Objectives:Cold-acclimated organisms accumulate low molecular weight organic solutes such as sugar alcohols and soluble sugars.This study aimed to compare the efficacy of five sugar alcohols and 14 soluble sugars in s...Objectives:Cold-acclimated organisms accumulate low molecular weight organic solutes such as sugar alcohols and soluble sugars.This study aimed to compare the efficacy of five sugar alcohols and 14 soluble sugars in stabilizing proteins under freezing,freeze-drying,and air-drying stresses.Materials and methods:Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase(G6PD)was used as the model protein.G6PD solutions with or without sugar alcohols and or sugars were subjected to freezing,freeze-drying,and air-drying stresses.The recovery of G6PD activity was measured to evaluate the protective efficacy of these compounds.Results:Without stabilizers,freezing G6PD at-20℃ or-80℃ reduced enzyme activity by around 24%,while freeze-drying or air-drying reduced activity by 90%-95%.Among the five sugar alcohols tested,pinitol,quebrachitol and sorbitol stabilized G6PD,whereas mannitol and myo-inositol destabilized it.Among 14 soluble sugars,trehalose and raffinose showed slightly lower enzyme recovery after repeated freeze-thaw cycles at-20℃.Most soluble sugars(except arabinose and xylose)protected G6PD during freeze-drying,with di-,tri-,and oligosaccharides generally outperforming monosaccharides.During air-drying,lactose was ineffective,while arabinose,galactose,and xylose were detrimental.Conclusion:The study highlights the diverse mechanisms of sugar alcohols and sugars in protein stabilization under stress,offering insights for formulating stable protein-and cell-based drugs.展开更多
Sugars are one of the major metabolites and are essential for nucleic acid synthesis and energy production.In addition,sugars can act as signaling molecules.To study sugar signaling at the systemic level,there is an u...Sugars are one of the major metabolites and are essential for nucleic acid synthesis and energy production.In addition,sugars can act as signaling molecules.To study sugar signaling at the systemic level,there is an urgent need to systematically identify sugar-sensing proteins and nucleic acids.I propose the terms“swodkoreceptor”and“swodkocrine signaling,”derived from the Polish word“slodki”meaning“sweet,”to comprise all sugar-sensing proteins and signaling events,respectively,regardless of their cellular location and signaling domains.This proposal is intended to facilitate the inclusion of proteins such as the Escherichia coli Lac I repressor as an allolactose receptor,human glucokinase regulatory protein(GCKR)as a fructose receptor,and other sugar-binding based allosterically regulated enzymes and transcription factors as sugar-sensing receptors.In addition,enzyme-interacting proteins whose interaction state is regulated by sugar binding have also been proposed as sugar receptors.The systemic study of protein-and nucleic-acid-based swodkoreceptors may help to identify organelle-specific swodkoreceptors and to also address receptor duality.The study of intra-and inter-organism swodkocrine signaling and its crosstalk with gasocrine signaling may help to understand the etiology of diseases due to dysregulation in sugar homeostasis and signaling.展开更多
A general situation of the sugar beet industry and business in the European Union(EU) has been presented. It included the quotas of sugar production there, its prices and changes on the market. The latest sugar produc...A general situation of the sugar beet industry and business in the European Union(EU) has been presented. It included the quotas of sugar production there, its prices and changes on the market. The latest sugar production data in the world was also given. The main companies carrying out activities on the Polish sugar and sugar beet seeds were also presented.New circumstances after liberating the sugar market in the EU in October, 2017, were also presented. Nowadays, Poland has been a great potential country for further technological progress in agricultural holdings and growing performance in sugar processing and production industry. As food export from Poland increases, it will be followed by increasing use of sugar. Examples are given to improve sugar beet productivity.展开更多
The content of soluble sugars is a vital parameter that indicates the quality of fleshy fruits such as apple(Malus domestica Borkh.).Studying the patterns of accumulation of soluble sugars and regulatory mechanisms as...The content of soluble sugars is a vital parameter that indicates the quality of fleshy fruits such as apple(Malus domestica Borkh.).Studying the patterns of accumulation of soluble sugars and regulatory mechanisms associated with fruit development is crucial for breeding improved fruit varieties.Here,we report that MdCIbHLH1,a low temperature-induced b HLH transcription factor,inhibits the accumulation of soluble sugars by regulating sugar-metabolizing enzyme activities,photosynthetic performance,and the expression of sugar-related genes in developing apple fruits.MdCIbHLH1 inhibits MdFBP and MdPEPCK expression,thus blocking the conversion of acids to sugars in apple fruits.We also discovered that MdCIbHLH1 decreases the photosynthetic rate and carbohydrate accumulation in apple leaves.Our results suggest that soluble sugar accumulation in apple fruits is influenced by multiple factors,including metabolic status,photosynthesis,and carbohydrate allocation.MdCIbHLH1 is critically involved in controlling the accumulation of soluble sugars by coordinating carbohydrate synthesis and allocation,thus influencing sugar transport and its metabolism during the development of apple fruits.展开更多
Fresh-cut lettuce is widely used in ready-to-eat salads sold in modified atmosphere packages (MAP).Even in MAP,fresh-cut lettuce has short shelf life that results in loss of nutrients.Lettuce cultivars exhibit genetic...Fresh-cut lettuce is widely used in ready-to-eat salads sold in modified atmosphere packages (MAP).Even in MAP,fresh-cut lettuce has short shelf life that results in loss of nutrients.Lettuce cultivars exhibit genetic variation for shelf life in MAP,but their variation for nutrient retention is not known.Fifty accessions were evaluated for initial content of ascorbic acid (AsA),carotenoids,and sugars and their retention in storage.Accessions with high content and/or good retention of one or more nutrients were identified.The romaine accession ‘Floricos’ had high levels of all the three nutrients.Accessions with relatively high retention of all the three nutrients were ‘Salinas 88’,‘Siskiyou’,‘Solar’,SM09A,‘Romance’,and ‘Green Towers’.Romaine cultivars,‘Balady Barrage’,‘Green Towers’,and ‘Darkland’ had relatively high initial levels of all tested nutrients and good rate of their retention.There was no clear correlation between initial AsA/carotene concentrations and their retention rates,suggesting that besides content,retention of nutrients should also be a breeding target in a lettuce nutritional improvement program.Statistical analyses with the Pearson's correlation coefficient determined a negative relationship between tissue deterioration(AUDePS) and retention of all tested nutrients[r of-0.52 (P<0.0001) for AsA,-0.27 (P<0.01) for total carotene,and-0.59 (P<0.0001) for total sugars],suggesting that an increase in tissue deterioration intensifies nutrient decay.Broad-sense heritability (H^(2)) across the experiments was0.15 for AsA,0.23 for total carotene,and 0.50 for total sugars.Identification of germplasm with high nutrient content,extended shelf life and good nutrient retention provides valuable information for the lettuce industry and associated breeding programs.展开更多
Autophagy is a universal cellular process in eukaryotes that plays a critical role in plant growth and stress response.However,the role of autophagy in fruit ripening is largely unknown.Here,we demonstrated that most ...Autophagy is a universal cellular process in eukaryotes that plays a critical role in plant growth and stress response.However,the role of autophagy in fruit ripening is largely unknown.Here,we demonstrated that most autophagy-related genes(ATGs)were up-regulated during tomato(Solanum lycopersicum L.)fruit ripening.By using mutants of different autophagy pathway genes(ATG6,ATG10,ATG18a),we revealed that the deficiency of autophagy delayed the ripening of fruit.Compared with wild-type(WT),the production of ethylene was significantly reduced and the accumulation of lycopene was delayed in atg mutants during fruit ripening.We also observed the contents of glucose and fructose were both significantly decreased in atg mutants compared with WT,while the content of organic acids showed the opposite trend.Additionally,the negative regulator of ethylene production,APETALA2a(AP2a),interacted with ATG8 through a specific ATG8-interacting motif(AIM)and could be degraded through the autophagy pathway.These results demonstrate that autophagy plays a critical role in fruit ripening by regulating ethylene production and the accumulation of pigments,sugars and organic acids in tomato.展开更多
Sugars are widely recognized for their ability to stabilize cell membranes during dehydration.However,the precise mechanisms by which sugars interact with lipid bilayers remain unclear.This mini-review synthesizes fou...Sugars are widely recognized for their ability to stabilize cell membranes during dehydration.However,the precise mechanisms by which sugars interact with lipid bilayers remain unclear.This mini-review synthesizes four key hypotheses explaining sugar-mediated protection of dehydrated bilayers:the Water Replacement Hypothesis(WRH),Hydration Force Hypothesis(HFH),Headgroup Bridging Hypothesis(HBH),and Vitrification Hypothesis(VH).We argue that these mechanisms are not mutually exclusive but instead operate synergistically under different cellular contexts.We propose that these hypotheses are not mutually exclusive but likely operate under different cellular contexts.Future studies should prioritize the development of biologically realistic membrane models-incorporating diverse lipids,proteins,and asymmetric leaflets-to elucidate the exact roles and mechanisms of sugars in membrane stabilization.Such advancements will enhance our understanding of anhydrobiosis and inform cryopreservation strategies for mammalian cells.展开更多
The compositions and contents of soluble sugars highly determine the flavor and quality of fleshy fruits.In the present study,we found that the overexpression of transcription factor MdWRKY126 localized on the nucleus...The compositions and contents of soluble sugars highly determine the flavor and quality of fleshy fruits.In the present study,we found that the overexpression of transcription factor MdWRKY126 localized on the nucleus enhanced sucrose concentration while decreased fructose and glucose concentration in transgenic apple calli and ripening tomato fruits.To comprehensively understand the effects of the MdWRKY126 on the content of various soluble sugars in apple and tomato fruits,enzyme activities and related essential genes associated with the sugar metabolism and transportation pathway in MdWRKY126-overrexpressed apple and tomato lines were analyzed.The results indicated that the overexpression of MdWRKY126 upregulated sucrose phosphate synthase(SPS)activity and the gene expression levels of SPS and sucrose transporter SUT,which was conducive to a large accumulation of sucrose in fruit cells.Meanwhile,MdWRKY126 overexpression downregulated the activity of enzymes involved in sucrose decomposition including cell wall invertase(CWINV),sucrose synthase(SUSY)and the corresponding gene expressions,as well as inhibited the expression levels of hexose transporter(HTs)and tonoplast sugar transporter(TSTs)that transport hexose into vacuoles,resulting in a reduced hexose level in apple calli and tomato fruit.These findings enrich our understanding of the metabolism and regulation of soluble sugars in apple fruits.展开更多
In Shandong,the special folk activity of blowing sugar figures during the Spring Festival has a long history.It is said that this skill can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty.At that time,as sugar-making technology im...In Shandong,the special folk activity of blowing sugar figures during the Spring Festival has a long history.It is said that this skill can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty.At that time,as sugar-making technology improved a lot,smart folk craftsmen(工匠)began to use sugar to create various small items.Once heated,sugar turns soft and malleable(可塑的).展开更多
Rice is the world's largest food crop,but it often encounters flowering asynchronization problems during hybrid rice seed production.In addition,the slow closure of female florets leads to seed mildew and affects ...Rice is the world's largest food crop,but it often encounters flowering asynchronization problems during hybrid rice seed production.In addition,the slow closure of female florets leads to seed mildew and affects the quality.The hormone abscisic acid(ABA)plays a crucial role in plant responses to abiotic stresses.Previous studies showed that exogenous ABA promotes floret closure,although the molecular mechanisms and effects of endogenous ABA on floret closure remain unknown.In this study,the effect of endogenous ABA on floret closure and the molecular mechanism by which ABA promotes floret closure through sugar transporters were investigated by changing the expression levels of OsNCED3 and OsPYL1 in rice.The results showed that overexpression(OE)-OsNCED3increased the endogenous ABA level of florets.Florets closed 5.91 min earlier and OsNCED3 gene knockout line delayed the closure of florets by 5.08 min compared with the wild type.In addition,OsPYL1 regulated the endogenous ABA content and changed the sensitivity to ABA such that the floret closure times for OE and CRISPR-Cas9(CR)were 9.84 min earlier and 12.78 min later,respectively,resulting in an increase in the split husk rate to 15.4%.The gene expression levels of some sugar transporters(STs)changed.The OsPYL1 and OsSWEET4proteins could interact on the cell membrane.These results indicate that ABA promotes the closure of rice florets and the enhanced sensitivity to ABA promotes this effect even more.The molecular mechanism is mainly related to downstream sugar transporters that respond to the ABA signaling pathway,especially OsSWEET4.展开更多
The utilisation of sugar palm bunches-charcoal briquettes(SPB-CB)represents a significant advancement in biomass energy.This study aimed to analyse the properties of charcoal briquettes produced from SPB(Arenga longip...The utilisation of sugar palm bunches-charcoal briquettes(SPB-CB)represents a significant advancement in biomass energy.This study aimed to analyse the properties of charcoal briquettes produced from SPB(Arenga longipes).The experiment involved categorising the dimensions of charcoal powder into three specific particle sizes:20-40 mesh,40-60 mesh,and particles that could pass through a 60-mesh screen.The charcoal powder will be combined with tapioca as a binding agent at three specific concentrations:11%,13%,and 15%.The research findings indicate that the samples underwent 60 mesh passes achieved the maximum briquette density,with an average value of 0.58 g/cm^(3).The highest attainable compressive strength sample value was 27.52 kgf/cm^(2),which was attained by employing 60 mesh size and 15%adhesive concentration.The calorimetric investigation showed that SPB-charcoal had the highest calorific value of 25.88 MJ/kg,while the SPB-CB had a little lower caloric value of 24.64 MJ/kg.The ash content and volatile matter values showed that the briquettes with the lowest ash content had values of 10.49%and 32.65%,respectively.Furthermore,the carbon fixation values varied between 16.65%and 52.36%.Thermogravimetric analysis indicates that charcoal derived from SPB exhibits superior thermal characteristics compared to charcoal briquettes.However,thermal properties of SPB charcoal do not show significant differences when compared to charcoal briquettes that have been processed with a mesh size of 20-40 and include 11%adhesive.According to this research,it may be inferred that charcoal briquettes made from sugar palm bunches meet the requirements specified in SNI 01-6235-2000.展开更多
For the purpose of satisfying high demands for taste,color,flavor,and storage of meat products,water retention agents(WRAs)play an important role.Phosphate has been widely used as an attractive functional material for...For the purpose of satisfying high demands for taste,color,flavor,and storage of meat products,water retention agents(WRAs)play an important role.Phosphate has been widely used as an attractive functional material for water retention in current practical applications.However,excessive phosphate addition and longterm consumption may be harmful impacts on health and the environment.Therefore,it is vital to develop safe and efficient phosphate-free WRAs for further improving water-holding capacity(WHC)efficacy and edible safety,especially in meat products.In particular,sugar water retention agents(SWRAs)are increasingly popular because of their perfect safety,excellent WHC,and superior biological properties.This review discusses the inducements and mechanisms underlying water loss in meat products.In addition,we focused on the research progresses and related mechanisms of SWRAs in the WHC of meat products and its unique biological functions,as well as the extraction technology.Finally,the future application and development of SWRA were prospected.展开更多
The early responsive to dehydration-like(ERDL or ERD)subfamily,subclade within the monosaccharide transporter(MST)superfamily,is crucial in the regulation of growth and seed yield in Arabidopsis.Here,we identified Os ...The early responsive to dehydration-like(ERDL or ERD)subfamily,subclade within the monosaccharide transporter(MST)superfamily,is crucial in the regulation of growth and seed yield in Arabidopsis.Here,we identified Os ERD5 as an At ERDL6 homologue and explored the function of Os ERD5.We found that Os ERD5 overexpression significantly enhanced the tiller number and grain yield of rice.Os ERD5 was widely expressed in aboveground tissues,encoded a tonoplast-localized protein,and exhibited transport activities for fructose,glucose and mannose when expressed in yeast.Expression character assay revealed that Os ERD5 mediated hexose efflux across tonoplasts and participated in maintaining the diurnal rhythm-regulated intracellular hexose homeostasis.Additional physiological and molecular evidence showed that Os ERD5 overexpression promoted vacuolar glucose efflux,enhanced sucrose synthesis and transport,increased sugar content in the shoot base,and promoted rice tillering by activating the synthesis of cytokinin simultaneously repressing strigolactone and gibberellin signaling.This study elucidates the function of Os ERD5 and the mechanism underlying the overexpression of Os ERD5 increasing rice tillering and yield.展开更多
Drought is becoming a common threat to crop production.Identifying and utilizing excellent droughtresistant genes is crucial to combating this stress and ensuring global food security by developing droughtresistant cr...Drought is becoming a common threat to crop production.Identifying and utilizing excellent droughtresistant genes is crucial to combating this stress and ensuring global food security by developing droughtresistant crop varieties.Although sugar transporters are involved in stress tolerance in many plants,the sugar transporter gene family of Tartary buckwheat has yet to be systematically analyzed.This study identified 140 sugar transporter genes from the‘Pinku'Tartary buckwheat genome and classified them into 10 subfamilies.Structural analysis showed that subfamily SGB/pGlcT had the highest number of introns compared to other subfamilies,and abundant abiotic stress-related cis-acting elements existed in the promoter region.Collinear analysis revealed relatively ancient genes FtSUT7,FtSTP28,FtPLT1,and FtINT2.The expression of sugar transporter genes was screened under various abiotic stresses,which revealed the association of stress tolerance with different sugar transporter genes,i.e.,FtERD23,FtINT2,FtpGlcT2,and FtSTP27.Further,we observed that the overexpression of FtERD23 maintains osmotic pressure through glucose transport,which may enhance drought stress tolerance.Moreover,gene co-expression analyses using weighted gene coexpression network analysis(WGCNA)and fuzzy c-means algorithm(FCMA)identified six transcription factors that may regulate FtERD23 expression and are involved in plant drought tolerance.Our systematic analysis provides a theoretical basis for the further functional characterization of sugar transporter genes to improve drought tolerance in Tartary buckwheat and its related species.展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to study the varietal characteristics of six new varieties of high biomass sugarcanes for sugar and energy namely GT02-833,GT97-69,GT02-351,GT03-2287,B9 and GT02-770,as well as the nutrition ch...[Objective] The aim was to study the varietal characteristics of six new varieties of high biomass sugarcanes for sugar and energy namely GT02-833,GT97-69,GT02-351,GT03-2287,B9 and GT02-770,as well as the nutrition characteristics of them under drip irrigation conditions. [Method] Industrial and agronomic characters,total N,total P,total K and chlorophyll content were determined. [Result] Cane yield,total biomass yield and sugar content of six varieties were more than 180,200 and 25 t/hm2 respectively,which were higher than that of the control Xintaitang 22. The total nitrogen and total phosphorus contents of six varieties were high and persistent from Jul to Nov,but they decreased sharply in Dec. Total potassium content of all varieties increased from Jul to Dec. Chlorophyll content of all varieties were high from Aug to Oct,but they decreased sharply in Nov. Total nitrogen,total phosphorus and total potassium content of GT02-833,GT97-69 and B9 were higher than that of CK. [Conclusion] GT02-833,GT97-69 and B9 had characteristic of efficient use of nutrients,thus should be extended as elite varieties.展开更多
Guangxi is the largest sugar producing area in China and shoulders heavy responsibilities for the development of China’s sugar industry.In recent years,China’s sugar industry has been greatly impacted by the foreign...Guangxi is the largest sugar producing area in China and shoulders heavy responsibilities for the development of China’s sugar industry.In recent years,China’s sugar industry has been greatly impacted by the foreign low-cost sugar industry,and the planting area of sugarcane has been declining.The development foundation of the sugar industry is the sugarcane seed industry.Under the impact of foreign low-price sugar,China’s sugarcane industry is under greater pressure for development,and the sugarcane seed industry shoulders more arduous responsibilities.In order to cope with international competition,the development of Guangxi’s sugarcane industry urgently needs to establish a development model oriented towards improved varieties,scale and mechanization of sugarcane,so as to promote the high-quality development of Guangxi’s sugarcane industry and effectively respond to the pressure of competition in the international sugarcane industry.展开更多
Dynamics of dry- or fresh-weight of fruit, peel photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content, and the characteristics of translocation and distribution of radiolabelled assimilates from leaf or fruit were examined in d...Dynamics of dry- or fresh-weight of fruit, peel photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content, and the characteristics of translocation and distribution of radiolabelled assimilates from leaf or fruit were examined in developing satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc. cv. Miyagawa wase) fruit from primary stage of fruit enlargement up to fruit full ripe. Change in fruit photosynthetic rate was some what related to the change in the chlorophyll content of peel. Fruit photosynthetic rate markedly declined as chlorophyll degradation occurred in the peel. Before full ripe stage of the fruit, photosynthates produced by a 14C-fed leaf were mainly distributed to juice sacs even during periods when dry matter accumulation in peel was more rapid than that in juice sacs. At the full ripe stage, peel photosynthetic rate approached zero and peel became the major sink of leaf photosynthates. Most of the peel assimilates, however, remained in situ for up to 48 h after feeding 14CO 2 to the fruit, only a small portion being transported to other parts of fruit. The percentage of fruit photosynthates exported decreased with fruit development and ripening, but the peak rate of export to juice sacs amount to as high as 12%. The sugar content and dry weights of peel and juice sacs in shaded fruit were lower than that in the control fruit. These results show that peel assimilate was mainly consumed in peel respiration and growth and thus the dependence on leaf photosynthates decreased. Part of this assimiate was used in sugar accumulation in juice sacs of fruit.展开更多
The variation of sugar, acid and vitamin C contents in fruits of red flesh kiwifruit （Actinidia chinensis） ＂Hongyang＂ and green fresh kiwifruit （A. deliciosa） ＇Jinkui＇ were investigated during fruit developmen...The variation of sugar, acid and vitamin C contents in fruits of red flesh kiwifruit （Actinidia chinensis） ＂Hongyang＂ and green fresh kiwifruit （A. deliciosa） ＇Jinkui＇ were investigated during fruit development. The results showed that the to- tal sugar soluble contents of ＂Hongyang＇ and ＇Jinkui＂ during fruit development ex- isted different variations. With the upward trend of ＇Hongyang＇ fruit development, 95 days after full bloom （DAFB）, the total soluble sugar accumulation was relatively slow, and then rose rapidly until harvest with the maximum content （6.87%）. While ＇Jinkui＇ fruit showed a fluctuant process, rising in 50 DAFB, then declining, then rising rapidly and decreasing slightly right before harvest. The variation of fruit titrat- able acid between them was more consistent, which was increased and then de- creased. The only difference was that the titratable acid content of ＇Jinkui＇ fruit de- creased slowly from the late of fruit development to fruit ripening, similar to the maximum value, but that of ＇Hongyang＇ fruit decreased rapidly in the late. Titrat- able acid contents of them in the maturity were 1.08% and 1.20%, respectively. The trends of sugar acid ratio for ＇Hongyang＇ and ＇Jinkui＇ fruit were quite different. ＇Hongyang＇ fruit increased slowly and then rapidly; ＇Jinkui＇ changed from decreas- ing to increasing, followed by slight decreasing in mature stage. In addition, the two kiwifruit varieties had a similar change trend of Vc content during fruit development, which changed from rapid increasing to declining, followed by slight growing in the harvest. The changing tendency of ＇Jinkui＇ fruit was later than that of ＇Hengyang＇.展开更多
The effects of ultradry storage on the activity of ATPase and fluidity of plasma membrane in Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis (Lour.) Rupr.) and elm ( Ulmus pumila L.) seeds were investigated. The results indicate...The effects of ultradry storage on the activity of ATPase and fluidity of plasma membrane in Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis (Lour.) Rupr.) and elm ( Ulmus pumila L.) seeds were investigated. The results indicated that no significant differences in the activity of ATPase and the micro- viscosity of plasma membrane of ultradried (UD) seeds could be found as compared to the control seeds stored under -20 degreesC, although there was a little adverse effect on the seeds with extreme dehydration. The results were consistent with higher vigor level of UD seeds. This implied that ultradry seed storage could protect the integrity of the membrane, maintain its physiological function and improve the storability of seeds. The relationship between sugar and desiccation tolerance of UD seeds was analysed using the HPLC. The results showed that the ratio of reducing to nonreducing sugar was lower in UD seeds than that in control. The content of sucrose and stachyose in elm and Chinese cabbage UD seeds was related to their desiccation tolerance, while no stachyose was detected in corn (Zea mays L.) seeds. This could be one of the reasons for its sensitivity to desiccation.展开更多
In Italy,Law No.160 of 27 December 2019,also known as the Budget Law 2020(paragraphs 661-676)introduced the Sugar tax.Subsequently,Law No.178 of 30 December 2020(Budget Law 2021)brought some changes such as the effect...In Italy,Law No.160 of 27 December 2019,also known as the Budget Law 2020(paragraphs 661-676)introduced the Sugar tax.Subsequently,Law No.178 of 30 December 2020(Budget Law 2021)brought some changes such as the effective date of the Sugar tax and administrative penalties.This tax should have become effective on 1 January 2021 but was deferred until 1 January 2023.In addition to the regulatory dimension,this contribution aims first to introduce the growing trend of sugar consumption and then to analyse the issue of the sugar tax,first in Italy and later in Europe.Finally,an attempt will also be made to highlight the effects of this application.展开更多
基金supported by a research grant from the National University of Singapore to WQS(RP-3960366)a collaborative research grant from Sichuan Zhongke Organ Co.Ltd(Chengdu,China).
文摘Objectives:Cold-acclimated organisms accumulate low molecular weight organic solutes such as sugar alcohols and soluble sugars.This study aimed to compare the efficacy of five sugar alcohols and 14 soluble sugars in stabilizing proteins under freezing,freeze-drying,and air-drying stresses.Materials and methods:Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase(G6PD)was used as the model protein.G6PD solutions with or without sugar alcohols and or sugars were subjected to freezing,freeze-drying,and air-drying stresses.The recovery of G6PD activity was measured to evaluate the protective efficacy of these compounds.Results:Without stabilizers,freezing G6PD at-20℃ or-80℃ reduced enzyme activity by around 24%,while freeze-drying or air-drying reduced activity by 90%-95%.Among the five sugar alcohols tested,pinitol,quebrachitol and sorbitol stabilized G6PD,whereas mannitol and myo-inositol destabilized it.Among 14 soluble sugars,trehalose and raffinose showed slightly lower enzyme recovery after repeated freeze-thaw cycles at-20℃.Most soluble sugars(except arabinose and xylose)protected G6PD during freeze-drying,with di-,tri-,and oligosaccharides generally outperforming monosaccharides.During air-drying,lactose was ineffective,while arabinose,galactose,and xylose were detrimental.Conclusion:The study highlights the diverse mechanisms of sugar alcohols and sugars in protein stabilization under stress,offering insights for formulating stable protein-and cell-based drugs.
基金supported by the National Science Centre grants,Grant/Award Number:SONATA-BIS 2020/38/E/NZ3/00090 and SONATA 2021/43/D/NZ3/01798。
文摘Sugars are one of the major metabolites and are essential for nucleic acid synthesis and energy production.In addition,sugars can act as signaling molecules.To study sugar signaling at the systemic level,there is an urgent need to systematically identify sugar-sensing proteins and nucleic acids.I propose the terms“swodkoreceptor”and“swodkocrine signaling,”derived from the Polish word“slodki”meaning“sweet,”to comprise all sugar-sensing proteins and signaling events,respectively,regardless of their cellular location and signaling domains.This proposal is intended to facilitate the inclusion of proteins such as the Escherichia coli Lac I repressor as an allolactose receptor,human glucokinase regulatory protein(GCKR)as a fructose receptor,and other sugar-binding based allosterically regulated enzymes and transcription factors as sugar-sensing receptors.In addition,enzyme-interacting proteins whose interaction state is regulated by sugar binding have also been proposed as sugar receptors.The systemic study of protein-and nucleic-acid-based swodkoreceptors may help to identify organelle-specific swodkoreceptors and to also address receptor duality.The study of intra-and inter-organism swodkocrine signaling and its crosstalk with gasocrine signaling may help to understand the etiology of diseases due to dysregulation in sugar homeostasis and signaling.
文摘A general situation of the sugar beet industry and business in the European Union(EU) has been presented. It included the quotas of sugar production there, its prices and changes on the market. The latest sugar production data in the world was also given. The main companies carrying out activities on the Polish sugar and sugar beet seeds were also presented.New circumstances after liberating the sugar market in the EU in October, 2017, were also presented. Nowadays, Poland has been a great potential country for further technological progress in agricultural holdings and growing performance in sugar processing and production industry. As food export from Poland increases, it will be followed by increasing use of sugar. Examples are given to improve sugar beet productivity.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32122080,31972375)Shandong Province(Grant No.ZR2020YQ25)。
文摘The content of soluble sugars is a vital parameter that indicates the quality of fleshy fruits such as apple(Malus domestica Borkh.).Studying the patterns of accumulation of soluble sugars and regulatory mechanisms associated with fruit development is crucial for breeding improved fruit varieties.Here,we report that MdCIbHLH1,a low temperature-induced b HLH transcription factor,inhibits the accumulation of soluble sugars by regulating sugar-metabolizing enzyme activities,photosynthetic performance,and the expression of sugar-related genes in developing apple fruits.MdCIbHLH1 inhibits MdFBP and MdPEPCK expression,thus blocking the conversion of acids to sugars in apple fruits.We also discovered that MdCIbHLH1 decreases the photosynthetic rate and carbohydrate accumulation in apple leaves.Our results suggest that soluble sugar accumulation in apple fruits is influenced by multiple factors,including metabolic status,photosynthesis,and carbohydrate allocation.MdCIbHLH1 is critically involved in controlling the accumulation of soluble sugars by coordinating carbohydrate synthesis and allocation,thus influencing sugar transport and its metabolism during the development of apple fruits.
基金supported by the Specialty Crop Block Grant Program of the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA), Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS) through the California Department of Food and Agriculture (SCB15015)partly also by funding from the California Leafy Greens Research Board and by Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) Research Participation Program。
文摘Fresh-cut lettuce is widely used in ready-to-eat salads sold in modified atmosphere packages (MAP).Even in MAP,fresh-cut lettuce has short shelf life that results in loss of nutrients.Lettuce cultivars exhibit genetic variation for shelf life in MAP,but their variation for nutrient retention is not known.Fifty accessions were evaluated for initial content of ascorbic acid (AsA),carotenoids,and sugars and their retention in storage.Accessions with high content and/or good retention of one or more nutrients were identified.The romaine accession ‘Floricos’ had high levels of all the three nutrients.Accessions with relatively high retention of all the three nutrients were ‘Salinas 88’,‘Siskiyou’,‘Solar’,SM09A,‘Romance’,and ‘Green Towers’.Romaine cultivars,‘Balady Barrage’,‘Green Towers’,and ‘Darkland’ had relatively high initial levels of all tested nutrients and good rate of their retention.There was no clear correlation between initial AsA/carotene concentrations and their retention rates,suggesting that besides content,retention of nutrients should also be a breeding target in a lettuce nutritional improvement program.Statistical analyses with the Pearson's correlation coefficient determined a negative relationship between tissue deterioration(AUDePS) and retention of all tested nutrients[r of-0.52 (P<0.0001) for AsA,-0.27 (P<0.01) for total carotene,and-0.59 (P<0.0001) for total sugars],suggesting that an increase in tissue deterioration intensifies nutrient decay.Broad-sense heritability (H^(2)) across the experiments was0.15 for AsA,0.23 for total carotene,and 0.50 for total sugars.Identification of germplasm with high nutrient content,extended shelf life and good nutrient retention provides valuable information for the lettuce industry and associated breeding programs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32302642,32272790)the Starry Night Science Fund of Zhejiang University Shanghai Institute for Advanced Study(Grant No.SN-ZJU-SIAS-0011)+1 种基金Collaborative Promotion Program of Zhejiang Provincial Agricultural Technology of China(Grant No.2023ZDXT05)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.226-2022-00122).
文摘Autophagy is a universal cellular process in eukaryotes that plays a critical role in plant growth and stress response.However,the role of autophagy in fruit ripening is largely unknown.Here,we demonstrated that most autophagy-related genes(ATGs)were up-regulated during tomato(Solanum lycopersicum L.)fruit ripening.By using mutants of different autophagy pathway genes(ATG6,ATG10,ATG18a),we revealed that the deficiency of autophagy delayed the ripening of fruit.Compared with wild-type(WT),the production of ethylene was significantly reduced and the accumulation of lycopene was delayed in atg mutants during fruit ripening.We also observed the contents of glucose and fructose were both significantly decreased in atg mutants compared with WT,while the content of organic acids showed the opposite trend.Additionally,the negative regulator of ethylene production,APETALA2a(AP2a),interacted with ATG8 through a specific ATG8-interacting motif(AIM)and could be degraded through the autophagy pathway.These results demonstrate that autophagy plays a critical role in fruit ripening by regulating ethylene production and the accumulation of pigments,sugars and organic acids in tomato.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,China(Grant No.52376052)the Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation,China(Grant No.2308085ME174).
文摘Sugars are widely recognized for their ability to stabilize cell membranes during dehydration.However,the precise mechanisms by which sugars interact with lipid bilayers remain unclear.This mini-review synthesizes four key hypotheses explaining sugar-mediated protection of dehydrated bilayers:the Water Replacement Hypothesis(WRH),Hydration Force Hypothesis(HFH),Headgroup Bridging Hypothesis(HBH),and Vitrification Hypothesis(VH).We argue that these mechanisms are not mutually exclusive but instead operate synergistically under different cellular contexts.We propose that these hypotheses are not mutually exclusive but likely operate under different cellular contexts.Future studies should prioritize the development of biologically realistic membrane models-incorporating diverse lipids,proteins,and asymmetric leaflets-to elucidate the exact roles and mechanisms of sugars in membrane stabilization.Such advancements will enhance our understanding of anhydrobiosis and inform cryopreservation strategies for mammalian cells.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32172521)the Excellent Youth Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province(Grant No.YQ2023C006)+1 种基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2023MD744175)the Talent Introduction Programof Northeast Agricultural University of China,and the Collaborative Innovation System of the Agricultural Bioeconomy in Heilongjiang Province,China.
文摘The compositions and contents of soluble sugars highly determine the flavor and quality of fleshy fruits.In the present study,we found that the overexpression of transcription factor MdWRKY126 localized on the nucleus enhanced sucrose concentration while decreased fructose and glucose concentration in transgenic apple calli and ripening tomato fruits.To comprehensively understand the effects of the MdWRKY126 on the content of various soluble sugars in apple and tomato fruits,enzyme activities and related essential genes associated with the sugar metabolism and transportation pathway in MdWRKY126-overrexpressed apple and tomato lines were analyzed.The results indicated that the overexpression of MdWRKY126 upregulated sucrose phosphate synthase(SPS)activity and the gene expression levels of SPS and sucrose transporter SUT,which was conducive to a large accumulation of sucrose in fruit cells.Meanwhile,MdWRKY126 overexpression downregulated the activity of enzymes involved in sucrose decomposition including cell wall invertase(CWINV),sucrose synthase(SUSY)and the corresponding gene expressions,as well as inhibited the expression levels of hexose transporter(HTs)and tonoplast sugar transporter(TSTs)that transport hexose into vacuoles,resulting in a reduced hexose level in apple calli and tomato fruit.These findings enrich our understanding of the metabolism and regulation of soluble sugars in apple fruits.
文摘In Shandong,the special folk activity of blowing sugar figures during the Spring Festival has a long history.It is said that this skill can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty.At that time,as sugar-making technology improved a lot,smart folk craftsmen(工匠)began to use sugar to create various small items.Once heated,sugar turns soft and malleable(可塑的).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32260780 and 31360297)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2021M701513)+1 种基金the Jiangxi 2011 Collaborative Innovation Centre of Postharvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables,China(JXGS-05)the Gan Po 555 Engineering Excel ence Talents Project in Jiangxi Province,China。
文摘Rice is the world's largest food crop,but it often encounters flowering asynchronization problems during hybrid rice seed production.In addition,the slow closure of female florets leads to seed mildew and affects the quality.The hormone abscisic acid(ABA)plays a crucial role in plant responses to abiotic stresses.Previous studies showed that exogenous ABA promotes floret closure,although the molecular mechanisms and effects of endogenous ABA on floret closure remain unknown.In this study,the effect of endogenous ABA on floret closure and the molecular mechanism by which ABA promotes floret closure through sugar transporters were investigated by changing the expression levels of OsNCED3 and OsPYL1 in rice.The results showed that overexpression(OE)-OsNCED3increased the endogenous ABA level of florets.Florets closed 5.91 min earlier and OsNCED3 gene knockout line delayed the closure of florets by 5.08 min compared with the wild type.In addition,OsPYL1 regulated the endogenous ABA content and changed the sensitivity to ABA such that the floret closure times for OE and CRISPR-Cas9(CR)were 9.84 min earlier and 12.78 min later,respectively,resulting in an increase in the split husk rate to 15.4%.The gene expression levels of some sugar transporters(STs)changed.The OsPYL1 and OsSWEET4proteins could interact on the cell membrane.These results indicate that ABA promotes the closure of rice florets and the enhanced sensitivity to ABA promotes this effect even more.The molecular mechanism is mainly related to downstream sugar transporters that respond to the ABA signaling pathway,especially OsSWEET4.
基金funded by the Regular Fundamental Research Grant of the Directorate of Research,Technology,and Community Service,Ministry of Education,Culture,Research,and Technology,Republic of Indonesia No.093/E5/PG.02.00.PL/2024Research Institution of Universitas Sumatera Utara No.1/UN5.4.10S/PPM/KPDRTPM/2024supported by the project“Development,Exploitation Properties and Application of Eco-Friendly Wood-Based Composites from Alternative Lignocellulosic Raw Materials”,Project No.HN C--1290/19.10.2023,carried out at the University of Forestry,Sofia,Bulgaria.
文摘The utilisation of sugar palm bunches-charcoal briquettes(SPB-CB)represents a significant advancement in biomass energy.This study aimed to analyse the properties of charcoal briquettes produced from SPB(Arenga longipes).The experiment involved categorising the dimensions of charcoal powder into three specific particle sizes:20-40 mesh,40-60 mesh,and particles that could pass through a 60-mesh screen.The charcoal powder will be combined with tapioca as a binding agent at three specific concentrations:11%,13%,and 15%.The research findings indicate that the samples underwent 60 mesh passes achieved the maximum briquette density,with an average value of 0.58 g/cm^(3).The highest attainable compressive strength sample value was 27.52 kgf/cm^(2),which was attained by employing 60 mesh size and 15%adhesive concentration.The calorimetric investigation showed that SPB-charcoal had the highest calorific value of 25.88 MJ/kg,while the SPB-CB had a little lower caloric value of 24.64 MJ/kg.The ash content and volatile matter values showed that the briquettes with the lowest ash content had values of 10.49%and 32.65%,respectively.Furthermore,the carbon fixation values varied between 16.65%and 52.36%.Thermogravimetric analysis indicates that charcoal derived from SPB exhibits superior thermal characteristics compared to charcoal briquettes.However,thermal properties of SPB charcoal do not show significant differences when compared to charcoal briquettes that have been processed with a mesh size of 20-40 and include 11%adhesive.According to this research,it may be inferred that charcoal briquettes made from sugar palm bunches meet the requirements specified in SNI 01-6235-2000.
基金funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China(51901160)。
文摘For the purpose of satisfying high demands for taste,color,flavor,and storage of meat products,water retention agents(WRAs)play an important role.Phosphate has been widely used as an attractive functional material for water retention in current practical applications.However,excessive phosphate addition and longterm consumption may be harmful impacts on health and the environment.Therefore,it is vital to develop safe and efficient phosphate-free WRAs for further improving water-holding capacity(WHC)efficacy and edible safety,especially in meat products.In particular,sugar water retention agents(SWRAs)are increasingly popular because of their perfect safety,excellent WHC,and superior biological properties.This review discusses the inducements and mechanisms underlying water loss in meat products.In addition,we focused on the research progresses and related mechanisms of SWRAs in the WHC of meat products and its unique biological functions,as well as the extraction technology.Finally,the future application and development of SWRA were prospected.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32401743)the Earmarked Fund for the China Agriculture Research System(CARS-01)+1 种基金the Hunan Natural Science Foundation Project(2021JJ40235)the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province(2022RC3053)。
文摘The early responsive to dehydration-like(ERDL or ERD)subfamily,subclade within the monosaccharide transporter(MST)superfamily,is crucial in the regulation of growth and seed yield in Arabidopsis.Here,we identified Os ERD5 as an At ERDL6 homologue and explored the function of Os ERD5.We found that Os ERD5 overexpression significantly enhanced the tiller number and grain yield of rice.Os ERD5 was widely expressed in aboveground tissues,encoded a tonoplast-localized protein,and exhibited transport activities for fructose,glucose and mannose when expressed in yeast.Expression character assay revealed that Os ERD5 mediated hexose efflux across tonoplasts and participated in maintaining the diurnal rhythm-regulated intracellular hexose homeostasis.Additional physiological and molecular evidence showed that Os ERD5 overexpression promoted vacuolar glucose efflux,enhanced sucrose synthesis and transport,increased sugar content in the shoot base,and promoted rice tillering by activating the synthesis of cytokinin simultaneously repressing strigolactone and gibberellin signaling.This study elucidates the function of Os ERD5 and the mechanism underlying the overexpression of Os ERD5 increasing rice tillering and yield.
基金supported by the Youth Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(Y2022QC02)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32161143005 and 32111540258)+1 种基金the European Union Horizon 2020 Project Planta SYST(SGA-CSA No.739582 under FPA No.664620)the Science and Technology Project of the Hebei Education Department,China(BJ2019022)。
文摘Drought is becoming a common threat to crop production.Identifying and utilizing excellent droughtresistant genes is crucial to combating this stress and ensuring global food security by developing droughtresistant crop varieties.Although sugar transporters are involved in stress tolerance in many plants,the sugar transporter gene family of Tartary buckwheat has yet to be systematically analyzed.This study identified 140 sugar transporter genes from the‘Pinku'Tartary buckwheat genome and classified them into 10 subfamilies.Structural analysis showed that subfamily SGB/pGlcT had the highest number of introns compared to other subfamilies,and abundant abiotic stress-related cis-acting elements existed in the promoter region.Collinear analysis revealed relatively ancient genes FtSUT7,FtSTP28,FtPLT1,and FtINT2.The expression of sugar transporter genes was screened under various abiotic stresses,which revealed the association of stress tolerance with different sugar transporter genes,i.e.,FtERD23,FtINT2,FtpGlcT2,and FtSTP27.Further,we observed that the overexpression of FtERD23 maintains osmotic pressure through glucose transport,which may enhance drought stress tolerance.Moreover,gene co-expression analyses using weighted gene coexpression network analysis(WGCNA)and fuzzy c-means algorithm(FCMA)identified six transcription factors that may regulate FtERD23 expression and are involved in plant drought tolerance.Our systematic analysis provides a theoretical basis for the further functional characterization of sugar transporter genes to improve drought tolerance in Tartary buckwheat and its related species.
基金Supported by Specific Foundation for Basic Application Research of Guangxi Province (Gui 0991014, 0778006-2)Specific Foundation for Basic Scientific Research of Guangxi Sugarcane Research Institute (G2009012, G2009005, G2008006, G2010004)Sugarcane Breeding Special Project of National Science and Technology Support Program (2007BAD30B02)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim was to study the varietal characteristics of six new varieties of high biomass sugarcanes for sugar and energy namely GT02-833,GT97-69,GT02-351,GT03-2287,B9 and GT02-770,as well as the nutrition characteristics of them under drip irrigation conditions. [Method] Industrial and agronomic characters,total N,total P,total K and chlorophyll content were determined. [Result] Cane yield,total biomass yield and sugar content of six varieties were more than 180,200 and 25 t/hm2 respectively,which were higher than that of the control Xintaitang 22. The total nitrogen and total phosphorus contents of six varieties were high and persistent from Jul to Nov,but they decreased sharply in Dec. Total potassium content of all varieties increased from Jul to Dec. Chlorophyll content of all varieties were high from Aug to Oct,but they decreased sharply in Nov. Total nitrogen,total phosphorus and total potassium content of GT02-833,GT97-69 and B9 were higher than that of CK. [Conclusion] GT02-833,GT97-69 and B9 had characteristic of efficient use of nutrients,thus should be extended as elite varieties.
基金Supported by Special Project for Chairman Academician Advisor of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region(ZH040040)Special Project for Central Leading Local Science and Technology Development(Gui Ke ZY19183007)
文摘Guangxi is the largest sugar producing area in China and shoulders heavy responsibilities for the development of China’s sugar industry.In recent years,China’s sugar industry has been greatly impacted by the foreign low-cost sugar industry,and the planting area of sugarcane has been declining.The development foundation of the sugar industry is the sugarcane seed industry.Under the impact of foreign low-price sugar,China’s sugarcane industry is under greater pressure for development,and the sugarcane seed industry shoulders more arduous responsibilities.In order to cope with international competition,the development of Guangxi’s sugarcane industry urgently needs to establish a development model oriented towards improved varieties,scale and mechanization of sugarcane,so as to promote the high-quality development of Guangxi’s sugarcane industry and effectively respond to the pressure of competition in the international sugarcane industry.
文摘Dynamics of dry- or fresh-weight of fruit, peel photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content, and the characteristics of translocation and distribution of radiolabelled assimilates from leaf or fruit were examined in developing satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc. cv. Miyagawa wase) fruit from primary stage of fruit enlargement up to fruit full ripe. Change in fruit photosynthetic rate was some what related to the change in the chlorophyll content of peel. Fruit photosynthetic rate markedly declined as chlorophyll degradation occurred in the peel. Before full ripe stage of the fruit, photosynthates produced by a 14C-fed leaf were mainly distributed to juice sacs even during periods when dry matter accumulation in peel was more rapid than that in juice sacs. At the full ripe stage, peel photosynthetic rate approached zero and peel became the major sink of leaf photosynthates. Most of the peel assimilates, however, remained in situ for up to 48 h after feeding 14CO 2 to the fruit, only a small portion being transported to other parts of fruit. The percentage of fruit photosynthates exported decreased with fruit development and ripening, but the peak rate of export to juice sacs amount to as high as 12%. The sugar content and dry weights of peel and juice sacs in shaded fruit were lower than that in the control fruit. These results show that peel assimilate was mainly consumed in peel respiration and growth and thus the dependence on leaf photosynthates decreased. Part of this assimiate was used in sugar accumulation in juice sacs of fruit.
文摘The variation of sugar, acid and vitamin C contents in fruits of red flesh kiwifruit （Actinidia chinensis） ＂Hongyang＂ and green fresh kiwifruit （A. deliciosa） ＇Jinkui＇ were investigated during fruit development. The results showed that the to- tal sugar soluble contents of ＂Hongyang＇ and ＇Jinkui＂ during fruit development ex- isted different variations. With the upward trend of ＇Hongyang＇ fruit development, 95 days after full bloom （DAFB）, the total soluble sugar accumulation was relatively slow, and then rose rapidly until harvest with the maximum content （6.87%）. While ＇Jinkui＇ fruit showed a fluctuant process, rising in 50 DAFB, then declining, then rising rapidly and decreasing slightly right before harvest. The variation of fruit titrat- able acid between them was more consistent, which was increased and then de- creased. The only difference was that the titratable acid content of ＇Jinkui＇ fruit de- creased slowly from the late of fruit development to fruit ripening, similar to the maximum value, but that of ＇Hongyang＇ fruit decreased rapidly in the late. Titrat- able acid contents of them in the maturity were 1.08% and 1.20%, respectively. The trends of sugar acid ratio for ＇Hongyang＇ and ＇Jinkui＇ fruit were quite different. ＇Hongyang＇ fruit increased slowly and then rapidly; ＇Jinkui＇ changed from decreas- ing to increasing, followed by slight decreasing in mature stage. In addition, the two kiwifruit varieties had a similar change trend of Vc content during fruit development, which changed from rapid increasing to declining, followed by slight growing in the harvest. The changing tendency of ＇Jinkui＇ fruit was later than that of ＇Hengyang＇.
文摘The effects of ultradry storage on the activity of ATPase and fluidity of plasma membrane in Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis (Lour.) Rupr.) and elm ( Ulmus pumila L.) seeds were investigated. The results indicated that no significant differences in the activity of ATPase and the micro- viscosity of plasma membrane of ultradried (UD) seeds could be found as compared to the control seeds stored under -20 degreesC, although there was a little adverse effect on the seeds with extreme dehydration. The results were consistent with higher vigor level of UD seeds. This implied that ultradry seed storage could protect the integrity of the membrane, maintain its physiological function and improve the storability of seeds. The relationship between sugar and desiccation tolerance of UD seeds was analysed using the HPLC. The results showed that the ratio of reducing to nonreducing sugar was lower in UD seeds than that in control. The content of sucrose and stachyose in elm and Chinese cabbage UD seeds was related to their desiccation tolerance, while no stachyose was detected in corn (Zea mays L.) seeds. This could be one of the reasons for its sensitivity to desiccation.
文摘In Italy,Law No.160 of 27 December 2019,also known as the Budget Law 2020(paragraphs 661-676)introduced the Sugar tax.Subsequently,Law No.178 of 30 December 2020(Budget Law 2021)brought some changes such as the effective date of the Sugar tax and administrative penalties.This tax should have become effective on 1 January 2021 but was deferred until 1 January 2023.In addition to the regulatory dimension,this contribution aims first to introduce the growing trend of sugar consumption and then to analyse the issue of the sugar tax,first in Italy and later in Europe.Finally,an attempt will also be made to highlight the effects of this application.
