a Randox Glucose oxidase kit. For in vivo rat model, the albino rats were grouped into 2 of five (5) rats. The control group (1) was only given normal rat food and water while the test group (2) was treated with 0.4 g of industrial sugar/mL/body weight in addition to rat food and water via oral intubation for 21 days. Blood samples were collected via ocular puncture into plain tubes for testosterone measurement as described above. Results: There is a significant (p Conclusion: In conclusion, data available from this study suggests that increased plasma glucose levels and excessive industrial sugar consumption are associated with decreased testosterone levels in both human and animal models respectively. The mechanism is yet unclear but it could be that DM alters conventional sperm parameters, spermatogenesis, and biosynthesis of testosterone and induces degenerative changes in the testis and epididymis and ejaculatory dysfunction. These mechanisms need to be investigated.
基金National Key Research and Development Project of China(2022yfd1500501)Jilin Province Science and Technology Department Outstanding Young Talent Fund Project(20230508001RC).
文摘The yield of direct-seeded rice(DSR)was constrained by inadequate grain filling.Recent studies have indicated that paclobutrazol application plays a significant role in enhancing crop agronomic traits and increasing yield.This study aimed to examine the effects of paclobutrazol seed soaking(PSS)on non-structural carbohydrate accumulation and grain enrichment in DSR,potentially providing a theoretical foundation for achieving high-yield DSR cultivation.The experiment utilized two rice varieties,Jiyujing(JYJ)and Jijing305(JJ305),with seeds soaked in paclobutrazol concentrations of 0 mg L^(−1) and 100 mg L^(−1).PSS demonstrated increased chlorophyll content,net photosynthetic rate,and leaf area,as well as an extended photosynthetic function period during the filling stage.It also elevated soluble sugar and starch contents in the flag leaf(during the filling stage)and stem sheath(after heading),decreased starch content in the top panicle while increasing it in the middle and lower panicle during the filling stage,and enhanced spikelet per unit area and seed setting rate,thereby improving DSR yield.In conclusion,PSS enhanced the photosynthetic capacity of DSR during the filling stage,coordinated the filling process of superior and inferior grains,maintained source-sink balance,and facilitated stable and orderly filling,ultimately resulting in improved yield.
基金supported by the Specialty Crop Block Grant Program of the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA), Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS) through the California Department of Food and Agriculture (SCB15015)partly also by funding from the California Leafy Greens Research Board and by Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) Research Participation Program。
文摘Fresh-cut lettuce is widely used in ready-to-eat salads sold in modified atmosphere packages (MAP).Even in MAP,fresh-cut lettuce has short shelf life that results in loss of nutrients.Lettuce cultivars exhibit genetic variation for shelf life in MAP,but their variation for nutrient retention is not known.Fifty accessions were evaluated for initial content of ascorbic acid (AsA),carotenoids,and sugars and their retention in storage.Accessions with high content and/or good retention of one or more nutrients were identified.The romaine accession ‘Floricos’ had high levels of all the three nutrients.Accessions with relatively high retention of all the three nutrients were ‘Salinas 88’,‘Siskiyou’,‘Solar’,SM09A,‘Romance’,and ‘Green Towers’.Romaine cultivars,‘Balady Barrage’,‘Green Towers’,and ‘Darkland’ had relatively high initial levels of all tested nutrients and good rate of their retention.There was no clear correlation between initial AsA/carotene concentrations and their retention rates,suggesting that besides content,retention of nutrients should also be a breeding target in a lettuce nutritional improvement program.Statistical analyses with the Pearson's correlation coefficient determined a negative relationship between tissue deterioration(AUDePS) and retention of all tested nutrients[r of-0.52 (P<0.0001) for AsA,-0.27 (P<0.01) for total carotene,and-0.59 (P<0.0001) for total sugars],suggesting that an increase in tissue deterioration intensifies nutrient decay.Broad-sense heritability (H^(2)) across the experiments was0.15 for AsA,0.23 for total carotene,and 0.50 for total sugars.Identification of germplasm with high nutrient content,extended shelf life and good nutrient retention provides valuable information for the lettuce industry and associated breeding programs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32302642,32272790)the Starry Night Science Fund of Zhejiang University Shanghai Institute for Advanced Study(Grant No.SN-ZJU-SIAS-0011)+1 种基金Collaborative Promotion Program of Zhejiang Provincial Agricultural Technology of China(Grant No.2023ZDXT05)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.226-2022-00122).
文摘Autophagy is a universal cellular process in eukaryotes that plays a critical role in plant growth and stress response.However,the role of autophagy in fruit ripening is largely unknown.Here,we demonstrated that most autophagy-related genes(ATGs)were up-regulated during tomato(Solanum lycopersicum L.)fruit ripening.By using mutants of different autophagy pathway genes(ATG6,ATG10,ATG18a),we revealed that the deficiency of autophagy delayed the ripening of fruit.Compared with wild-type(WT),the production of ethylene was significantly reduced and the accumulation of lycopene was delayed in atg mutants during fruit ripening.We also observed the contents of glucose and fructose were both significantly decreased in atg mutants compared with WT,while the content of organic acids showed the opposite trend.Additionally,the negative regulator of ethylene production,APETALA2a(AP2a),interacted with ATG8 through a specific ATG8-interacting motif(AIM)and could be degraded through the autophagy pathway.These results demonstrate that autophagy plays a critical role in fruit ripening by regulating ethylene production and the accumulation of pigments,sugars and organic acids in tomato.
文摘During the era of Middle Ages,throughout Europe,a mulled or spiced wine commonly consumed at the end of a meal as a digestive,sweetened with honey or containing sugar,named“Hyppocras”(or hypocras,hippocras,ypocras,ipocras,Latin:Vinum Hippocraticum),was the most famous aperitif,having also a cluster of supposedly drug qualities[1,2].Hyppocras was regularly served as a digestive at the end of the meal,becoming symbolically the ceremonial conclusion of any banquet since 14th century[3].Evidence of the high regard Hyppocras enjoyed among the medieval lore is testified by the fact that a recipe of the wine enriched with rosewater and raisins,survived within the work“On Wines”written by one on the most esteemed physicians of the 13th century.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,China(Grant No.52376052)the Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation,China(Grant No.2308085ME174).
文摘Sugars are widely recognized for their ability to stabilize cell membranes during dehydration.However,the precise mechanisms by which sugars interact with lipid bilayers remain unclear.This mini-review synthesizes four key hypotheses explaining sugar-mediated protection of dehydrated bilayers:the Water Replacement Hypothesis(WRH),Hydration Force Hypothesis(HFH),Headgroup Bridging Hypothesis(HBH),and Vitrification Hypothesis(VH).We argue that these mechanisms are not mutually exclusive but instead operate synergistically under different cellular contexts.We propose that these hypotheses are not mutually exclusive but likely operate under different cellular contexts.Future studies should prioritize the development of biologically realistic membrane models-incorporating diverse lipids,proteins,and asymmetric leaflets-to elucidate the exact roles and mechanisms of sugars in membrane stabilization.Such advancements will enhance our understanding of anhydrobiosis and inform cryopreservation strategies for mammalian cells.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32172521)the Excellent Youth Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province(Grant No.YQ2023C006)+1 种基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2023MD744175)the Talent Introduction Programof Northeast Agricultural University of China,and the Collaborative Innovation System of the Agricultural Bioeconomy in Heilongjiang Province,China.
文摘The compositions and contents of soluble sugars highly determine the flavor and quality of fleshy fruits.In the present study,we found that the overexpression of transcription factor MdWRKY126 localized on the nucleus enhanced sucrose concentration while decreased fructose and glucose concentration in transgenic apple calli and ripening tomato fruits.To comprehensively understand the effects of the MdWRKY126 on the content of various soluble sugars in apple and tomato fruits,enzyme activities and related essential genes associated with the sugar metabolism and transportation pathway in MdWRKY126-overrexpressed apple and tomato lines were analyzed.The results indicated that the overexpression of MdWRKY126 upregulated sucrose phosphate synthase(SPS)activity and the gene expression levels of SPS and sucrose transporter SUT,which was conducive to a large accumulation of sucrose in fruit cells.Meanwhile,MdWRKY126 overexpression downregulated the activity of enzymes involved in sucrose decomposition including cell wall invertase(CWINV),sucrose synthase(SUSY)and the corresponding gene expressions,as well as inhibited the expression levels of hexose transporter(HTs)and tonoplast sugar transporter(TSTs)that transport hexose into vacuoles,resulting in a reduced hexose level in apple calli and tomato fruit.These findings enrich our understanding of the metabolism and regulation of soluble sugars in apple fruits.
文摘1 Most of us know that eating too much sugar isn't good for us.With its consumption being linked to health dangers like obesity,fatty liver disease,type 2 diabetes,heart disease and cancer,sugar is high on most of our lists of vices(恶行)worth giving up.
文摘In Shandong,the special folk activity of blowing sugar figures during the Spring Festival has a long history.It is said that this skill can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty.At that time,as sugar-making technology improved a lot,smart folk craftsmen(工匠)began to use sugar to create various small items.Once heated,sugar turns soft and malleable(可塑的).
文摘To investigate the differences in physical and chemical indicators of tobacco stems from different parts of the‘Honghuadajinyuan’variety in the Dali tobacco-growing area,a comparative analysis of these indicators was conducted.The results showed that in terms of physical indicators,the tobacco stem length and content in middle part were significantly higher than those in other parts;the filling value of cut stems in upper part was significantly better than that in the middle and lower parts.In terms of chemical compositions,the content of total sugar and reducing sugar in middle part were the highest;the content of nicotine,total chlorine,and chlorine in upper part were the highest;the difference between total sugar and reducing sugar,sugar-to-nicotine ratio,nitrogen-to-nicotine ratio,and potassium-to-chlorine ratio in middle part were the best;and the potassium content in lower part was significantly higher than that in other parts.Correlation analysis showed that equilibrium moisture content was significantly positively correlated with total nitrogen content.Among them,equilibrium moisture content in upper part was positively correlated with nicotine content,and equilibrium moisture content in middle part was positively correlated with potassium and chlorine content.In addition,the filling value of cut stems in lower part was positively correlated with reducing sugar and total nitrogen content,while the filling value of cut stems in all parts was negatively correlated with the difference between total sugar and reducing sugar,sugar-to-nicotine ratio,and nitrogen-to-nicotine ratio.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32260780 and 31360297)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2021M701513)+1 种基金the Jiangxi 2011 Collaborative Innovation Centre of Postharvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables,China(JXGS-05)the Gan Po 555 Engineering Excel ence Talents Project in Jiangxi Province,China。
文摘Rice is the world's largest food crop,but it often encounters flowering asynchronization problems during hybrid rice seed production.In addition,the slow closure of female florets leads to seed mildew and affects the quality.The hormone abscisic acid(ABA)plays a crucial role in plant responses to abiotic stresses.Previous studies showed that exogenous ABA promotes floret closure,although the molecular mechanisms and effects of endogenous ABA on floret closure remain unknown.In this study,the effect of endogenous ABA on floret closure and the molecular mechanism by which ABA promotes floret closure through sugar transporters were investigated by changing the expression levels of OsNCED3 and OsPYL1 in rice.The results showed that overexpression(OE)-OsNCED3increased the endogenous ABA level of florets.Florets closed 5.91 min earlier and OsNCED3 gene knockout line delayed the closure of florets by 5.08 min compared with the wild type.In addition,OsPYL1 regulated the endogenous ABA content and changed the sensitivity to ABA such that the floret closure times for OE and CRISPR-Cas9(CR)were 9.84 min earlier and 12.78 min later,respectively,resulting in an increase in the split husk rate to 15.4%.The gene expression levels of some sugar transporters(STs)changed.The OsPYL1 and OsSWEET4proteins could interact on the cell membrane.These results indicate that ABA promotes the closure of rice florets and the enhanced sensitivity to ABA promotes this effect even more.The molecular mechanism is mainly related to downstream sugar transporters that respond to the ABA signaling pathway,especially OsSWEET4.
基金funded by the National Key R&D Plan(2022YFC3501804)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Public Welfare Research Institutes(No.ZZ13-YQ-049)National Natural Science Foundation of China(ZXKT22001).
文摘Codonopsis pilosula is a major Qi-tonifying medicinal herb,and its active composition is analyzed systematically.However,the relationship between its production origins and commodity specification grades with the active composition of C.pilosula lacks systematic research.This study integrates the HPLC and UV-Vis methodologies to evaluate the quality of C.pilosula from commodity specification grades and different origins,and it explores the correlation between ecological factors and production origins with active components.Here,network pharmacology is used to determine that lobetyolin,syringin,and tangshenoside I have potential efficacy in treating pulmonary fibrosis and oxidative stress.The HPLC and UV-Vis methods were employed to quantitatively analyse the levels of five active compounds from different origins and commodity specification grades.Ecological factors were collected from the different production origins with ArcGIS,and correlation analysis was conducted between these factors and the active components of C.pilosula to identify the key ecological influences that drive the accumulation of active compounds.Results showed that network pharmacology analyses indicated that the active components of C.pilosula,including lobetyolin,syringin,and tangshenoside I,bind to targets and exhibit antioxidant and antipulmonary fibrosis effects.Differences in the contents of active components across three commodity specification grades were not significant.The contents of active components in C.pilosula showed differences with varying origins,with the most variation observed in soluble sugar content,and notable variations are also observed in the levels of lobetyolin,syringin,and tangshenoside I,which could serve as potential biomarkers for different origins.Additionally,ecological factors influenced the accumulation of C.pilosula’s active components.The contents of soluble sugars and tangshenoside I were positively correlated with temperature and precipitation.Our study evaluated the active components of C.pilosula,and findings show that lobetyolin,syringin,and tangshenoside I have potential efficacy in treating pulmonary fibrosis and oxidative stress.The differences in the quality of C.pilosula across varying commodity specification grades are not significant.The different contents of C.pilosula across varying origins are significant,with soluble sugars and glycosides serving as potential markers for distinguishing C.pilosula from different origins.Moreover,ecological factors drove the accumulation of C.pilosula components.Soluble sugars and tangshenoside I content were particularly influenced by temperature and precipitation.Sand content and electrical conductivity significantly correlated with syringin,whereas organic carbon negatively influenced total flavonoids.This research provides a theoretical basis for the selection of the C.pilosula growing area and lays a foundation for the study of the C.pilosula quality standard.
文摘Lactic acid bacteria constitute numerous unique but varied microorganisms,with general characteristics such as catalase negative,Gram-positive,similar end product which is lactic acid as a result of sugar fermentation.The safe usage of lactic acid bacteria in fermented foods is as old as creation,but as technological advancement grows and new strains of lactic acid bacteria are discovered,and researchers have the responsibilities of testing the safety of the new strains along with the old ones.Lactic acid bacteria such as Bifidobacterium species,Streptococcus species and Lactobacillus species,Leuconostoc,Pediococcus have been used in fermented foods over the years without any associated health risks and many of the LAB strains have been granted the GRAS(generally regarded as safe)status by regulatory bodies.
基金supported by the Open Fund of the Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crop in Northwestern Oasis,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairsof China(KFJJ202101)the National KeyR&D Program of China(2021YFD1400100)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31972247)the Tianchi Talent Introduction Program in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,China and the Science and Technology Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.
文摘The sugar beet cyst nematode(Heterodera schachtii) is one of the most destructive pathogens in sugar beet production, which causes serious economic losses every year. Few molecular details of effectors of H. schachtii parasitism are known. We analyzed the genome and transcriptome data of H. schachtii and identified multiple potential predicted proteins. After filtering out predicted proteins with high homology to other plant-parasitic nematodes, we performed functional validation of the remaining effector proteins. 37 putative effectors of H. schachtii were screened based on the Nicotiana benthamiana system for identifying the effectors that inhibit plant immune response, eventually determines 13 candidate effectors could inhibit cell death caused by Bax. Among the 13 effectors, nine have the ability to inhibit GPA2/RBP1-induced cell death. All 13 effectortriggered immunity(ETI) suppressor genes were analyzed by qRT-PCR and confirmed to result in a significant downregulation of one or more defense genes during infection compared to empty vector. For in situ hybridization,13 effectors were specifically expressed and located in esophageal gland cells. These data and functional analysis set the stage for further studies on the interaction of H. schachtii with host and H. schachtii parasitic control.
文摘One sake brand that recently captured the attention of BBC Chan nel 4 is DS SAKE,a heritage-inspired label reviving China’s 2,000-year-old brewing traditions.This recognition aligns with the broader rise of Chinese alcohol exports,which reached 620 million liters(valued at USD 1.49 billion)between January and October 2024-a 6%year-on-year increase.Within this growing market,premium sake has emerged as a key driver,particularly varieties like Junmai Daiginjo.Character ized by low alcohol content(15-20%),minimal sugar,and zero additives,these drinks appeal to health-conscious consumers through their natural composition of amino acids and vitamins.DS SAKE’s success exemplifies how historical techniques,when refined with modern precision,can satisfy contemporary demands for both cultural authenticity and nutritional mindfulness.
