Falsified antibacterial agents continue to pose serious public health problems around the world. They are notably responsible for resistance emergence in the treatment of infectious diseases that can lead to death. Th...Falsified antibacterial agents continue to pose serious public health problems around the world. They are notably responsible for resistance emergence in the treatment of infectious diseases that can lead to death. The aim of this study was to summarize the literature on the methods developed and validated to detect poor quality antibacterial agents in order to assess the impact of these available methods in the fighting against Counterfeit/substandard medicines. Thus, studies published in the time from January 2000 to July 2017, were accessible via Google Scholar and Pubmed and allowed to analyze 41 papers. The majority (30) of developed and validated methods concerned LC methods, 9 regarded UV/V is spectrophotometry and two studies simultaneously developed both methods. Antibacterial agents belonging to beta-lactams group were the most concerned by the methods developed and validated (39%), followed by quinolones (18%) and macrolides (12%). Regarding active ingredients, amoxicillin (12%) was the most concerned by the development and validation methods. In spite of several available methods to detect substandard drugs, antibacterial agents for which methods were developed and validated were the most concerned by worldwide detected non-conformities. The fight against this scourge should not be only limited by their detection, but it also requires an effective involvement of different actors notably: health authorities, international organizations, pharmaceutical industries etc.展开更多
In recent years, with the rapid development of comprehensive national strength, the main energy consumption of rail transit is electric energy, which is an important part of rail transit operating costs, accounting fo...In recent years, with the rapid development of comprehensive national strength, the main energy consumption of rail transit is electric energy, which is an important part of rail transit operating costs, accounting for about 25% of the operating costs. Power factor assessment in power consumption cost, also known as power adjustment fee, is the power factor requirement of power supply department. When the rewards are higher than the evaluation criteria and the evaluation criteria are lower, the evaluation costs increase. The evaluation cost is not linear in proportion to the power factor, but the lower the power factor, the more serious the cost evaluation is. For example, when the power factor is 0.8, the increased power adjustment fee accounts for about 5% of the total electricity bill;The power factor is 0.7, and the increased power adjustment fee accounts for about 10% of the total electricity bill. When the power factor is 0.6, the increased power adjustment fee accounts for about 25% of the total electricity bill. Below 0.6, every 0.01 reduction in electricity costs increases by 2%. It can be seen that when the power factor is 0.6, the estimated power cost accounts for only one quarter of the actual power cost. Therefore, it is very necessary to formulate corresponding measures to solve the problem of unqualified power factor of rail transit, whether in order to improve the quality of power grid or from the perspective of operating cost of rail transit operating units.展开更多
为了探讨贮藏时间对苹果(等外果)汁挥发性成分的影响,采用静态顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术,分别分析富士和秦冠2个品种(等外果)苹果汁在25 ℃贮藏1、2、4、8和16周时挥发性成分的组成,对苹果汁中5类37种挥发性成分进行了定量...为了探讨贮藏时间对苹果(等外果)汁挥发性成分的影响,采用静态顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术,分别分析富士和秦冠2个品种(等外果)苹果汁在25 ℃贮藏1、2、4、8和16周时挥发性成分的组成,对苹果汁中5类37种挥发性成分进行了定量分析,主要包括:酯类、醇类、醛类、酮类和酸类化合物。测定结果表明,富士和秦冠(等外果)苹果汁中主要挥发性成分包括:丁酸乙酯、2-甲基丁酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯、乙酸己酯、丁酸己酯、乙酸戊酯、1-丁醇、3-甲基-1-丁醇、正己醇、己醛、( E )-2-己烯醛、β-大马酮和香叶基丙酮,两种苹果汁贮藏16周后挥发性成分的保留率在87%以上,酯类、醇类和酮类挥发性成分呈下降趋势,醛类成分上升趋势明显,2种苹果汁中单一挥发性组分呈现不同的变化规律。此结果可为苹果(等外果)汁的挥发性成分利用和品质控制提供科学依据。展开更多
文摘Falsified antibacterial agents continue to pose serious public health problems around the world. They are notably responsible for resistance emergence in the treatment of infectious diseases that can lead to death. The aim of this study was to summarize the literature on the methods developed and validated to detect poor quality antibacterial agents in order to assess the impact of these available methods in the fighting against Counterfeit/substandard medicines. Thus, studies published in the time from January 2000 to July 2017, were accessible via Google Scholar and Pubmed and allowed to analyze 41 papers. The majority (30) of developed and validated methods concerned LC methods, 9 regarded UV/V is spectrophotometry and two studies simultaneously developed both methods. Antibacterial agents belonging to beta-lactams group were the most concerned by the methods developed and validated (39%), followed by quinolones (18%) and macrolides (12%). Regarding active ingredients, amoxicillin (12%) was the most concerned by the development and validation methods. In spite of several available methods to detect substandard drugs, antibacterial agents for which methods were developed and validated were the most concerned by worldwide detected non-conformities. The fight against this scourge should not be only limited by their detection, but it also requires an effective involvement of different actors notably: health authorities, international organizations, pharmaceutical industries etc.
文摘In recent years, with the rapid development of comprehensive national strength, the main energy consumption of rail transit is electric energy, which is an important part of rail transit operating costs, accounting for about 25% of the operating costs. Power factor assessment in power consumption cost, also known as power adjustment fee, is the power factor requirement of power supply department. When the rewards are higher than the evaluation criteria and the evaluation criteria are lower, the evaluation costs increase. The evaluation cost is not linear in proportion to the power factor, but the lower the power factor, the more serious the cost evaluation is. For example, when the power factor is 0.8, the increased power adjustment fee accounts for about 5% of the total electricity bill;The power factor is 0.7, and the increased power adjustment fee accounts for about 10% of the total electricity bill. When the power factor is 0.6, the increased power adjustment fee accounts for about 25% of the total electricity bill. Below 0.6, every 0.01 reduction in electricity costs increases by 2%. It can be seen that when the power factor is 0.6, the estimated power cost accounts for only one quarter of the actual power cost. Therefore, it is very necessary to formulate corresponding measures to solve the problem of unqualified power factor of rail transit, whether in order to improve the quality of power grid or from the perspective of operating cost of rail transit operating units.
文摘为了探讨贮藏时间对苹果(等外果)汁挥发性成分的影响,采用静态顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术,分别分析富士和秦冠2个品种(等外果)苹果汁在25 ℃贮藏1、2、4、8和16周时挥发性成分的组成,对苹果汁中5类37种挥发性成分进行了定量分析,主要包括:酯类、醇类、醛类、酮类和酸类化合物。测定结果表明,富士和秦冠(等外果)苹果汁中主要挥发性成分包括:丁酸乙酯、2-甲基丁酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯、乙酸己酯、丁酸己酯、乙酸戊酯、1-丁醇、3-甲基-1-丁醇、正己醇、己醛、( E )-2-己烯醛、β-大马酮和香叶基丙酮,两种苹果汁贮藏16周后挥发性成分的保留率在87%以上,酯类、醇类和酮类挥发性成分呈下降趋势,醛类成分上升趋势明显,2种苹果汁中单一挥发性组分呈现不同的变化规律。此结果可为苹果(等外果)汁的挥发性成分利用和品质控制提供科学依据。
