The role of retailing has diminished in the center of cities of Western countries since its heyday in the 1920s. This trend was caused by violent transformations in the economic, social and locational contexts which i...The role of retailing has diminished in the center of cities of Western countries since its heyday in the 1920s. This trend was caused by violent transformations in the economic, social and locational contexts which involve resi- dential suburbanization, as well as new forms of commercial development out of town. As far as transforming China is concerned, the downtown retailing center has also come to turning point of development in the context of suburbaniza- tion. Based on the survey of Beijing residents’ shopping behavior, the present research tends to making clear the actual change and development problem of downtown retailing center. Combining with the macro retailing environment, re- lated influencing factors are further discussed too. Study results show that downtown retailing still plays an important part in resident’s shopping activity. However, with rapid urban sprawl, retailing in urban center has been greatly threatened by booming out-of-town commerce. In the course of such spatial change, the suburbanization of resident, the prevalence of new commercial forms and the change of consumers’ life style all have exerted their own pressure on downtown retailing. But for the special socioeconomic background of development and the support of government policy, it will still keep its vitality of retailing for a long period of time.展开更多
This study focuses on the suburbanization and subcentering of population and examines the nature of spatial restructuring in terms of the population distribution in the Beijing metropolitan area.Instead of the classic...This study focuses on the suburbanization and subcentering of population and examines the nature of spatial restructuring in terms of the population distribution in the Beijing metropolitan area.Instead of the classic density function approach,we employ the nonparametric analysis to characterize the spatial pattern of population densities in the Beijing metropolitan area and identify the suburban subcenters.Our findings suggest that the population has spread with rapid urban growth in the Beijing metropolitan area,and the compact urban form has been replaced by a more dispersed polycentric spatial distribution.However,compared with the decentralization of western cities,the spatial extent of the decentralization of population in the Beijing metropolitan area is quite limited.The rapid growth of population in the near suburbs has expedited the sprawl of the central city,with a larger central agglomeration of population dominating the metropolitan area.In this sense,the spatial pattern of the Beijing metropolitan area is still characterized by the continuous compactness.However,our findings do provide the evidence that the city has been turning to a polycentric structure.We find significant population subcenters have emerged in the suburbs of Beijing since the 1980s.But the polycentricity emerged in the Beijing metropolitan area is very different by nature from that observed in Western cities.The subcenters emerged are adherent to the development scheme planned for the city,so it can be referred to as the so called 'planned polycentricity'.展开更多
Suburbanization is a stage of urbanization provess. The author discesses the situation of Beijing from the data of three population censuses(1964, 1982, 1990) and considers that the suburbanization in Beijing has been...Suburbanization is a stage of urbanization provess. The author discesses the situation of Beijing from the data of three population censuses(1964, 1982, 1990) and considers that the suburbanization in Beijing has been in process since 1982. During 1982-1990, population of all districts of the inner city lost 82 000 persons and in fact the permanent residents holding the household registration lost 144 000, which is about 6. 12% of permanent residents in the inner city.Like the West, suburbanization in China the happened against the macro backgrounds of improvements of transportation and loving conditions, growth of urban population moving from rural areas. But in the case of the forces that make decentralization possible, China is different from the western countries. In China, the levels of economy and urbanization are rather low, the red middle class is not rich; only very few Chinese families families provate cars, and the inner cities still have great attraction to Chinese people. The author considers three causes of decentralization: (1) reform of urban land use system brings about migration from the core area; (2) construction of a large number of city roads reinforces this process; (3) reforms of housing system and renovation of dilapidated houses encourage outward movement. However, the process wasn’t of spontaneity of any individual but of the leadership of government and “Dan Wei” (Work Unit).展开更多
Suburbanization in large cities is an important phenomenon in the process of urbanization development in China in recent decades,which plays a very important role in promoting city development,whereas some side effect...Suburbanization in large cities is an important phenomenon in the process of urbanization development in China in recent decades,which plays a very important role in promoting city development,whereas some side effects on the eco-environment appeared at the same time.This paper,taking Xi'an City in China as a case study site,analyzed the features of population suburbanization and industry suburbanization and pointed out the impacts of suburbanization on urban eco-environment.Based on the research,suggestions of countermeasures for urban planning and municipal management of Xi'an City in protecting urban eco-environment and conserving natural ecology were put forward in the end.展开更多
This paper studies the suburbanization process of Shanghai from 2000 to 2010 and the population aggregation of its five suburban new towns including Jiading,Songjiang,Qingpu,Nanqiao,and Lingang.It finds that Shanghai&...This paper studies the suburbanization process of Shanghai from 2000 to 2010 and the population aggregation of its five suburban new towns including Jiading,Songjiang,Qingpu,Nanqiao,and Lingang.It finds that Shanghai's population distribution pattern is featured by both continuity and variety.In detail,although Shanghai is still dominated by a single-centered expansion pattern,a multi-centered spatial pattern is gradually formed with a narrowing gap in population density between the central city and the suburbs.As the suburbanization of the migrant population is faster than that of the registered population and migrants re-gather in the central city as a result of its service industry development,there is a relatively smaller migrant population in the area between the Inner Ring Road and the Outer Ring Road.Consequently,the population in the new towns that the city planning strategy has focused on is not increasing at the expected speed,thus more attention should be paid to a reasonable central citycentered,multi-leveled,towns-grouped,and compact urban spatial structure.展开更多
Analysing on the questionnaire surveyconducted in Dalian, this paper is concerned with thespatial change of residential areas since 1980s andconsidering that Dalian has stepped into a initial stageof suburbanization.
By examining the suburbanizationprocess of Shenyang in the northeast China, the articleanalyzes the mechanism of China’s current suburbanization process and makes comparisons with that inthe west.
Due to its unique geography,Jinan has the largest underground water vein(地下水脉)in China.Thus,with its 72 famous springs,Jinan has become a popular vacation destination.The springs in Jinan,which are the most outsta...Due to its unique geography,Jinan has the largest underground water vein(地下水脉)in China.Thus,with its 72 famous springs,Jinan has become a popular vacation destination.The springs in Jinan,which are the most outstanding features,were first recorded in Li Daoyuan’s Commentary on the Waterways Classic.The text states that there are 72 famous springs in Jinan.However,in reality,the number of springs far exceeds this number,reaching thousands.These springs are not only abundant in quantity,but also diverse in form,showing the wonderful creativity of nature.What’s even more amazing is that springs usually appear in suburban areas.That’s because spring water usually flows from outside the city into the city,while Jinan is completely opposite.Consequently,springs are everywhere in Jinan,including the busiest city center!展开更多
Once a train stops in a tunnel section and requires emergency evacuation,the large distance between stations and long walking distances in the underground spaces of suburban railway systems pose potential risks to the...Once a train stops in a tunnel section and requires emergency evacuation,the large distance between stations and long walking distances in the underground spaces of suburban railway systems pose potential risks to the evacuation process on tunnel platforms,especially in complex environments.This study utilized Virtual Reality(VR)technology to construct a virtual experimental platform for tunnel evacuation in suburban railway systems,simulating different combinations of smoke and obstacle conditions.By requiring participants to wear VR glasses and walk on an omnidirectional treadmill for moving,as well as complete psychological questionnaires,the study reveals the influences of No Guiding(NG)signs,Wall-Guided(WG)signs,and Central axis Guidance(CG)signs on the movement abilities and psychological behaviors of participants contrastively.The results show that either smoke conditions or obstacle positions affect the mental stress of participants,and the guidance sign has a positive effect on reducing the mental stress.There is an inverse relationship between mental stress and movement abilities.WG and CG signs respectively lead participants to walk closer to walls and along the central axis,which is conducive to reducing the variation in participants’behavior characteristics when circumventing obstacles on the wall side or track side under smoke conditions,respectively.Additionally,CG signs reduce the speed fluctuations of participants before circumventing obstacles,improving the stability of the distance from the wall and speed under smoke conditions,compared to NG and WG signs.These findings contribute to understanding the evacuation psychological-behavioral-movement characteristics of pedestrians on evacuation platforms in suburban railway tunnels and provide a basis for improving the safety design of evacuation guidance signs.展开更多
Purpose–Adding an appropriate pre-sag to the geometry of simple catenary systems for electric railways can improve their performance in dynamic interaction with the pantographs of trains operating under them.The valu...Purpose–Adding an appropriate pre-sag to the geometry of simple catenary systems for electric railways can improve their performance in dynamic interaction with the pantographs of trains operating under them.The value of pre-sag can be obtained by empirical approximation or computationally expensive optimisation.This study aims to define a simple but accurate method to determine a suitable pre-sag without dynamic simulations and to find its limitations.Design/methodology/approach–A quasi-static method to determine the ideal value of pre-sag is described based on elasticity variations.It considers variations of the static contact force.The limits of this method are investigated by comparing it to a parametric dynamic simulation study.In the dynamic simulation,an optimal level of pre-sag is identified for each contact force level.The influence of the speed in the dynamic simulation results is expressed in two parameters:the quasi-static influence in the mean contact force and the dynamic influence in the ratio between the vehicle speed and the wave propagation speed in the contact wire.Findings–The comparison between the suggested method and the dynamic simulations shows a high consistency up to a speed limit of around 40%of the wave propagation speed.The best agreement with the dynamic results is achieved by calculating the optimal pre-sag based on the absolute elasticity variation.Practical implications–The simplified approach for determining the pre-sag is valid for low-speed applications,such as suburban railway lines.For these cases,a highly suitable geometry can be obtained with the suggested method,meaning a significantly reduced computational effort.As a case study for this work,the results are applied to a Swedish suburban rail line upgrade case.Originality/value–The static uplift force is added as a varied parameter in dynamic simulations.The shift in system behaviour from low to high dynamics is described,and how the benefits from pre-sag are visible and then disappear.The limit value of the low-dynamics regime is identified to be 40%.展开更多
The House Martin(Delichon urbicum)is a common farmland bird species in the European landscape,yet its population numbers are currently in decline.However,it is not yet sufficiently explained why this long-term decline...The House Martin(Delichon urbicum)is a common farmland bird species in the European landscape,yet its population numbers are currently in decline.However,it is not yet sufficiently explained why this long-term decline occurs.To fill this gap in our knowledge,we investigated how land cover composition affects the abundance of House Martins on the landscape scale by using nationwide citizen science data.Utilizing a generalised linear mixed-effect model(GLMM),we evaluated 12,094 records from the Czech Republic spanning 2009-2017.Our analysis underscores the significance of land cover type in shaping House Martin abundance.More specifically,our results indicate that within agricultural land covers“naturally managed arable lands”exhibited significant positive effect,while forests,orchards,and vineyards were deemed less favourable for House Martin populations.Within urban land covers,we found a clear distinction in the impact on House Martin populations,with a positive effect observed in urban infrastructure,development areas,and post-industrial sites(i.e.,UrbanAreas),while an indifferent impact was noted within urban green spaces and landscaped areas(i.e.,GreenUrban).Notably,our findings suggest that the simple spatial,age,and species structure typical of forests in Europe,and similarly,the uniform structure of parks and gardens,may be responsible for the decline in the abundance of the House Martin.We advocate for the preservation or enhancement of urban greenery,expansion of natural vegetation in rural areas and adoption of ecological management practices in orchards and vineyards to mitigate further declines in House Martin populations.展开更多
Objective:To examine the socio-environmental factors associated with the assemblage of small mammals and the prevalence of Leptospira pathogen in poor suburban communities of Terengganu,Malaysia.Methods:We trapped sma...Objective:To examine the socio-environmental factors associated with the assemblage of small mammals and the prevalence of Leptospira pathogen in poor suburban communities of Terengganu,Malaysia.Methods:We trapped small mammals from 119 trapping points scattered around three suburban communities of Terengganu using sausage-baited live traps.On the average,we set up five traps for three nights at each sampling point during the trapping period.Kidneys of captured animals were harvested and processed for Leptospira investigation.Additionally,environmental survey was conducted at each trapping point to obtain information about possible variables supporting small mammal assemblage.We used a generalized linear model to evaluate the effect of different socio-environmental variables on small mammals’assemblage.Results:A total of 89 small mammals,specifically,Rattus norvegicus(n=39),Rattus rattus(n=27),Rattus exulans(n=10),Suncus murinus(n=11),and Tupaia glis(n=2)were captured from 1385 trap nights.Fourteen individuals(15.7%)of the captured animals tested positive for Leptospira bacteria using PCR detection.Results of our generalized linear model showed only residences bordering vacant lots as the variable positively associated with small mammal occurrence in the three study sites.Conclusions:Small mammal community,especially the often neglected species,could harbour and potentially contribute towards pathogenic Leptospira maintenance in the study sites.To adequately control small mammals’population and subsequent human zoonoses transmission,it is critical to advocate and promote appropriate infrastructure and suburban services,together with good hygiene practices that can reduce the animals’access to food and harborage.展开更多
Green spaces in urban and suburban areas play a significant role in helping settlements adapt to climate change.The design,quantity,quality,and location of green spaces influence their ability to provide benefits to p...Green spaces in urban and suburban areas play a significant role in helping settlements adapt to climate change.The design,quantity,quality,and location of green spaces influence their ability to provide benefits to people and enhance the quality of life.Private green spaces,if adequately managed,can enhance the environmental quality.This study,based on a questionnaire survey and the Motivation/Attitude-Driven Behaviour(MADB)model,investigated how the attitudes and behaviours of residents shape private green spaces in 12 settlements of the 4 city regions(Cluj region,Nitra region,Kecskemét region,and Györ region)in 3 Central European countries(Hungary,Slovakia,and Romania).The results showed that beautiful natural environment,abundance of green spaces,beautiful settlement and streetscape,and village atmosphere were mentioned most often,along with good quality of life,with a mention rate of over 70.00%in the four city regions.Convenience also played a significant role in the management of green spaces,showing that convenience factors(less work,less waste,and cheaper management)more important for those who live in settlements nearer to the cities.The importance of biodiversity and ecology was positively correlated with socio-economic status such as education and financial situation.However,the importance of the utility of green spaces was less prevalent among original villagers and settlers.Moreover,we found that the percentage of green spaces of settlers is slightly higher than that of original villagers.The results of factor analysis revealed that socio-economic status can influence respondents’attitudes towards green spaces.It suggests to increase ecological awareness of residents,especially for new settlers,and promote good management techniques for green spaces.This study can improve the awareness of urban planners about the importance of green spaces in suburban areas.展开更多
As responses to metropolitan suburbanization and rural urbanization,the formation and evolution of urban fringes should be understood against the background of overall economic development and spatial reconstruction o...As responses to metropolitan suburbanization and rural urbanization,the formation and evolution of urban fringes should be understood against the background of overall economic development and spatial reconstruction of entire metropolises.At the same time,however,endogenous interactions between industrial structure and spatial patterns of non-agricultural activities are also worthy of scholarly attention.Since the 1980s,studies on urban fringes in China have been restricted by the lack of micro-level data.This paper investigates the spatial expansion and structural evolution of the urban fringe by taking the case of Beijing and uses systematic firm-level data in 1996 and 2001 from the National Census of Basic Units.The diversity of distribution patterns across industrial sectors brings about two interrelated results.On the one hand,structural adjustment of non-agricultural industries promotes the expansion and spatial evolution of the urban fringe.On the other hand,the stability and dynamics of industrial structure coexist in the moving urban fringe.This study also reveals that the outward-moving urban fringe is the optimal location for manufacturing,especially heavy manufacturing,as well as traditional producer and consumer services.However,industries with spatial stickiness such as tourism and sports have not moved with the fringe.Most advanced services remain concentrated in the city center.The authors argue that it is essential for understanding and managing urban fringes to take into account spatial evolution and industrial structural adjustment together with their interaction with each other.展开更多
By restudying some ideas existing in the current urbanization research field in China, this article truly puts forward the inquisitive opinion with respect to the urbanization progress, urban scale, spatial transfer o...By restudying some ideas existing in the current urbanization research field in China, this article truly puts forward the inquisitive opinion with respect to the urbanization progress, urban scale, spatial transfer of urbanization and suburbanization in China, etc. It indicates that the urbanization shall abide by the economic laws, but government should bring the appropriate adjustment and control into play as well; the urbanization shall not be limited to the west ern pattern and simple phenomenal analysis, but to pursue the virtually healthy, orderly and sustainable development of cities is the man aim for urbanization. The main views of this article are as follows: 1 ) As far as Chinese urbanization is concerned, it is in a different age compared with the west, and it has one special domestic background, so its speed and mode are different from the west and the speed can’ t be too fast. 2) External extending economic evelopment will still last for a Period. And the urbanization development has big spatial requirements. Therefore, intensive development mode of space should be explored. 3) The suburbanization in China has special forming mechanism and relevant social problems, which should be treated seriously.展开更多
Floating population is a special population group in China resulting from the implementation of household registration system. This paper uses a set of floating population survey data, population censuses data and sta...Floating population is a special population group in China resulting from the implementation of household registration system. This paper uses a set of floating population survey data, population censuses data and statistical data to analyze the increase and influence of floating population on the urban population situations in Beijing. It is found that Beijing has experienced a rapid increase of floating population since the 1990s and that the increase of this group has become the key factor of the current population expansion in the city. Its distribution in the urban regions intensified and extended the suburbanization process of the capital. In addition, the population structures of sex, age, education and employment in Beijing have changed to some extent due to the influx of floating population.展开更多
The construction of new socialist countryside should be realized by diversified means due to the characteristics of different regions. From the perspective of planning, Liugezhuang Village of Yufa Township in Daxing D...The construction of new socialist countryside should be realized by diversified means due to the characteristics of different regions. From the perspective of planning, Liugezhuang Village of Yufa Township in Daxing District, Beijing City was taken as a case to study the characteristics and contents of suburban new countryside construction planning, and several suggestions were put forward for the implementation and management of planning.展开更多
The aim of our study was to assess the influence of motorways on landscape structure changes. The research was situated on segments of the D1 and D3 motorways in the Czech Republic. The method used for determining the...The aim of our study was to assess the influence of motorways on landscape structure changes. The research was situated on segments of the D1 and D3 motorways in the Czech Republic. The method used for determining the impacts of the construction and operation of the motorway on the landscape structure was based on comparing the development of the land cover types in an area where the motorway was present for almost the entire monitored period (D1 motorway segment) with the development of the land cover types in an area where the motorway was constructed towards the end of the monitored period (D3 motorway segment). Monitored period?was?between years 1949, 1988 (1984 segment of motorway D3) and 2007. Source materials were processed and analyzed in the ArcGIS software environment. Our comparison indicated that the main differences between segments were in the level of development of commercial, industrial and agricultural built-up area in the vicinity of motorways. The existence of the motorway also contributed to the development of residential areas. It should be noted that in both cases there was also an increase in the extension?of shrubs and scattered vegetation, and in small quantities also category of forest.展开更多
According to data in Nanjing Statistical Yearbook, contribution made by agricultural production factors was analyzed with contribution models of agricultural factors and the results showed that with restriction of lab...According to data in Nanjing Statistical Yearbook, contribution made by agricultural production factors was analyzed with contribution models of agricultural factors and the results showed that with restriction of labor force and land, Nanjing suburban counties have entered into a stage of ＂high input-high output＂, considering no matter from agricultural total value of output or from agricultural added value. In future, structure configuration of agricultural input factors should be optimized in Nanjing suburban counties by technology input to improve agricultural technology and technical efficiency in order to further achieve sustainable development of agriculture.展开更多
After the analysis of the general situation of suburban Linpan in Chengdu City,the paper has pointed out the differences between suburban Linpan and outer suburban Linpan,which are different guiding factors for Linpan...After the analysis of the general situation of suburban Linpan in Chengdu City,the paper has pointed out the differences between suburban Linpan and outer suburban Linpan,which are different guiding factors for Linpan declining and disappearing,existing architectural forms and styles in Linpan,infrastructure construction levels,villagers' economic sources and income levels,and villagers' attitudes towards Linpan.Based on this,it has pointed out main points for protective planning of suburban Linpan in Chengdu.It has discussed the protective design of water system,roads and agricultural lands of individual Linpan and that between Linpan and Linpan in the perspective of "patch-corridor-base".展开更多
基金Under the auspices of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40171034)
文摘The role of retailing has diminished in the center of cities of Western countries since its heyday in the 1920s. This trend was caused by violent transformations in the economic, social and locational contexts which involve resi- dential suburbanization, as well as new forms of commercial development out of town. As far as transforming China is concerned, the downtown retailing center has also come to turning point of development in the context of suburbaniza- tion. Based on the survey of Beijing residents’ shopping behavior, the present research tends to making clear the actual change and development problem of downtown retailing center. Combining with the macro retailing environment, re- lated influencing factors are further discussed too. Study results show that downtown retailing still plays an important part in resident’s shopping activity. However, with rapid urban sprawl, retailing in urban center has been greatly threatened by booming out-of-town commerce. In the course of such spatial change, the suburbanization of resident, the prevalence of new commercial forms and the change of consumers’ life style all have exerted their own pressure on downtown retailing. But for the special socioeconomic background of development and the support of government policy, it will still keep its vitality of retailing for a long period of time.
基金Under the auspices of National Key Basic Research Program of China (No. 2012CB955802)National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41001069)Grant Program of National Social Science Foundation of China (No.10zd&022)
文摘This study focuses on the suburbanization and subcentering of population and examines the nature of spatial restructuring in terms of the population distribution in the Beijing metropolitan area.Instead of the classic density function approach,we employ the nonparametric analysis to characterize the spatial pattern of population densities in the Beijing metropolitan area and identify the suburban subcenters.Our findings suggest that the population has spread with rapid urban growth in the Beijing metropolitan area,and the compact urban form has been replaced by a more dispersed polycentric spatial distribution.However,compared with the decentralization of western cities,the spatial extent of the decentralization of population in the Beijing metropolitan area is quite limited.The rapid growth of population in the near suburbs has expedited the sprawl of the central city,with a larger central agglomeration of population dominating the metropolitan area.In this sense,the spatial pattern of the Beijing metropolitan area is still characterized by the continuous compactness.However,our findings do provide the evidence that the city has been turning to a polycentric structure.We find significant population subcenters have emerged in the suburbs of Beijing since the 1980s.But the polycentricity emerged in the Beijing metropolitan area is very different by nature from that observed in Western cities.The subcenters emerged are adherent to the development scheme planned for the city,so it can be referred to as the so called 'planned polycentricity'.
文摘Suburbanization is a stage of urbanization provess. The author discesses the situation of Beijing from the data of three population censuses(1964, 1982, 1990) and considers that the suburbanization in Beijing has been in process since 1982. During 1982-1990, population of all districts of the inner city lost 82 000 persons and in fact the permanent residents holding the household registration lost 144 000, which is about 6. 12% of permanent residents in the inner city.Like the West, suburbanization in China the happened against the macro backgrounds of improvements of transportation and loving conditions, growth of urban population moving from rural areas. But in the case of the forces that make decentralization possible, China is different from the western countries. In China, the levels of economy and urbanization are rather low, the red middle class is not rich; only very few Chinese families families provate cars, and the inner cities still have great attraction to Chinese people. The author considers three causes of decentralization: (1) reform of urban land use system brings about migration from the core area; (2) construction of a large number of city roads reinforces this process; (3) reforms of housing system and renovation of dilapidated houses encourage outward movement. However, the process wasn’t of spontaneity of any individual but of the leadership of government and “Dan Wei” (Work Unit).
文摘Suburbanization in large cities is an important phenomenon in the process of urbanization development in China in recent decades,which plays a very important role in promoting city development,whereas some side effects on the eco-environment appeared at the same time.This paper,taking Xi'an City in China as a case study site,analyzed the features of population suburbanization and industry suburbanization and pointed out the impacts of suburbanization on urban eco-environment.Based on the research,suggestions of countermeasures for urban planning and municipal management of Xi'an City in protecting urban eco-environment and conserving natural ecology were put forward in the end.
基金supported by the Project of National Social Science Foundation of China entitled "Population Evolution Pattern,Mechanism,and Gover nance of Metropolitan Areas"(11CRK005)the Project of Humanities and Social Sciences Planning Foundation of the Ministry of Education in China entitled "Metropolitan Spatial Structure Evolution and Governance"(11YJA630176)
文摘This paper studies the suburbanization process of Shanghai from 2000 to 2010 and the population aggregation of its five suburban new towns including Jiading,Songjiang,Qingpu,Nanqiao,and Lingang.It finds that Shanghai's population distribution pattern is featured by both continuity and variety.In detail,although Shanghai is still dominated by a single-centered expansion pattern,a multi-centered spatial pattern is gradually formed with a narrowing gap in population density between the central city and the suburbs.As the suburbanization of the migrant population is faster than that of the registered population and migrants re-gather in the central city as a result of its service industry development,there is a relatively smaller migrant population in the area between the Inner Ring Road and the Outer Ring Road.Consequently,the population in the new towns that the city planning strategy has focused on is not increasing at the expected speed,thus more attention should be paid to a reasonable central citycentered,multi-leveled,towns-grouped,and compact urban spatial structure.
文摘Analysing on the questionnaire surveyconducted in Dalian, this paper is concerned with thespatial change of residential areas since 1980s andconsidering that Dalian has stepped into a initial stageof suburbanization.
文摘By examining the suburbanizationprocess of Shenyang in the northeast China, the articleanalyzes the mechanism of China’s current suburbanization process and makes comparisons with that inthe west.
文摘Due to its unique geography,Jinan has the largest underground water vein(地下水脉)in China.Thus,with its 72 famous springs,Jinan has become a popular vacation destination.The springs in Jinan,which are the most outstanding features,were first recorded in Li Daoyuan’s Commentary on the Waterways Classic.The text states that there are 72 famous springs in Jinan.However,in reality,the number of springs far exceeds this number,reaching thousands.These springs are not only abundant in quantity,but also diverse in form,showing the wonderful creativity of nature.What’s even more amazing is that springs usually appear in suburban areas.That’s because spring water usually flows from outside the city into the city,while Jinan is completely opposite.Consequently,springs are everywhere in Jinan,including the busiest city center!
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Number 52472322)the Shanghai Sailing Program(Grant Number 21YF1415800)+1 种基金the Open Project of Key Laboratory of Advanced Public Transportation Science(Grant Number 2023-APTS-05)the Shanghai SASAC Enterprise Innovation and Capability Enhancement Project(Grant Number 2022016,2023020).
文摘Once a train stops in a tunnel section and requires emergency evacuation,the large distance between stations and long walking distances in the underground spaces of suburban railway systems pose potential risks to the evacuation process on tunnel platforms,especially in complex environments.This study utilized Virtual Reality(VR)technology to construct a virtual experimental platform for tunnel evacuation in suburban railway systems,simulating different combinations of smoke and obstacle conditions.By requiring participants to wear VR glasses and walk on an omnidirectional treadmill for moving,as well as complete psychological questionnaires,the study reveals the influences of No Guiding(NG)signs,Wall-Guided(WG)signs,and Central axis Guidance(CG)signs on the movement abilities and psychological behaviors of participants contrastively.The results show that either smoke conditions or obstacle positions affect the mental stress of participants,and the guidance sign has a positive effect on reducing the mental stress.There is an inverse relationship between mental stress and movement abilities.WG and CG signs respectively lead participants to walk closer to walls and along the central axis,which is conducive to reducing the variation in participants’behavior characteristics when circumventing obstacles on the wall side or track side under smoke conditions,respectively.Additionally,CG signs reduce the speed fluctuations of participants before circumventing obstacles,improving the stability of the distance from the wall and speed under smoke conditions,compared to NG and WG signs.These findings contribute to understanding the evacuation psychological-behavioral-movement characteristics of pedestrians on evacuation platforms in suburban railway tunnels and provide a basis for improving the safety design of evacuation guidance signs.
基金Trafikföorvaltningen Region Stockholm and Trafikverket for funding and supporting this study.
文摘Purpose–Adding an appropriate pre-sag to the geometry of simple catenary systems for electric railways can improve their performance in dynamic interaction with the pantographs of trains operating under them.The value of pre-sag can be obtained by empirical approximation or computationally expensive optimisation.This study aims to define a simple but accurate method to determine a suitable pre-sag without dynamic simulations and to find its limitations.Design/methodology/approach–A quasi-static method to determine the ideal value of pre-sag is described based on elasticity variations.It considers variations of the static contact force.The limits of this method are investigated by comparing it to a parametric dynamic simulation study.In the dynamic simulation,an optimal level of pre-sag is identified for each contact force level.The influence of the speed in the dynamic simulation results is expressed in two parameters:the quasi-static influence in the mean contact force and the dynamic influence in the ratio between the vehicle speed and the wave propagation speed in the contact wire.Findings–The comparison between the suggested method and the dynamic simulations shows a high consistency up to a speed limit of around 40%of the wave propagation speed.The best agreement with the dynamic results is achieved by calculating the optimal pre-sag based on the absolute elasticity variation.Practical implications–The simplified approach for determining the pre-sag is valid for low-speed applications,such as suburban railway lines.For these cases,a highly suitable geometry can be obtained with the suggested method,meaning a significantly reduced computational effort.As a case study for this work,the results are applied to a Swedish suburban rail line upgrade case.Originality/value–The static uplift force is added as a varied parameter in dynamic simulations.The shift in system behaviour from low to high dynamics is described,and how the benefits from pre-sag are visible and then disappear.The limit value of the low-dynamics regime is identified to be 40%.
基金supported by an internal grant agency from the Faculty of AgriSciences of Mendel University in Brno(AF-IGA2022-IP-034).
文摘The House Martin(Delichon urbicum)is a common farmland bird species in the European landscape,yet its population numbers are currently in decline.However,it is not yet sufficiently explained why this long-term decline occurs.To fill this gap in our knowledge,we investigated how land cover composition affects the abundance of House Martins on the landscape scale by using nationwide citizen science data.Utilizing a generalised linear mixed-effect model(GLMM),we evaluated 12,094 records from the Czech Republic spanning 2009-2017.Our analysis underscores the significance of land cover type in shaping House Martin abundance.More specifically,our results indicate that within agricultural land covers“naturally managed arable lands”exhibited significant positive effect,while forests,orchards,and vineyards were deemed less favourable for House Martin populations.Within urban land covers,we found a clear distinction in the impact on House Martin populations,with a positive effect observed in urban infrastructure,development areas,and post-industrial sites(i.e.,UrbanAreas),while an indifferent impact was noted within urban green spaces and landscaped areas(i.e.,GreenUrban).Notably,our findings suggest that the simple spatial,age,and species structure typical of forests in Europe,and similarly,the uniform structure of parks and gardens,may be responsible for the decline in the abundance of the House Martin.We advocate for the preservation or enhancement of urban greenery,expansion of natural vegetation in rural areas and adoption of ecological management practices in orchards and vineyards to mitigate further declines in House Martin populations.
文摘Objective:To examine the socio-environmental factors associated with the assemblage of small mammals and the prevalence of Leptospira pathogen in poor suburban communities of Terengganu,Malaysia.Methods:We trapped small mammals from 119 trapping points scattered around three suburban communities of Terengganu using sausage-baited live traps.On the average,we set up five traps for three nights at each sampling point during the trapping period.Kidneys of captured animals were harvested and processed for Leptospira investigation.Additionally,environmental survey was conducted at each trapping point to obtain information about possible variables supporting small mammal assemblage.We used a generalized linear model to evaluate the effect of different socio-environmental variables on small mammals’assemblage.Results:A total of 89 small mammals,specifically,Rattus norvegicus(n=39),Rattus rattus(n=27),Rattus exulans(n=10),Suncus murinus(n=11),and Tupaia glis(n=2)were captured from 1385 trap nights.Fourteen individuals(15.7%)of the captured animals tested positive for Leptospira bacteria using PCR detection.Results of our generalized linear model showed only residences bordering vacant lots as the variable positively associated with small mammal occurrence in the three study sites.Conclusions:Small mammal community,especially the often neglected species,could harbour and potentially contribute towards pathogenic Leptospira maintenance in the study sites.To adequately control small mammals’population and subsequent human zoonoses transmission,it is critical to advocate and promote appropriate infrastructure and suburban services,together with good hygiene practices that can reduce the animals’access to food and harborage.
基金supported by the Hungarian National Research,Development and Innovation Fund(NKFI-6-K-128703).
文摘Green spaces in urban and suburban areas play a significant role in helping settlements adapt to climate change.The design,quantity,quality,and location of green spaces influence their ability to provide benefits to people and enhance the quality of life.Private green spaces,if adequately managed,can enhance the environmental quality.This study,based on a questionnaire survey and the Motivation/Attitude-Driven Behaviour(MADB)model,investigated how the attitudes and behaviours of residents shape private green spaces in 12 settlements of the 4 city regions(Cluj region,Nitra region,Kecskemét region,and Györ region)in 3 Central European countries(Hungary,Slovakia,and Romania).The results showed that beautiful natural environment,abundance of green spaces,beautiful settlement and streetscape,and village atmosphere were mentioned most often,along with good quality of life,with a mention rate of over 70.00%in the four city regions.Convenience also played a significant role in the management of green spaces,showing that convenience factors(less work,less waste,and cheaper management)more important for those who live in settlements nearer to the cities.The importance of biodiversity and ecology was positively correlated with socio-economic status such as education and financial situation.However,the importance of the utility of green spaces was less prevalent among original villagers and settlers.Moreover,we found that the percentage of green spaces of settlers is slightly higher than that of original villagers.The results of factor analysis revealed that socio-economic status can influence respondents’attitudes towards green spaces.It suggests to increase ecological awareness of residents,especially for new settlers,and promote good management techniques for green spaces.This study can improve the awareness of urban planners about the importance of green spaces in suburban areas.
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.40830746,40871075)
文摘As responses to metropolitan suburbanization and rural urbanization,the formation and evolution of urban fringes should be understood against the background of overall economic development and spatial reconstruction of entire metropolises.At the same time,however,endogenous interactions between industrial structure and spatial patterns of non-agricultural activities are also worthy of scholarly attention.Since the 1980s,studies on urban fringes in China have been restricted by the lack of micro-level data.This paper investigates the spatial expansion and structural evolution of the urban fringe by taking the case of Beijing and uses systematic firm-level data in 1996 and 2001 from the National Census of Basic Units.The diversity of distribution patterns across industrial sectors brings about two interrelated results.On the one hand,structural adjustment of non-agricultural industries promotes the expansion and spatial evolution of the urban fringe.On the other hand,the stability and dynamics of industrial structure coexist in the moving urban fringe.This study also reveals that the outward-moving urban fringe is the optimal location for manufacturing,especially heavy manufacturing,as well as traditional producer and consumer services.However,industries with spatial stickiness such as tourism and sports have not moved with the fringe.Most advanced services remain concentrated in the city center.The authors argue that it is essential for understanding and managing urban fringes to take into account spatial evolution and industrial structural adjustment together with their interaction with each other.
文摘By restudying some ideas existing in the current urbanization research field in China, this article truly puts forward the inquisitive opinion with respect to the urbanization progress, urban scale, spatial transfer of urbanization and suburbanization in China, etc. It indicates that the urbanization shall abide by the economic laws, but government should bring the appropriate adjustment and control into play as well; the urbanization shall not be limited to the west ern pattern and simple phenomenal analysis, but to pursue the virtually healthy, orderly and sustainable development of cities is the man aim for urbanization. The main views of this article are as follows: 1 ) As far as Chinese urbanization is concerned, it is in a different age compared with the west, and it has one special domestic background, so its speed and mode are different from the west and the speed can’ t be too fast. 2) External extending economic evelopment will still last for a Period. And the urbanization development has big spatial requirements. Therefore, intensive development mode of space should be explored. 3) The suburbanization in China has special forming mechanism and relevant social problems, which should be treated seriously.
文摘Floating population is a special population group in China resulting from the implementation of household registration system. This paper uses a set of floating population survey data, population censuses data and statistical data to analyze the increase and influence of floating population on the urban population situations in Beijing. It is found that Beijing has experienced a rapid increase of floating population since the 1990s and that the increase of this group has become the key factor of the current population expansion in the city. Its distribution in the urban regions intensified and extended the suburbanization process of the capital. In addition, the population structures of sex, age, education and employment in Beijing have changed to some extent due to the influx of floating population.
文摘The construction of new socialist countryside should be realized by diversified means due to the characteristics of different regions. From the perspective of planning, Liugezhuang Village of Yufa Township in Daxing District, Beijing City was taken as a case to study the characteristics and contents of suburban new countryside construction planning, and several suggestions were put forward for the implementation and management of planning.
文摘The aim of our study was to assess the influence of motorways on landscape structure changes. The research was situated on segments of the D1 and D3 motorways in the Czech Republic. The method used for determining the impacts of the construction and operation of the motorway on the landscape structure was based on comparing the development of the land cover types in an area where the motorway was present for almost the entire monitored period (D1 motorway segment) with the development of the land cover types in an area where the motorway was constructed towards the end of the monitored period (D3 motorway segment). Monitored period?was?between years 1949, 1988 (1984 segment of motorway D3) and 2007. Source materials were processed and analyzed in the ArcGIS software environment. Our comparison indicated that the main differences between segments were in the level of development of commercial, industrial and agricultural built-up area in the vicinity of motorways. The existence of the motorway also contributed to the development of residential areas. It should be noted that in both cases there was also an increase in the extension?of shrubs and scattered vegetation, and in small quantities also category of forest.
文摘According to data in Nanjing Statistical Yearbook, contribution made by agricultural production factors was analyzed with contribution models of agricultural factors and the results showed that with restriction of labor force and land, Nanjing suburban counties have entered into a stage of ＂high input-high output＂, considering no matter from agricultural total value of output or from agricultural added value. In future, structure configuration of agricultural input factors should be optimized in Nanjing suburban counties by technology input to improve agricultural technology and technical efficiency in order to further achieve sustainable development of agriculture.
基金Supported by Undergraduate Paper Cultivation Plan of Sichuan Agricultural University~~
文摘After the analysis of the general situation of suburban Linpan in Chengdu City,the paper has pointed out the differences between suburban Linpan and outer suburban Linpan,which are different guiding factors for Linpan declining and disappearing,existing architectural forms and styles in Linpan,infrastructure construction levels,villagers' economic sources and income levels,and villagers' attitudes towards Linpan.Based on this,it has pointed out main points for protective planning of suburban Linpan in Chengdu.It has discussed the protective design of water system,roads and agricultural lands of individual Linpan and that between Linpan and Linpan in the perspective of "patch-corridor-base".
