The magnesium-based materials are acknowledged as one of the most promising solid-state hydrogen storage mediums,attributed to their superior hydrogen storage capacity.Nevertheless,challenges such as sluggish kinetics...The magnesium-based materials are acknowledged as one of the most promising solid-state hydrogen storage mediums,attributed to their superior hydrogen storage capacity.Nevertheless,challenges such as sluggish kinetics,thermodynamic stability,inadequate cycling stability,and difficulties in activation impede the commercial utilization of Mg-based composites.Research indicates that reducing material dimensions to the nanoscale represents an efficacious strategy to address these issues.In this work,we systematically analyze the impact of nanosizing on Mg-based composites from three perspectives:nano-substrate modulation,nano-catalyst construction,and nano-catalytic mechanism.This analysis aims to provide guidance for the optimization and development of nanosizing strategies.For the regulation of nanosizing of Mg-based composites,the nanosizing of multi-element micro-alloyed Mg-rich systems,the integrated synthesis of multi-element multi-component nano-catalysts,and the coexistence of multiple nano-catalytic mechanisms are proposed in the light of the current state of the art research,artificial intelligence technology,and advanced characterization technology to achieve efficient,multidimensional,and simultaneous regulation of the hydrogen storage performance of Mg-based composites.This paper also envisions future directions and potential applications,emphasizing the importance of interdisciplinary approaches that integrate material science,chemistry,and computational modeling to overcome existing limitations and unlock the full potential of Mg-based hydrogen storage technologies.展开更多
The absence of large-size gallium nitride(GaN) substrates with low dislocation density remains a primary bottleneck for advancing GaN-based devices. Here, we demonstrate the achievement of 8-inch freestanding GaN subs...The absence of large-size gallium nitride(GaN) substrates with low dislocation density remains a primary bottleneck for advancing GaN-based devices. Here, we demonstrate the achievement of 8-inch freestanding GaN substrates grown by hydride vapor phase epitaxy. Critical to this achievement is the improvement in gas-flow uniformity, which ensures exceptional thickness homogeneity and enables the crack-free growth of GaN. After laser lift-off(LLO) separation, the freestanding GaN substrate exhibits superior crystal quality, evidenced by full width at half maximum values of 68 and 54 arcsec for X-ray diffraction rocking curves of(002) and(102) planes, alongside a low dislocation density of 1.6 × 10^(6) cm^(-2). This approach establishes a robust pathway for the production of large-size GaN substrates, which are essential for advancing next-generation power electronics and high-efficiency photonics.展开更多
Sporadic or late-onset Alzheimer’s disease(LOAD)occurs in 1 of 10 people over 65 years of age and comprises 95%of all AD patients.Unlike early-onset AD,which is caused by defined single gene mutations,the mechanisms ...Sporadic or late-onset Alzheimer’s disease(LOAD)occurs in 1 of 10 people over 65 years of age and comprises 95%of all AD patients.Unlike early-onset AD,which is caused by defined single gene mutations,the mechanisms and events underlying risk for LOAD are not fully understood and no substantial disease-modifying interventions are currently available.Age is the most prominent risk factor for LOAD,and interacting age-related and LOAD-associated factors contribute to its pathogenesis.Among these factors are changes in bioenergetic cell functions,which metabolize substrates and produce energy stored in adenosine triphosphate.展开更多
Substrate and nutrient supply are essential for vegetable cultivation in greenhouse.The strategies for plant nutrient supply vary depending on the cultivation methods or substrate dosages employed.With the development...Substrate and nutrient supply are essential for vegetable cultivation in greenhouse.The strategies for plant nutrient supply vary depending on the cultivation methods or substrate dosages employed.With the development of mechanization,wide-row spacing substrate cultivation became an optimize mode of the greenhouse cucumber cultivation,aligning with the trend of intelligent agriculture.To determine the optimal nutrient solution supply amount(NS)and supply frequency(SF)for promoting the integrated growth of cucumber under wide-row spacing substrate cultivation,we explored the effects of substrate supply amount(SS),NS,and SF on cucumber yield,quality,and element utilization efficiency.A five-level quadratic orthogonal rotation combination design with three experimental factors(NS,SF,and SS)was implemented for 23 coupling treatments over three growing seasons,including spring(2022S and 2023S)and autumn(2022A).The technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution(TOPSIS)combining weights based on game theory was applied to construct cucumber comprehensive growth evaluation model.Single and two experimental factors analyses revealed significant effects of single factors and the coupling of NS-SS,NS-SF and SS-SF on the integrated growth of cucumber for all three growing seasons.For the NS-SF-SS combination,the optimal parameters for comprehensive cucumber growth were determined as follows:levels of^(-1).68 for NS,-0.7 for SF,and^(-1).682 for SS in 2022A;-0.43 for NS,-0.06 for SF,and 0.34 for SS in 2022S;0.3 for NS,-0.02 for SF,and 0.04 for SS in 2023S.Furthermore,for SS ranges of 2.00-3.01,3.01-4.50,4.50-5.99,5.99-7.00(L·plant^(-1)),the corresponding NS and SF intervals maximizing cucumber integrated growth in spring were:0.28-0.30(L·plant^(-1))and 6(times·d^(-1)),0.26-0.30(L·plant^(-1))and 6(times·d^(-1)),0.25-0.30(L·plant^(-1))and 6(times·d^(-1)),0.23-0.30(L·plant^(-1))and 6(times·d^(-1)),respectively.With the same SS,the corresponding NS and SF intervals that maximized cucumber integrated growth in autumn were:0.10(L·plant^(-1))and 8(times·d^(-1)),0.18(L·plant^(-1))and 7(times·d^(-1)),0.30(L·plant^(-1))and 6(times·d^(-1)),0.49(L·plant^(-1))and 5(times·d^(-1)),respectively.The results provide a theoretical basis for solution management,and further in-depth research on cucumber cultivation.展开更多
Hypereutectic Al-Si-Cu coatings were prepared by supersonic atmospheric plasma spraying to enhance the surface performance of lightweight alloys.To find out optimum process conditions and achieve desirable coatings,th...Hypereutectic Al-Si-Cu coatings were prepared by supersonic atmospheric plasma spraying to enhance the surface performance of lightweight alloys.To find out optimum process conditions and achieve desirable coatings,this work focuses on the influence of three important parameters(in-flight particle temperature,impact velocity,and substrate temperature)on the collected splats morphology coatings microstructure and microhardness.Results show that appropriate combinations of temperature and velocity of in-flight particles cannot only completely melt hypereutectic Al-Si-Cu particles especially the primary Si phase,but also provide the particles with sufficient kinetic energy.Thus,the optimized coating consists of 98.6%of fully-melted region with nanosized coupled eutectic and 0.9%of porosity.Increasing the substrate deposition temperature promotes the transition from inhomogeneous banded microstructure to homogeneous equiaxed microstructure with a lower porosity level.The observations are further interpreted by a newly developed phase-change heat transfer model on quantitatively revealing the solidification and remelting behaviors of several splats deposited on substrate Besides,phase evolutions including the formation of supersaturatedα-Al matrix solid solution,growth of Si and Al_(2)Cu phases at different process conditions are elaborated.An ideal microstructure(low fractions of unmelted/partially-melted regions and defects)together with solid solution,grain refinement and second phase strengthening effects contributes to the enhanced microhardness of coating.This integrated study not only provides a framework for optimizing Al-Si based coatings via thermal spraying but also gives valuable insights into the formation mechanisms of this class of coating materials.展开更多
Lead （Pb） contamination has often been recorded in Chinese field soils. In recent years, efforts have been made to inves- tigate Pb toxicity thresholds in soils with plant growth and microbial assays. However, the i...Lead （Pb） contamination has often been recorded in Chinese field soils. In recent years, efforts have been made to inves- tigate Pb toxicity thresholds in soils with plant growth and microbial assays. However, the influence of soil properties on Pb toxicity impacts on soil microbial processes is poorly understood. In this study ten soils with different properties were collected in China to investigate the relationships between thresholds of Pb toxicity to soil microbes and soil properties. The effect of soil leaching on Pb toxicity was also investigated to determine the possible influence of added anions on Pb toxicity during dose-response tests. Toxicity was inferred by measuring substrate-induced nitrification in leached and non-leached soils after Pb addition. We found that soil microbe Pb toxicity thresholds （ECx, x=10, 50） differed significantly between the soils; the 10% inhibition ratio values （ECI0） ranged from 86 to 218 mg kg-1 in non-leached soils and from 101 to 313 mg kg in leached soils. The 50% inhibition ratio values （EC50） ranged from 403 to 969 mg kg^-1 in non-leached soils and from 494 to 1 603 mg kg^-1 in leached soils. Soil leaching increased EC50 and EC50 values by an average leaching factor （LF） of 1.46 and 1.33, respectively. Stepwise multiple regression models predicting Pb toxicity to soil microbes were developed based on ECx and soil properties. Based on these models, soil pH and organic carbon are the most important soil properties af- fecting Pb toxicity thresholds （R2〉0.60）. The quantitative relationship between Pb toxicity and soil properties will be helpful for developing soil-specific guidance on Pb toxicity thresholds in Chinese field soils.展开更多
Spent mushroom substrates （SMS） are usually treated as wastes. One of the main beneficial uses of SMS is as soil amendment, after further composting, for horticulture. Avocado orchards in Northern Israel, are grown ...Spent mushroom substrates （SMS） are usually treated as wastes. One of the main beneficial uses of SMS is as soil amendment, after further composting, for horticulture. Avocado orchards in Northern Israel, are grown mainly on heavy clay soils, suffering from poor drainage and limited aeration. This situation can cause yield decrease and lead to tree＇s degeneration. In the present study, two soil cover （mulch） treatments were compared, in an avocado orchard, as means to solve this problem： SMS and cattle manure compost （CMC）. The yields of two avocado varieties were higher on SMS than CMC mulch. Thick growth of avocado roots was found in and under both mulch types. Soil＇s electrical conductivity （EC） values were high under both mulch types, although they later decreased, due to annual rainfall. There are treatments （leaching etc.） that can be used, for minimizing the increase of soil＇s salinity after SMS application. Enhancement of avocado root growth into and under the mulch can lead to improvement of avocado trees growth, especially on heavy un-drained soils. Therefore, SMS recycling is advantageous for both avocado and mushroom growers. The commercial utilization of SMS in avocado orchards should be done carefully, with monitoring its impact on soil＇s EC （salinity） and taking the needed measures to avoid unnecessary damages.展开更多
The unexpected scaling phenomena have resulted in significant damages to the oil and gas industries,leading to issues such as heat exchanger failures and pipeline clogging.It is of practical and fundamental importance...The unexpected scaling phenomena have resulted in significant damages to the oil and gas industries,leading to issues such as heat exchanger failures and pipeline clogging.It is of practical and fundamental importance to understand the scaling mechanisms and develop efficient anti-scaling strategies.However,the underlying surface interaction mechanisms of scalants(e.g.,calcite)with various substrates are still not fully understood.In this work,the colloidal probe atomic force microscopy(AFM)technique has been applied to directly quantify the surface forces between calcite particles and different metallic substrates,including carbon steel(CR1018),low alloy steel(4140),stainless steel(SS304)and tungsten carbide,under different water chemistries(i.e.,salinity and pH).Measured force profiles revealed that the attractive van der Waals(VDW)interaction contributed to the attachment of the calcium carbonate particles on substrate surfaces,while the repulsive electric double layer(EDL)interactions could inhibit the attachment behaviors.High salinity and acidic p H conditions of aqueous solutions could weaken the EDL repulsion and promote the attachment behavior.The adhesion of calcite particles with CR1018 and4140 substrates was much stronger than that with SS304 and tungsten carbide substrates.The bulk scaling tests in aqueous solutions from an industrial oil production process showed that much more severe scaling behaviors of calcite was detected on CR1018 and 4140 than those on SS304 and tungsten carbide,which agreed with surface force measurement results.Besides,high salinity and acidic p H can significantly enhance the scaling phenomena.This work provides fundamental insights into the scaling mechanisms of calcite at the nanoscale with practical implications for the selection of suitable antiscaling materials in petroleum industries.展开更多
Enhancing soil organic matter characteristics,ameliorating physical structure,mitigating heavy metal toxicity,and hastening mineral weathering processes are crucial approaches to accomplish the transition of tailings ...Enhancing soil organic matter characteristics,ameliorating physical structure,mitigating heavy metal toxicity,and hastening mineral weathering processes are crucial approaches to accomplish the transition of tailings substrate to a soil-like substrate.The incorporation of biomass co-pyrolysis and plant colonization has been established to be a significant factor in soil substrate formation and soil pollutant remediation.Despite this,there is presently an absence of research efforts aimed at synergistically utilizing these two technologies to expedite the process of mining tailings soil substrate formation.The current study aimed to investigate the underlying mechanism of geochemical changes and rapid mineral weathering during the process of transforming tailings substrate into a soil-like substrate,under the combined effects of biomass co-smoldering pyrolysis and plant colonization.The findings of this study suggest that the incorporation of smoldering pyrolysis and plant colonization induces a high-temperature effect and biological effects,which enhance the physical and chemical properties of tailings,while simultaneously accelerating the rate of mineral weathering.Notable improvements include the amelioration of extreme pH levels,nutrient enrichment,the formation of aggregates,and an increase in enzyme activity,all of which collectively demonstrate the successful attainment of tailings substrate reconstruction.Evidence of the acceleratedweathering was verified by phase and surfacemorphology analysis using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy.Discovered corrosion and fragmentation on the surface ofminerals.The weathering resulted in corrosion and fragmentation of the surface of the treated mineral.This study confirms that co-smoldering pyrolysis of biomass,combined with plant colonization,can effectively promote the transformation of tailings into soil-like substrates.This method has can effectively address the key challenges that have previously hindered sustainable development of the mining industry and provides a novel approach for ecological restoration of tailings deposits.展开更多
Heterogeneous crystallization is a common occurrence during the formation of solidwastes.It leads to the encapsulation of valuable/hazardous metals within the primary phase,presenting significant challenges for waste ...Heterogeneous crystallization is a common occurrence during the formation of solidwastes.It leads to the encapsulation of valuable/hazardous metals within the primary phase,presenting significant challenges for waste treatment andmetal recovery.Herein,we proposed a novel method involving the in-situ formation of a competitive substrate during the precipitation of jarosite waste,which is an essential process for removing iron in zinc hydrometallurgy.We observed that the in-situ-formed competitive substrate effectively inhibits the heterogeneous crystallization of jarosite on the surface of anglesite,a lead-rich phase present in the jarositewaste.As a result,the iron content on the anglesite surface decreases from34.8%to 1.65%.The competitive substrate was identified as schwertmannite,characterized by its loose structure and large surface area.Furthermore,we have elucidated a novel mechanism underlying this inhibition of heterogeneous crystallization,which involves the local supersaturation of jarosite caused by the release of ferric and sulfate ions from the competitive substrate.The local supersaturation promotes the preferential heterogeneous crystallization of jarosite on the competitive substrate.Interestingly,during the formation of jarosite,the competitive substrate gradually vanished through a dissolution-recrystallization process following the Ostwald rule,where a metastable phase slowly transitions to a stable phase.This effectively precluded the introduction of impurities and reduced waste volume.The goal of this study is to provide fresh insights into the mechanism of heterogeneous crystallization control,and to offer practical crystallization strategies conducive to metal separation and recovery from solid waste in industries.展开更多
Aim: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a major risk factor for both diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease (CVD). The aims of the study were 1) to investigate the insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and insulin rece...Aim: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a major risk factor for both diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease (CVD). The aims of the study were 1) to investigate the insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and insulin receptor substrate-2 (IRS-2) gene polymorphisms in patients with MetS and 2) to examine the relationships between gene polymorphisms and components of MetS. Patients & Methods: The study population included 100 patients with MetS and 30 patients without MetS as control group. Metabolic syndrome (MS) was defined as in ATP III. Entire coding exons of IRS-1 and IRS-2 genes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Insulin resistance (IR) was estimated using the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA). Results: In patients with MetS, 34 (34%), had G972R (rs1801278) gene polymorphism and 66 (66%) had no nucleotide substitutions at the IRS-1 gene (p circumference, blood pressure, triglyceride, HDL-Cholesterol, LDL-Cholesterol and HOMA-IR levels. Conclusion: Insulin receptor substrate-1 and 2 gene polymorphisms were associated with metabolic syndrome but not its components.展开更多
Constructed Wetlands (CWs) are currently one of the most promising techniques for wastewater treatment, having demonstrated their effectiveness. However, the choice of substrate particle size is critical to the smooth...Constructed Wetlands (CWs) are currently one of the most promising techniques for wastewater treatment, having demonstrated their effectiveness. However, the choice of substrate particle size is critical to the smooth operation of the process, as hydrodynamic constraints require a coarse particle size, whereas wastewater treatment recommends a fine particle size. This study investigates the suitability of laterite and shale as substrates of different sizes (1 - 3, 3 - 5 and 5 - 8 mm) in CWs for domestic wastewater treatment. The study was carried out in an experimental pilot plant consisting of 12 parallelepiped beds (C × C = 0.4 × 0.4 m2;H = 0.6 m) filled from bottom to top with 0.1 m of gravel and 0.4 m of shale or laterite of different grain sizes with two replications. During the six months of operation, plant biomass and stem diameter of Pennisetum purpureum used as vegetation in the CWs were determined. Raw and treated water were also sampled and analyzed for pollutants, including chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), total Kjedahl nitrogen (TKN), total phosphorus (TP), and total suspended solids (TSS), using International Organization for Standardization (ISO) analytical methods. P. purpureum developed much better in the CW beds lined with shale;plant biomass ranged from 13.8 to 14.7 kg/m2 and from 11.2 to 12.5 kg/m2 in the beds lined with shale and laterite, respectively, as did stump diameter, which ranged from 15.5 to 16.1 cm and from 11.10 to 12.7 cm, respectively. However, the highest values for biomass and stump diameter for each material were obtained in the beds lined with 1 - 3 mm geomaterials. Pollutant removal efficiencies were highest in the CWs lined with laterite and shale of 1 - 3 mm grain size (76.9% - 83% COD, 78% - 84.7% BOD5, 55.5% - 72.2% TKN, 58.4% - 72.4% TP, 78.1% - 80.2% TSS), with the highest values recorded in the shale-lined beds. However, the 3 - 5 mm grain size of both materials provided quality filtrates (140 - 174 mg/L COD, 78.5 - 94.8 mg/L BOD5, 4.6 - 5.7 mg/L TP) in line with local wastewater discharge levels. This size of geomaterials appears to be suitable for optimization purposes, although further work with these materials, such as increasing the depth of the wetland, is required to improve the level of NTK and TSS discharge.展开更多
Cytochrome P450 enzymes(P450s or CYPs)are the primary metabolic contributors to the absorption,distribution,metabolism,and excretion(ADME)properties of small-molecule drugs.These enzymes can catalyze various types of ...Cytochrome P450 enzymes(P450s or CYPs)are the primary metabolic contributors to the absorption,distribution,metabolism,and excretion(ADME)properties of small-molecule drugs.These enzymes can catalyze various types of reactions,including metabolic reactions that occur at nitrogen(N)and sulfur(S)sites of small molecules.In this review,we conducted a comprehensive statistical analysis of 294 P450s-mediated small-molecule substrates,among which more than 47%substrates contained N and S.The purpose of the analysis is to elucidate the broad-spectrum cross-reactivity and specificity between these substrates and various CYP isoforms across five reaction types.Our findings reveal that substrates with molecular weights greater than 500 Da or less than 200 Da are predominantly governed by the dominant effect of the CYP isoform’s active sites.In contrast,small-to medium-sized molecules with molecular weights ranging from 200 to 400 Da exhibit a stronger dependence on the types of heteroatoms they contain,with the size of the enzyme’s catalytic site(cavity)playing a negligible role in determining substrate specificity.This review starts from the metabolic mechanisms of P450s-mediated N-and S-containing compounds,and systematically analyzes the structural characteristics of substrates involved in N-dealkylation,N-oxidation,and S-oxidation,as well as their metabolic interactions with P450s.These analyses provide a new perspective for improving the existing understanding of the relationship between the P450s substrate specificity and substrate structural characteristics,and offer a valuable perspective for enhancing drug design and predicting metabolic stability based on the P450s-catalyzed reaction framework.展开更多
Animal species exhibit a wide range of coloration and patterns,which are under strong selection and often linked to individual quality,influencing mate choice,recognition,signaling,and interspecific interactions such ...Animal species exhibit a wide range of coloration and patterns,which are under strong selection and often linked to individual quality,influencing mate choice,recognition,signaling,and interspecific interactions such as predator avoidance.In amphibians,coloration can vary based on individual traits as well as environmental conditions,including the coloration of their environment.In this study,we described the dorsal coloration(body coloration reticulated by dark patches)in 676 Western spadefoot toads(Pelobates cultripes)from the French Atlantic coast,comparing color variations across different substrates.In addition,we assessed color change in 18 toads transferred between bright and dark substrates.We demonstrated that the dorsal coloration varies based on capture locations(beach vs.inland)and associated substrate types(bright vs.dark),suggesting background color matching.We showed more pronounced effects in females,which might reflect varying predation risks.Experimentally,we showed that individuals can rapidly adjust their coloration to match the substrate within 24 h.Rapid color changes in response to substrate type indicate significant pigmentation plasticity.Bright individuals from sandy substrates showed less dorsal background(body)color change than dark inland individuals,while patch coloration responded differently depending on the substrate of origin.These findings highlight the complex interactions between substrate type,sex,and pigmentation plasticity.These interactions have potential costs and benefits,which might be linked to melanin production,which warrant further investigation.展开更多
Voltage substrate mapping is a promising tool for the treatment of atrial fibrillation(AF).It is helpful to detect atrial fibrosis,which includes areas with low bipolar voltage,heterogeneous conduction properties,and ...Voltage substrate mapping is a promising tool for the treatment of atrial fibrillation(AF).It is helpful to detect atrial fibrosis,which includes areas with low bipolar voltage,heterogeneous conduction properties,and shortened effective refractory period.The voltage amplitude is typically defined as the maximal peakto-peak level within a specified time window of interest.Contemporary electroanatomic mapping platforms now enable many thousands of data points to be mapped,so that a geometric model of the atrial endocardium is constructable over a short period of time.This mapping procedure is often done with bipolar electrodes to cancel the far-field signal.The recording site coordinates are projected onto an atrial shell,with interpolation of the voltage data across the shell surface.The amplitude of the recorded bipolar electrogram depicted on the threedimensional shell provides detailed information for substrate mapping.Wherever there are areas of low peak-to-peak voltage,it is thought to mark the presence of abnormal tissue properties and conduction.However,uncontrolled variables and environmental factors affecting voltage level include the oncoming electrical activation wavefront direction,the catheter incidence angle,the force applied to the catheter,and the region-variable shape and structure of atrial tissue.Techniques and settings to acquire atrial voltage data for AF analysis have not been standardized.Methods to characterize atrial electrograms are also presently limited.These factors affect quality and reproducibility of the mapping results.Herein,voltage substrate mapping and its variables pertaining to AF and radiofrequency ablation are described and discussed,with suggestions for future work efforts.展开更多
Laser etching and laser chemical vapor deposition(LCVD)techniques were proposed for the rapid preparation of high-purity,strongly bonded SiC porous micro-nano-coatings on quartz substrates.The laser serves as an exter...Laser etching and laser chemical vapor deposition(LCVD)techniques were proposed for the rapid preparation of high-purity,strongly bonded SiC porous micro-nano-coatings on quartz substrates.The laser serves as an external driving force for the vertical growth of SiC whiskers,facilitating the formation of a porous nanostructure that resembles coral models found in the macroscopic biological world.The porous nanostructures are beneficial for reducing thermal expansion mismatch and relieving residual stress.It is capable of eliminating the cracks on the surface of SiC coatings as well as enhancing the bonding of SiC coatings with quartz substrates to avoid coating detachment.展开更多
This study examines the effects of germination substrates incorporating spent mushroom substrate(SMS)and locally sourced organic materials on the growth and vigor of cocoa seedlings.Seven treatments were evaluated usi...This study examines the effects of germination substrates incorporating spent mushroom substrate(SMS)and locally sourced organic materials on the growth and vigor of cocoa seedlings.Seven treatments were evaluated using a Completely Randomized Design(CRD),comprising combinations of coconut coir,rice husk,sugarcane bagasse,and biochar.Key findings reveal that treatments combining SMS,sugarcane bagasse,and either coconut coir or biochar(T6 and T7)achieved significantly higher survival rates and Dickson Quality Index(DQI)scores compared to conventional soil(T1).These treatments provided favorable chemical properties,including optimal pH,electrical conductivity,and nutrient content(N,P,K),which are critical for cocoa seedling development.The results suggest that using SMS with agricultural waste as an alternative germination medium can reduce cultivation costs,enhance seedling growth,and contribute to sustainable agricultural practices by repurposing organic waste.This approach not only offers cost-effective benefits for farmers but also mitigates environmental impacts associated with waste disposal.展开更多
We study the axisymmetric frictionless indentation problem of a piezoelectric semiconductor(PSC)thin film perfectly bonded to a semi-infinite isotropic elastic substrate by a rigid and insulating spherical indenter.Th...We study the axisymmetric frictionless indentation problem of a piezoelectric semiconductor(PSC)thin film perfectly bonded to a semi-infinite isotropic elastic substrate by a rigid and insulating spherical indenter.The Hankel integral transformation is first employed to derive the general solutions for the governing differential equations of the PSC film and elastic substrate.Then,using the boundary and interface conditions,the complicated indentation problem is reduced to numerically solve a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind.Numerical results are given to demonstrate the effects of semiconducting property,film thickness as well as Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio of the substrate on the indentation responses.The obtained findings will contribute to the establishment of indentation experiments for PSC film/substrate systems.展开更多
基金financially supported by the Key Research and Development Projects of Shaanxi Province(Grant Nos.2025CYYBXM-154 and 2024GX-YBXM-213)the Yulin Science and Technology Bureau(Grant Nos.2023-CXY-202 and 2024-CXY-154)the Technology Innovation Leading Program of Shaanxi(Programs 2023GXLH-068)。
文摘The magnesium-based materials are acknowledged as one of the most promising solid-state hydrogen storage mediums,attributed to their superior hydrogen storage capacity.Nevertheless,challenges such as sluggish kinetics,thermodynamic stability,inadequate cycling stability,and difficulties in activation impede the commercial utilization of Mg-based composites.Research indicates that reducing material dimensions to the nanoscale represents an efficacious strategy to address these issues.In this work,we systematically analyze the impact of nanosizing on Mg-based composites from three perspectives:nano-substrate modulation,nano-catalyst construction,and nano-catalytic mechanism.This analysis aims to provide guidance for the optimization and development of nanosizing strategies.For the regulation of nanosizing of Mg-based composites,the nanosizing of multi-element micro-alloyed Mg-rich systems,the integrated synthesis of multi-element multi-component nano-catalysts,and the coexistence of multiple nano-catalytic mechanisms are proposed in the light of the current state of the art research,artificial intelligence technology,and advanced characterization technology to achieve efficient,multidimensional,and simultaneous regulation of the hydrogen storage performance of Mg-based composites.This paper also envisions future directions and potential applications,emphasizing the importance of interdisciplinary approaches that integrate material science,chemistry,and computational modeling to overcome existing limitations and unlock the full potential of Mg-based hydrogen storage technologies.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Nos. 2022YFB3605203 and 2022YFB3608100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 62321004, 62227817, and 62374001)。
文摘The absence of large-size gallium nitride(GaN) substrates with low dislocation density remains a primary bottleneck for advancing GaN-based devices. Here, we demonstrate the achievement of 8-inch freestanding GaN substrates grown by hydride vapor phase epitaxy. Critical to this achievement is the improvement in gas-flow uniformity, which ensures exceptional thickness homogeneity and enables the crack-free growth of GaN. After laser lift-off(LLO) separation, the freestanding GaN substrate exhibits superior crystal quality, evidenced by full width at half maximum values of 68 and 54 arcsec for X-ray diffraction rocking curves of(002) and(102) planes, alongside a low dislocation density of 1.6 × 10^(6) cm^(-2). This approach establishes a robust pathway for the production of large-size GaN substrates, which are essential for advancing next-generation power electronics and high-efficiency photonics.
文摘Sporadic or late-onset Alzheimer’s disease(LOAD)occurs in 1 of 10 people over 65 years of age and comprises 95%of all AD patients.Unlike early-onset AD,which is caused by defined single gene mutations,the mechanisms and events underlying risk for LOAD are not fully understood and no substantial disease-modifying interventions are currently available.Age is the most prominent risk factor for LOAD,and interacting age-related and LOAD-associated factors contribute to its pathogenesis.Among these factors are changes in bioenergetic cell functions,which metabolize substrates and produce energy stored in adenosine triphosphate.
基金supported by the China Agriculture Research System(Grant No.CARS-23-D06)the Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province(Grant Nos.2024NC2-GJHX-29 and 2024NC-ZDCYL-05-08)Shaanxi Agricultural Collaborative Innovation and Extension Alliance Project(Grant No.LMZD202202).
文摘Substrate and nutrient supply are essential for vegetable cultivation in greenhouse.The strategies for plant nutrient supply vary depending on the cultivation methods or substrate dosages employed.With the development of mechanization,wide-row spacing substrate cultivation became an optimize mode of the greenhouse cucumber cultivation,aligning with the trend of intelligent agriculture.To determine the optimal nutrient solution supply amount(NS)and supply frequency(SF)for promoting the integrated growth of cucumber under wide-row spacing substrate cultivation,we explored the effects of substrate supply amount(SS),NS,and SF on cucumber yield,quality,and element utilization efficiency.A five-level quadratic orthogonal rotation combination design with three experimental factors(NS,SF,and SS)was implemented for 23 coupling treatments over three growing seasons,including spring(2022S and 2023S)and autumn(2022A).The technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution(TOPSIS)combining weights based on game theory was applied to construct cucumber comprehensive growth evaluation model.Single and two experimental factors analyses revealed significant effects of single factors and the coupling of NS-SS,NS-SF and SS-SF on the integrated growth of cucumber for all three growing seasons.For the NS-SF-SS combination,the optimal parameters for comprehensive cucumber growth were determined as follows:levels of^(-1).68 for NS,-0.7 for SF,and^(-1).682 for SS in 2022A;-0.43 for NS,-0.06 for SF,and 0.34 for SS in 2022S;0.3 for NS,-0.02 for SF,and 0.04 for SS in 2023S.Furthermore,for SS ranges of 2.00-3.01,3.01-4.50,4.50-5.99,5.99-7.00(L·plant^(-1)),the corresponding NS and SF intervals maximizing cucumber integrated growth in spring were:0.28-0.30(L·plant^(-1))and 6(times·d^(-1)),0.26-0.30(L·plant^(-1))and 6(times·d^(-1)),0.25-0.30(L·plant^(-1))and 6(times·d^(-1)),0.23-0.30(L·plant^(-1))and 6(times·d^(-1)),respectively.With the same SS,the corresponding NS and SF intervals that maximized cucumber integrated growth in autumn were:0.10(L·plant^(-1))and 8(times·d^(-1)),0.18(L·plant^(-1))and 7(times·d^(-1)),0.30(L·plant^(-1))and 6(times·d^(-1)),0.49(L·plant^(-1))and 5(times·d^(-1)),respectively.The results provide a theoretical basis for solution management,and further in-depth research on cucumber cultivation.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51535011,51675531,52075542 and 52075543)the Pre-Research Program in National 13th FiveYear Plan(No.61409230603)+2 种基金the Joint Fund of Ministry of Education for Pre-research of Equipment(No.6141A02033120)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2019M653598)the Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China(No.2020JQ-911)。
文摘Hypereutectic Al-Si-Cu coatings were prepared by supersonic atmospheric plasma spraying to enhance the surface performance of lightweight alloys.To find out optimum process conditions and achieve desirable coatings,this work focuses on the influence of three important parameters(in-flight particle temperature,impact velocity,and substrate temperature)on the collected splats morphology coatings microstructure and microhardness.Results show that appropriate combinations of temperature and velocity of in-flight particles cannot only completely melt hypereutectic Al-Si-Cu particles especially the primary Si phase,but also provide the particles with sufficient kinetic energy.Thus,the optimized coating consists of 98.6%of fully-melted region with nanosized coupled eutectic and 0.9%of porosity.Increasing the substrate deposition temperature promotes the transition from inhomogeneous banded microstructure to homogeneous equiaxed microstructure with a lower porosity level.The observations are further interpreted by a newly developed phase-change heat transfer model on quantitatively revealing the solidification and remelting behaviors of several splats deposited on substrate Besides,phase evolutions including the formation of supersaturatedα-Al matrix solid solution,growth of Si and Al_(2)Cu phases at different process conditions are elaborated.An ideal microstructure(low fractions of unmelted/partially-melted regions and defects)together with solid solution,grain refinement and second phase strengthening effects contributes to the enhanced microhardness of coating.This integrated study not only provides a framework for optimizing Al-Si based coatings via thermal spraying but also gives valuable insights into the formation mechanisms of this class of coating materials.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YDF0800707)the National Key Technology R&D Program of China (2015BAD05B03)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41271490)
文摘Lead （Pb） contamination has often been recorded in Chinese field soils. In recent years, efforts have been made to inves- tigate Pb toxicity thresholds in soils with plant growth and microbial assays. However, the influence of soil properties on Pb toxicity impacts on soil microbial processes is poorly understood. In this study ten soils with different properties were collected in China to investigate the relationships between thresholds of Pb toxicity to soil microbes and soil properties. The effect of soil leaching on Pb toxicity was also investigated to determine the possible influence of added anions on Pb toxicity during dose-response tests. Toxicity was inferred by measuring substrate-induced nitrification in leached and non-leached soils after Pb addition. We found that soil microbe Pb toxicity thresholds （ECx, x=10, 50） differed significantly between the soils; the 10% inhibition ratio values （ECI0） ranged from 86 to 218 mg kg-1 in non-leached soils and from 101 to 313 mg kg in leached soils. The 50% inhibition ratio values （EC50） ranged from 403 to 969 mg kg^-1 in non-leached soils and from 494 to 1 603 mg kg^-1 in leached soils. Soil leaching increased EC50 and EC50 values by an average leaching factor （LF） of 1.46 and 1.33, respectively. Stepwise multiple regression models predicting Pb toxicity to soil microbes were developed based on ECx and soil properties. Based on these models, soil pH and organic carbon are the most important soil properties af- fecting Pb toxicity thresholds （R2〉0.60）. The quantitative relationship between Pb toxicity and soil properties will be helpful for developing soil-specific guidance on Pb toxicity thresholds in Chinese field soils.
文摘Spent mushroom substrates （SMS） are usually treated as wastes. One of the main beneficial uses of SMS is as soil amendment, after further composting, for horticulture. Avocado orchards in Northern Israel, are grown mainly on heavy clay soils, suffering from poor drainage and limited aeration. This situation can cause yield decrease and lead to tree＇s degeneration. In the present study, two soil cover （mulch） treatments were compared, in an avocado orchard, as means to solve this problem： SMS and cattle manure compost （CMC）. The yields of two avocado varieties were higher on SMS than CMC mulch. Thick growth of avocado roots was found in and under both mulch types. Soil＇s electrical conductivity （EC） values were high under both mulch types, although they later decreased, due to annual rainfall. There are treatments （leaching etc.） that can be used, for minimizing the increase of soil＇s salinity after SMS application. Enhancement of avocado root growth into and under the mulch can lead to improvement of avocado trees growth, especially on heavy un-drained soils. Therefore, SMS recycling is advantageous for both avocado and mushroom growers. The commercial utilization of SMS in avocado orchards should be done carefully, with monitoring its impact on soil＇s EC （salinity） and taking the needed measures to avoid unnecessary damages.
基金support from Science Foundation of China University of Petroleum,Beijing (No.2462023QNXZ018)the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)+2 种基金Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI)the Research Capacity Program (RCP)of Albertathe Canada Research Chairs Program。
文摘The unexpected scaling phenomena have resulted in significant damages to the oil and gas industries,leading to issues such as heat exchanger failures and pipeline clogging.It is of practical and fundamental importance to understand the scaling mechanisms and develop efficient anti-scaling strategies.However,the underlying surface interaction mechanisms of scalants(e.g.,calcite)with various substrates are still not fully understood.In this work,the colloidal probe atomic force microscopy(AFM)technique has been applied to directly quantify the surface forces between calcite particles and different metallic substrates,including carbon steel(CR1018),low alloy steel(4140),stainless steel(SS304)and tungsten carbide,under different water chemistries(i.e.,salinity and pH).Measured force profiles revealed that the attractive van der Waals(VDW)interaction contributed to the attachment of the calcium carbonate particles on substrate surfaces,while the repulsive electric double layer(EDL)interactions could inhibit the attachment behaviors.High salinity and acidic p H conditions of aqueous solutions could weaken the EDL repulsion and promote the attachment behavior.The adhesion of calcite particles with CR1018 and4140 substrates was much stronger than that with SS304 and tungsten carbide substrates.The bulk scaling tests in aqueous solutions from an industrial oil production process showed that much more severe scaling behaviors of calcite was detected on CR1018 and 4140 than those on SS304 and tungsten carbide,which agreed with surface force measurement results.Besides,high salinity and acidic p H can significantly enhance the scaling phenomena.This work provides fundamental insights into the scaling mechanisms of calcite at the nanoscale with practical implications for the selection of suitable antiscaling materials in petroleum industries.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52060011).
文摘Enhancing soil organic matter characteristics,ameliorating physical structure,mitigating heavy metal toxicity,and hastening mineral weathering processes are crucial approaches to accomplish the transition of tailings substrate to a soil-like substrate.The incorporation of biomass co-pyrolysis and plant colonization has been established to be a significant factor in soil substrate formation and soil pollutant remediation.Despite this,there is presently an absence of research efforts aimed at synergistically utilizing these two technologies to expedite the process of mining tailings soil substrate formation.The current study aimed to investigate the underlying mechanism of geochemical changes and rapid mineral weathering during the process of transforming tailings substrate into a soil-like substrate,under the combined effects of biomass co-smoldering pyrolysis and plant colonization.The findings of this study suggest that the incorporation of smoldering pyrolysis and plant colonization induces a high-temperature effect and biological effects,which enhance the physical and chemical properties of tailings,while simultaneously accelerating the rate of mineral weathering.Notable improvements include the amelioration of extreme pH levels,nutrient enrichment,the formation of aggregates,and an increase in enzyme activity,all of which collectively demonstrate the successful attainment of tailings substrate reconstruction.Evidence of the acceleratedweathering was verified by phase and surfacemorphology analysis using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy.Discovered corrosion and fragmentation on the surface ofminerals.The weathering resulted in corrosion and fragmentation of the surface of the treated mineral.This study confirms that co-smoldering pyrolysis of biomass,combined with plant colonization,can effectively promote the transformation of tailings into soil-like substrates.This method has can effectively address the key challenges that have previously hindered sustainable development of the mining industry and provides a novel approach for ecological restoration of tailings deposits.
基金supported by the Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52121004)the Major Program Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province of China(No.2021JC0001)+2 种基金the National Key R&D Programof China(No.2022YFC3900200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22276218)the Science and Technology Innovation Programof Hunan Province(No.2021RC3013).
文摘Heterogeneous crystallization is a common occurrence during the formation of solidwastes.It leads to the encapsulation of valuable/hazardous metals within the primary phase,presenting significant challenges for waste treatment andmetal recovery.Herein,we proposed a novel method involving the in-situ formation of a competitive substrate during the precipitation of jarosite waste,which is an essential process for removing iron in zinc hydrometallurgy.We observed that the in-situ-formed competitive substrate effectively inhibits the heterogeneous crystallization of jarosite on the surface of anglesite,a lead-rich phase present in the jarositewaste.As a result,the iron content on the anglesite surface decreases from34.8%to 1.65%.The competitive substrate was identified as schwertmannite,characterized by its loose structure and large surface area.Furthermore,we have elucidated a novel mechanism underlying this inhibition of heterogeneous crystallization,which involves the local supersaturation of jarosite caused by the release of ferric and sulfate ions from the competitive substrate.The local supersaturation promotes the preferential heterogeneous crystallization of jarosite on the competitive substrate.Interestingly,during the formation of jarosite,the competitive substrate gradually vanished through a dissolution-recrystallization process following the Ostwald rule,where a metastable phase slowly transitions to a stable phase.This effectively precluded the introduction of impurities and reduced waste volume.The goal of this study is to provide fresh insights into the mechanism of heterogeneous crystallization control,and to offer practical crystallization strategies conducive to metal separation and recovery from solid waste in industries.
文摘Aim: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a major risk factor for both diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease (CVD). The aims of the study were 1) to investigate the insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and insulin receptor substrate-2 (IRS-2) gene polymorphisms in patients with MetS and 2) to examine the relationships between gene polymorphisms and components of MetS. Patients & Methods: The study population included 100 patients with MetS and 30 patients without MetS as control group. Metabolic syndrome (MS) was defined as in ATP III. Entire coding exons of IRS-1 and IRS-2 genes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Insulin resistance (IR) was estimated using the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA). Results: In patients with MetS, 34 (34%), had G972R (rs1801278) gene polymorphism and 66 (66%) had no nucleotide substitutions at the IRS-1 gene (p circumference, blood pressure, triglyceride, HDL-Cholesterol, LDL-Cholesterol and HOMA-IR levels. Conclusion: Insulin receptor substrate-1 and 2 gene polymorphisms were associated with metabolic syndrome but not its components.
文摘Constructed Wetlands (CWs) are currently one of the most promising techniques for wastewater treatment, having demonstrated their effectiveness. However, the choice of substrate particle size is critical to the smooth operation of the process, as hydrodynamic constraints require a coarse particle size, whereas wastewater treatment recommends a fine particle size. This study investigates the suitability of laterite and shale as substrates of different sizes (1 - 3, 3 - 5 and 5 - 8 mm) in CWs for domestic wastewater treatment. The study was carried out in an experimental pilot plant consisting of 12 parallelepiped beds (C × C = 0.4 × 0.4 m2;H = 0.6 m) filled from bottom to top with 0.1 m of gravel and 0.4 m of shale or laterite of different grain sizes with two replications. During the six months of operation, plant biomass and stem diameter of Pennisetum purpureum used as vegetation in the CWs were determined. Raw and treated water were also sampled and analyzed for pollutants, including chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), total Kjedahl nitrogen (TKN), total phosphorus (TP), and total suspended solids (TSS), using International Organization for Standardization (ISO) analytical methods. P. purpureum developed much better in the CW beds lined with shale;plant biomass ranged from 13.8 to 14.7 kg/m2 and from 11.2 to 12.5 kg/m2 in the beds lined with shale and laterite, respectively, as did stump diameter, which ranged from 15.5 to 16.1 cm and from 11.10 to 12.7 cm, respectively. However, the highest values for biomass and stump diameter for each material were obtained in the beds lined with 1 - 3 mm geomaterials. Pollutant removal efficiencies were highest in the CWs lined with laterite and shale of 1 - 3 mm grain size (76.9% - 83% COD, 78% - 84.7% BOD5, 55.5% - 72.2% TKN, 58.4% - 72.4% TP, 78.1% - 80.2% TSS), with the highest values recorded in the shale-lined beds. However, the 3 - 5 mm grain size of both materials provided quality filtrates (140 - 174 mg/L COD, 78.5 - 94.8 mg/L BOD5, 4.6 - 5.7 mg/L TP) in line with local wastewater discharge levels. This size of geomaterials appears to be suitable for optimization purposes, although further work with these materials, such as increasing the depth of the wetland, is required to improve the level of NTK and TSS discharge.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(8227131503).
文摘Cytochrome P450 enzymes(P450s or CYPs)are the primary metabolic contributors to the absorption,distribution,metabolism,and excretion(ADME)properties of small-molecule drugs.These enzymes can catalyze various types of reactions,including metabolic reactions that occur at nitrogen(N)and sulfur(S)sites of small molecules.In this review,we conducted a comprehensive statistical analysis of 294 P450s-mediated small-molecule substrates,among which more than 47%substrates contained N and S.The purpose of the analysis is to elucidate the broad-spectrum cross-reactivity and specificity between these substrates and various CYP isoforms across five reaction types.Our findings reveal that substrates with molecular weights greater than 500 Da or less than 200 Da are predominantly governed by the dominant effect of the CYP isoform’s active sites.In contrast,small-to medium-sized molecules with molecular weights ranging from 200 to 400 Da exhibit a stronger dependence on the types of heteroatoms they contain,with the size of the enzyme’s catalytic site(cavity)playing a negligible role in determining substrate specificity.This review starts from the metabolic mechanisms of P450s-mediated N-and S-containing compounds,and systematically analyzes the structural characteristics of substrates involved in N-dealkylation,N-oxidation,and S-oxidation,as well as their metabolic interactions with P450s.These analyses provide a new perspective for improving the existing understanding of the relationship between the P450s substrate specificity and substrate structural characteristics,and offer a valuable perspective for enhancing drug design and predicting metabolic stability based on the P450s-catalyzed reaction framework.
基金Funding was provided by the CNRS,La Rochelle Université,the LPO,the Agence de l’Eau Adour-Garonne,the Conseil Départemental de la Charente-Maritime,the ANR PAMPAS(ANR-18-CE32-0006)the Beauval Nature association,the Contrat de plan Etat-région Econat and the Région Nouvelle Aquitaine(Projet d’Observatoire du Marais de Brouage-PSGAR CRNA 2025).
文摘Animal species exhibit a wide range of coloration and patterns,which are under strong selection and often linked to individual quality,influencing mate choice,recognition,signaling,and interspecific interactions such as predator avoidance.In amphibians,coloration can vary based on individual traits as well as environmental conditions,including the coloration of their environment.In this study,we described the dorsal coloration(body coloration reticulated by dark patches)in 676 Western spadefoot toads(Pelobates cultripes)from the French Atlantic coast,comparing color variations across different substrates.In addition,we assessed color change in 18 toads transferred between bright and dark substrates.We demonstrated that the dorsal coloration varies based on capture locations(beach vs.inland)and associated substrate types(bright vs.dark),suggesting background color matching.We showed more pronounced effects in females,which might reflect varying predation risks.Experimentally,we showed that individuals can rapidly adjust their coloration to match the substrate within 24 h.Rapid color changes in response to substrate type indicate significant pigmentation plasticity.Bright individuals from sandy substrates showed less dorsal background(body)color change than dark inland individuals,while patch coloration responded differently depending on the substrate of origin.These findings highlight the complex interactions between substrate type,sex,and pigmentation plasticity.These interactions have potential costs and benefits,which might be linked to melanin production,which warrant further investigation.
文摘Voltage substrate mapping is a promising tool for the treatment of atrial fibrillation(AF).It is helpful to detect atrial fibrosis,which includes areas with low bipolar voltage,heterogeneous conduction properties,and shortened effective refractory period.The voltage amplitude is typically defined as the maximal peakto-peak level within a specified time window of interest.Contemporary electroanatomic mapping platforms now enable many thousands of data points to be mapped,so that a geometric model of the atrial endocardium is constructable over a short period of time.This mapping procedure is often done with bipolar electrodes to cancel the far-field signal.The recording site coordinates are projected onto an atrial shell,with interpolation of the voltage data across the shell surface.The amplitude of the recorded bipolar electrogram depicted on the threedimensional shell provides detailed information for substrate mapping.Wherever there are areas of low peak-to-peak voltage,it is thought to mark the presence of abnormal tissue properties and conduction.However,uncontrolled variables and environmental factors affecting voltage level include the oncoming electrical activation wavefront direction,the catheter incidence angle,the force applied to the catheter,and the region-variable shape and structure of atrial tissue.Techniques and settings to acquire atrial voltage data for AF analysis have not been standardized.Methods to characterize atrial electrograms are also presently limited.These factors affect quality and reproducibility of the mapping results.Herein,voltage substrate mapping and its variables pertaining to AF and radiofrequency ablation are described and discussed,with suggestions for future work efforts.
基金Funded by the International Science&Technology Cooperation Program of Hubei Province of China(No.2022EHB024)the National Key Research and Development Plan(Nos.2018YFE0103600 and 2021YFB3703100)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51872212,51972244,52002075,and 52102066)the 111 Project(No.B13035)。
文摘Laser etching and laser chemical vapor deposition(LCVD)techniques were proposed for the rapid preparation of high-purity,strongly bonded SiC porous micro-nano-coatings on quartz substrates.The laser serves as an external driving force for the vertical growth of SiC whiskers,facilitating the formation of a porous nanostructure that resembles coral models found in the macroscopic biological world.The porous nanostructures are beneficial for reducing thermal expansion mismatch and relieving residual stress.It is capable of eliminating the cracks on the surface of SiC coatings as well as enhancing the bonding of SiC coatings with quartz substrates to avoid coating detachment.
文摘This study examines the effects of germination substrates incorporating spent mushroom substrate(SMS)and locally sourced organic materials on the growth and vigor of cocoa seedlings.Seven treatments were evaluated using a Completely Randomized Design(CRD),comprising combinations of coconut coir,rice husk,sugarcane bagasse,and biochar.Key findings reveal that treatments combining SMS,sugarcane bagasse,and either coconut coir or biochar(T6 and T7)achieved significantly higher survival rates and Dickson Quality Index(DQI)scores compared to conventional soil(T1).These treatments provided favorable chemical properties,including optimal pH,electrical conductivity,and nutrient content(N,P,K),which are critical for cocoa seedling development.The results suggest that using SMS with agricultural waste as an alternative germination medium can reduce cultivation costs,enhance seedling growth,and contribute to sustainable agricultural practices by repurposing organic waste.This approach not only offers cost-effective benefits for farmers but also mitigates environmental impacts associated with waste disposal.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12072209,U21A20430,12192211,12472155)the S&T Program of Hebei(225676162GH).
文摘We study the axisymmetric frictionless indentation problem of a piezoelectric semiconductor(PSC)thin film perfectly bonded to a semi-infinite isotropic elastic substrate by a rigid and insulating spherical indenter.The Hankel integral transformation is first employed to derive the general solutions for the governing differential equations of the PSC film and elastic substrate.Then,using the boundary and interface conditions,the complicated indentation problem is reduced to numerically solve a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind.Numerical results are given to demonstrate the effects of semiconducting property,film thickness as well as Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio of the substrate on the indentation responses.The obtained findings will contribute to the establishment of indentation experiments for PSC film/substrate systems.
