AIM:To compare objective dry retinoscopy and subjective refraction measurements in patients with mild keratoconus(KCN)and quantify any differences.METHODS:This cross-sectional study was done on 68 eyes of 68 patients ...AIM:To compare objective dry retinoscopy and subjective refraction measurements in patients with mild keratoconus(KCN)and quantify any differences.METHODS:This cross-sectional study was done on 68 eyes of 68 patients diagnosed with mild KCN.Objective dry retinoscopy using autorefractometer and subjective refraction measurements were performed.Sphere,cylinder,J0,J45,and spherical equivalent values were compared between the two techniques.RESULTS:The mean age of 68 patients with mild KCN was 21.32±5.03y(12–35y).There were 37(54.4%)males.Objective refraction yielded significantly more myopic sphere(-1.44 D vs-0.57 D),higher cylinder magnitude(-2.24 D vs-1.48 D),and more myopic spherical equivalent(-2.56 D vs-1.31 D)compared to subjective refraction(all P<0.05).The mean differences were-0.87 D for sphere,-0.76 D for cylinder,and-1.25 D for spherical equivalent.No significant differences were found for J0 and J45 values,indicating agreement in astigmatism axis(P>0.05).CONCLUSION:In patients with mild KCN,objective dry retinoscopy overestimates the degree of myopia and astigmatism compared to subjective refraction.The irregular cornea in KCN likely impacts objective measurements.Subjective refraction allows compensation for irregularity,providing a more accurate correction.When determining refractive targets,the tendency of objective methods to overcorrect should be considered.展开更多
Subjective and objective measures of sleep structure or quality could help to characterize the chronic sleep disturbances, with relation to patients＇ risk factor profiles and co-morbidities. Studies have shown that d...Subjective and objective measures of sleep structure or quality could help to characterize the chronic sleep disturbances, with relation to patients＇ risk factor profiles and co-morbidities. Studies have shown that discrepancies can occur between subjective data regarding sleep disturbances and the impact of insomnia and objective assays, and surrogate markers of sleep and sleep disturbances. Both objective and subjective measures should be incorporated into clinic studies. It seems likely that sleep quality is represented by a combination of more than one subjective sleep parameter. Objective and subjective assessments of sleep quality may relate to different parameters. Future studies incorporated both subjective and objective measures could help to address the sleep disorders.展开更多
Virtual reality(VR) environment can provide immersive experience to viewers.Under the VR environment, providing a good quality of experience is extremely important.Therefore, in this paper, we present an image quality...Virtual reality(VR) environment can provide immersive experience to viewers.Under the VR environment, providing a good quality of experience is extremely important.Therefore, in this paper, we present an image quality assessment(IQA) study on omnidirectional images. We first build an omnidirectional IQA(OIQA) database, including 16 source images with their corresponding 320 distorted images. We add four commonly encountered distortions. These distortions are JPEG compression, JPEG2000 compression, Gaussian blur, and Gaussian noise. Then we conduct a subjective quality evaluation study in the VR environment based on the OIQA database. Considering that visual attention is more important in VR environment, head and eye movement data are also tracked and collected during the quality rating experiments. The 16 raw and their corresponding distorted images,subjective quality assessment scores, and the head-orientation data and eye-gaze data together constitute the OIQA database. Based on the OIQA database, we test some state-of-the-art full-reference IQA(FR-IQA) measures on equirectangular format or cubic formatomnidirectional images. The results show that applying FR-IQA metrics on cubic format omnidirectional images could improve their performance. The performance of some FR-IQA metrics combining the saliency weight of three different types are also tested based on our database. Some new phenomena different from traditional IQA are observed.展开更多
Unlike the case in Mediterranean countries, where olive oil consumption is driven by habit or tradition, in a population where olive oil consumption rates are considerably low, it appears reasonable to suppose that th...Unlike the case in Mediterranean countries, where olive oil consumption is driven by habit or tradition, in a population where olive oil consumption rates are considerably low, it appears reasonable to suppose that the initial decision to buy a fairly expensive product—as is the case with olive oil in the Uruguayan market—may result from an individual’s overall interest in health-related issues and/or their acquaintance with relevant nutritional properties of the particular product—in this case, olive oil. Consumer subjective and objective knowledge, interest in health-related issues, and demographic variables were studied for their potential relationship (explanatory capacity) with olive oil consumption frequency, using a sample of 256 inhabitants of Montevideo (Uruguay). Several of the studied variables were found to relate to olive oil consumption, such as subjective and objective knowledge, age, education level, marital status, and interest in health-related issues. Subjective knowledge was found to have the highest explanatory capacity. An increase in subjective knowledge is therefore expected to lead to an increase in consumption frequency among regular olive oil consumers, while it may also encourage less frequent or non-consumers to purchase olive oil and become acquainted with the product.展开更多
Most of the spam filtering techniques are based on objective methods such as the content filtering and DNS/reverse DNS checks. Recently, some cooperative subjective spam filtering techniques are proposed. Objective me...Most of the spam filtering techniques are based on objective methods such as the content filtering and DNS/reverse DNS checks. Recently, some cooperative subjective spam filtering techniques are proposed. Objective methods suffer from the false positive and false negative classification. Objective methods based on the content filtering are time consuming and resource demanding. They are inaccurate and require continuous update to cope with newly invented spammer’s tricks. On the other side, the existing subjective proposals have some drawbacks like the attacks from malicious users that make them unreliable and the privacy. In this paper, we propose an efficient spam filtering system that is based on a smart cooperative subjective technique for content filtering in addition to the fastest and the most reliable non-content-based objective methods. The system combines several applications. The first is a web-based system that we have developed based on the proposed technique. A server application having extra features suitable for the enterprises and closed work groups is a second part of the system. Another part is a set of standard web services that allow any existing email server or email client to interact with the system. It allows the email servers to query the system for email filtering. They can also allow the users via the mail user agents to participate in the subjective spam filtering problem.展开更多
In this article,I will talk about the definition and discrimination of subjective test and objective test.The strong points and weak points are also discussed.Although each has its own disadvantages,subjective test an...In this article,I will talk about the definition and discrimination of subjective test and objective test.The strong points and weak points are also discussed.Although each has its own disadvantages,subjective test and objective test will still play important roles at present or in future.A good classroom test will usually contain both subjective and objective test items.展开更多
Verbs of perception include sight,hearing,smell,taste and touch,of which zhijian belongs to sight is very common in literary works,and its semantic meaning also begins to change with the development of time.Based on t...Verbs of perception include sight,hearing,smell,taste and touch,of which zhijian belongs to sight is very common in literary works,and its semantic meaning also begins to change with the development of time.Based on the original text and two translated versions of the Water Margin,this paper makes a comparative analysis of the translation strategies of zhijian on the basis that Chinese emphasizes subjective consciousness and the mixed consciousness of subjectivity and objectivity,while English stresses objective consciousness with a clear boundary between subjectivity and objectivity.According to previous studies,this paper regroups the appearance of zhijian and divides it into two categories,namely zhijian at the beginning of a sentence and at the beginning of a minor sentence.On the basis of the context and the changing function of zhijian,that is,the function of being a verb and being a discourse marker,it can be concluded that as the meaning of a verb,the real action,the meaning of zhijian is expressed by“seeing”,so translators usually adopt literal translation;while as a discourse marker,it is no longer the main component of sentence structure,but to highlight the following information,translators will adopt deletion,conversion and retaining.It can be seen that translators often need to convert Chinese characterized by subjective consciousness into English dominated by objective consciousness,thus conforming to various meaning of zhijian.展开更多
以专利引证网络为载体,从知识基因稳定性、遗传性以及变异性等基本特征出发,提出一种基于subject-action-object三元组的知识基因提取方法.应用连接度算法分析专利引证关系,挖掘引证专利和被引专利之间继承和发展的知识流,建立知识进化...以专利引证网络为载体,从知识基因稳定性、遗传性以及变异性等基本特征出发,提出一种基于subject-action-object三元组的知识基因提取方法.应用连接度算法分析专利引证关系,挖掘引证专利和被引专利之间继承和发展的知识流,建立知识进化轨迹;利用文本语法分析技术,从专利权利要求书中提取subject-action-object三元组;基于语义词库WordNet进行语义加工,计算语义相似度,合并同义的subject-action-object三元组,绘制知识基因图谱.从美国专利数据库中采集了5 073项1975—1999年授权的数据挖掘领域的相关专利,分析了专利的地区分布情况和年度分布情况.从NBER(National Bureau of Economic Research)的专利数据集中查询得到专利引证关系,利用网络分析软件Pajek构建专利引证网络,作为实验数据样本,对所提出的知识基因提取方法进行验证.实验结果表明:所提取的subject-action-object三元组具备了知识基因稳定性、遗传性和变异性等特征,可以作为知识基因的一种表现形式.展开更多
From subject,object and target subsystems,we analyze the rural human resource development system.The subject system includes government,education and training organizations,society,and rural human resource itself.Diff...From subject,object and target subsystems,we analyze the rural human resource development system.The subject system includes government,education and training organizations,society,and rural human resource itself.Different development subject bears different responsibility.Object system includes farmers engaged in farming,farmer workers,rural unemployed people,rural students,rural left-behind people,and other people in rural areas.Different development object has different features.Development target system includes raising quality of rural human resource,keeping reasonable population size,optimizing structure of rural human resource,and improving vitality of rural human resource,etc.展开更多
Relative clauses(RCs)processing has been a hot issue in decades.Studies from head-initial languages have found that SRCs were easier to comprehend than ORCs,and many different models were constructed to account for SR...Relative clauses(RCs)processing has been a hot issue in decades.Studies from head-initial languages have found that SRCs were easier to comprehend than ORCs,and many different models were constructed to account for SRCs preference.Chinese are head-final languages and the head noun phrases are behind the internal-clause.Such a great difference in syntactic structure made Chinese to be the optimum material to test the models mentioned above.In the paper,two experiments were carried out using eye-movement tracking methods to explore the difficulty with RCs processing in mandarin,and results showed that:when the two noun phrases were both from animate category,SRCs were more difficult than ORCs,but when the noun phrases in the internal-relative-clause were inanimate and the noun phrases in the matrix were animate,the difficulties with SRCs were greatly reduced.Based on these findings,we hold that the linear syntactic distance between the gap and the filler was not the key reason to the difficulty with SRCs.On the contrary,the ambiguity in argument construction may be the most important.展开更多
The subject and the object are a pair of concepts within the philosophical category. Dialectical materialism takes practice as the medium, and holds that subject is the existence of an active objective world, and that...The subject and the object are a pair of concepts within the philosophical category. Dialectical materialism takes practice as the medium, and holds that subject is the existence of an active objective world, and that the object is the object of practical activity. Under certain conditions, the subject and object can In terms of social security, the main body of responsibility is the government that allows the transfer of citizens＇ rights. Thereforethe government is the main body of production and providers of public goods, and the object is the main body＇s guaranteed rights and obligations. Commonly pointed objects or things generally refer to specific material information in practical operations, abstract information economy, legal norms, and the entire practice process.展开更多
The history of science and medicine has long been steeped in the notion that they are objective(untainted by the philosophical and ideological ebbs and flows of society)and utilitarian(doing what is best for the great...The history of science and medicine has long been steeped in the notion that they are objective(untainted by the philosophical and ideological ebbs and flows of society)and utilitarian(doing what is best for the greater good).Because of this,scientific and medical epistemologies and praxis are often held to an esteem that is unquestioned,celebrated,and occasionally unchecked.A closer look at the history of science and medicine,however,readily reveal the extent to which the milieu of society has informed scientific and medical endeavors.As such,an understanding of how the subjectivities of scientific and medical endeavors situate within our contemporary disciplines and practices is significant to one’s ability to truly understand said disciplines.Likewise,such an evaluation will provide insight into our role in perpetuating the illusion of objectivity in these fields.With this in mind,this paper provides a philosophical and historical examination of the concept of objectivity(in contrast to subjectivity)in science and medicine.展开更多
Background:Sleep traits have been suggested to correlate with various diseases,but most evidence is based on subjective sleep measurement.We investigated the associations of accelerometer-derived objective sleep trait...Background:Sleep traits have been suggested to correlate with various diseases,but most evidence is based on subjective sleep measurement.We investigated the associations of accelerometer-derived objective sleep traits with diseases throughout physiological systems to ascertain whether the disease spectrum related to objective sleep traits differs from that related to subjective sleep traits.Methods:In 88,461 UK Biobank(UKB)adults wearing accelerometers,multiple dimensions of sleep were objectively derived:(a)nocturnal sleep duration and onset timing,(b)sleep rhythm(relative amplitude and interdaily stability),and(c)sleep fragmentation(sleep efficiency and waking numbers).Associations with International Classification of Diseases,10th Revision-decoded diseases during follow-up were estimated using the Cox model,and the results were compared with those of a published literature search of subjectively measured sleep traits and diseases.National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(NHANES)data were used to validate the newly identified associations unreported by previous studies.For the meta-analysis-reported associations(with subjective sleep traits)that were negative(with objective sleep traits)in our study,reanalysis was done in UKB with subjective sleep traits,stratified by objective measurements.Results:During the average 6.8-year follow-up,172 diseases were associated with sleep traits.Among them,42 showed at least doubled disease risk,including age-related physical debility(lowest versus highest quartile of relative amplitude,hazard ratio[HR]=3.36,95% confidence interval[CI]:2.25,5.02),gangrene(lowest versus highest quartile of interdaily stability,HR=2.61,95%CI:1.41,4.83),and fibrosis and cirrhosis of the liver(sleep onset timing≥0030 versus 2300 to 2330,HR=2.57,95%CI:1.42,4.67).A total of 92 diseases had>20%burden attributable to sleep,such as Parkinson’s disease(37.05%,95%CI:21.02%,49.83%),type 2 diabetes(36.12%,95%CI:29.00%,42.52%),and acute kidney failure(21.85%,95%CI:13.47%,29.42%).Notably,83(48.3%)disease associations were sleep rhythm specific,distinct from existing subjective-measure literature that focused on sleep duration.Reanalysis in UKB showed a contamination of objectively short sleepers in self-report long sleepers,which induced false-positive associations in subjective meta-analyses,including for ischemic heart disease and depressive disorder.Newly identified associations of sleep rhythm with 4 diseases including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and diabetes were successfully replicated in NHANES.A mediation analysis showed that inflammatory factors including leukocytes,eosinophils,and C-reactive protein contributed significantly to all these newly identified sleep-disease associations.Conclusions:Objective sleep traits showed a disease spectrum similar to but not identical to that of subjective sleep traits.Objective measurement can be a useful complement to sleep-disease studies as it may help overcome false-positive associations caused by misclassification bias of some subjective measurement such as sleep duration.Comprehensive control of multiple sleep traits may be important for health as substantial disease burden was attributed to different sleep traits.展开更多
针对现有的三维视觉定位方法依赖昂贵传感器设备、系统成本高且在复杂多目标定位中准确度和鲁棒性不足的问题,提出一种基于单目图像的多目标三维视觉定位方法。该方法结合自然语言描述,在单个RGB图像中实现对多个三维目标的识别。为此,...针对现有的三维视觉定位方法依赖昂贵传感器设备、系统成本高且在复杂多目标定位中准确度和鲁棒性不足的问题,提出一种基于单目图像的多目标三维视觉定位方法。该方法结合自然语言描述,在单个RGB图像中实现对多个三维目标的识别。为此,构建一个多目标视觉定位数据集Mmo3DRefer,并设计跨模态匹配网络TextVizNet。TextVizNet通过预训练的单目检测器生成目标的三维边界框,并借助信息融合模块与信息对齐模块实现视觉与语言信息的深度整合,进而实现文本指导下的多目标三维检测。与CORE-3DVG(Contextual Objects and RElations for 3D Visual Grounding)、3DVG-Transformer和Multi3DRefer(Multiple 3D object Referencing dataset and task)等5种方法对比的实验结果表明,与次优方法Multi3DRefer相比,TextVizNet在Mmo3DRefer数据集上的F1-score、精确度和召回率分别提升了8.92%、8.39%和9.57%,显著提升了复杂场景下基于文本的多目标定位精度,为自动驾驶和智能机器人等实际应用提供了有效支持。展开更多
文摘AIM:To compare objective dry retinoscopy and subjective refraction measurements in patients with mild keratoconus(KCN)and quantify any differences.METHODS:This cross-sectional study was done on 68 eyes of 68 patients diagnosed with mild KCN.Objective dry retinoscopy using autorefractometer and subjective refraction measurements were performed.Sphere,cylinder,J0,J45,and spherical equivalent values were compared between the two techniques.RESULTS:The mean age of 68 patients with mild KCN was 21.32±5.03y(12–35y).There were 37(54.4%)males.Objective refraction yielded significantly more myopic sphere(-1.44 D vs-0.57 D),higher cylinder magnitude(-2.24 D vs-1.48 D),and more myopic spherical equivalent(-2.56 D vs-1.31 D)compared to subjective refraction(all P<0.05).The mean differences were-0.87 D for sphere,-0.76 D for cylinder,and-1.25 D for spherical equivalent.No significant differences were found for J0 and J45 values,indicating agreement in astigmatism axis(P>0.05).CONCLUSION:In patients with mild KCN,objective dry retinoscopy overestimates the degree of myopia and astigmatism compared to subjective refraction.The irregular cornea in KCN likely impacts objective measurements.Subjective refraction allows compensation for irregularity,providing a more accurate correction.When determining refractive targets,the tendency of objective methods to overcorrect should be considered.
文摘Subjective and objective measures of sleep structure or quality could help to characterize the chronic sleep disturbances, with relation to patients＇ risk factor profiles and co-morbidities. Studies have shown that discrepancies can occur between subjective data regarding sleep disturbances and the impact of insomnia and objective assays, and surrogate markers of sleep and sleep disturbances. Both objective and subjective measures should be incorporated into clinic studies. It seems likely that sleep quality is represented by a combination of more than one subjective sleep parameter. Objective and subjective assessments of sleep quality may relate to different parameters. Future studies incorporated both subjective and objective measures could help to address the sleep disorders.
文摘Virtual reality(VR) environment can provide immersive experience to viewers.Under the VR environment, providing a good quality of experience is extremely important.Therefore, in this paper, we present an image quality assessment(IQA) study on omnidirectional images. We first build an omnidirectional IQA(OIQA) database, including 16 source images with their corresponding 320 distorted images. We add four commonly encountered distortions. These distortions are JPEG compression, JPEG2000 compression, Gaussian blur, and Gaussian noise. Then we conduct a subjective quality evaluation study in the VR environment based on the OIQA database. Considering that visual attention is more important in VR environment, head and eye movement data are also tracked and collected during the quality rating experiments. The 16 raw and their corresponding distorted images,subjective quality assessment scores, and the head-orientation data and eye-gaze data together constitute the OIQA database. Based on the OIQA database, we test some state-of-the-art full-reference IQA(FR-IQA) measures on equirectangular format or cubic formatomnidirectional images. The results show that applying FR-IQA metrics on cubic format omnidirectional images could improve their performance. The performance of some FR-IQA metrics combining the saliency weight of three different types are also tested based on our database. Some new phenomena different from traditional IQA are observed.
文摘Unlike the case in Mediterranean countries, where olive oil consumption is driven by habit or tradition, in a population where olive oil consumption rates are considerably low, it appears reasonable to suppose that the initial decision to buy a fairly expensive product—as is the case with olive oil in the Uruguayan market—may result from an individual’s overall interest in health-related issues and/or their acquaintance with relevant nutritional properties of the particular product—in this case, olive oil. Consumer subjective and objective knowledge, interest in health-related issues, and demographic variables were studied for their potential relationship (explanatory capacity) with olive oil consumption frequency, using a sample of 256 inhabitants of Montevideo (Uruguay). Several of the studied variables were found to relate to olive oil consumption, such as subjective and objective knowledge, age, education level, marital status, and interest in health-related issues. Subjective knowledge was found to have the highest explanatory capacity. An increase in subjective knowledge is therefore expected to lead to an increase in consumption frequency among regular olive oil consumers, while it may also encourage less frequent or non-consumers to purchase olive oil and become acquainted with the product.
文摘Most of the spam filtering techniques are based on objective methods such as the content filtering and DNS/reverse DNS checks. Recently, some cooperative subjective spam filtering techniques are proposed. Objective methods suffer from the false positive and false negative classification. Objective methods based on the content filtering are time consuming and resource demanding. They are inaccurate and require continuous update to cope with newly invented spammer’s tricks. On the other side, the existing subjective proposals have some drawbacks like the attacks from malicious users that make them unreliable and the privacy. In this paper, we propose an efficient spam filtering system that is based on a smart cooperative subjective technique for content filtering in addition to the fastest and the most reliable non-content-based objective methods. The system combines several applications. The first is a web-based system that we have developed based on the proposed technique. A server application having extra features suitable for the enterprises and closed work groups is a second part of the system. Another part is a set of standard web services that allow any existing email server or email client to interact with the system. It allows the email servers to query the system for email filtering. They can also allow the users via the mail user agents to participate in the subjective spam filtering problem.
文摘In this article,I will talk about the definition and discrimination of subjective test and objective test.The strong points and weak points are also discussed.Although each has its own disadvantages,subjective test and objective test will still play important roles at present or in future.A good classroom test will usually contain both subjective and objective test items.
文摘Verbs of perception include sight,hearing,smell,taste and touch,of which zhijian belongs to sight is very common in literary works,and its semantic meaning also begins to change with the development of time.Based on the original text and two translated versions of the Water Margin,this paper makes a comparative analysis of the translation strategies of zhijian on the basis that Chinese emphasizes subjective consciousness and the mixed consciousness of subjectivity and objectivity,while English stresses objective consciousness with a clear boundary between subjectivity and objectivity.According to previous studies,this paper regroups the appearance of zhijian and divides it into two categories,namely zhijian at the beginning of a sentence and at the beginning of a minor sentence.On the basis of the context and the changing function of zhijian,that is,the function of being a verb and being a discourse marker,it can be concluded that as the meaning of a verb,the real action,the meaning of zhijian is expressed by“seeing”,so translators usually adopt literal translation;while as a discourse marker,it is no longer the main component of sentence structure,but to highlight the following information,translators will adopt deletion,conversion and retaining.It can be seen that translators often need to convert Chinese characterized by subjective consciousness into English dominated by objective consciousness,thus conforming to various meaning of zhijian.
文摘以专利引证网络为载体,从知识基因稳定性、遗传性以及变异性等基本特征出发,提出一种基于subject-action-object三元组的知识基因提取方法.应用连接度算法分析专利引证关系,挖掘引证专利和被引专利之间继承和发展的知识流,建立知识进化轨迹;利用文本语法分析技术,从专利权利要求书中提取subject-action-object三元组;基于语义词库WordNet进行语义加工,计算语义相似度,合并同义的subject-action-object三元组,绘制知识基因图谱.从美国专利数据库中采集了5 073项1975—1999年授权的数据挖掘领域的相关专利,分析了专利的地区分布情况和年度分布情况.从NBER(National Bureau of Economic Research)的专利数据集中查询得到专利引证关系,利用网络分析软件Pajek构建专利引证网络,作为实验数据样本,对所提出的知识基因提取方法进行验证.实验结果表明:所提取的subject-action-object三元组具备了知识基因稳定性、遗传性和变异性等特征,可以作为知识基因的一种表现形式.
基金Supported by Project of National Social Science Foundation(09XMZ055)General Program of Scientific Research Project of Guangxi Provincial Department of Education(200911MS104)
文摘From subject,object and target subsystems,we analyze the rural human resource development system.The subject system includes government,education and training organizations,society,and rural human resource itself.Different development subject bears different responsibility.Object system includes farmers engaged in farming,farmer workers,rural unemployed people,rural students,rural left-behind people,and other people in rural areas.Different development object has different features.Development target system includes raising quality of rural human resource,keeping reasonable population size,optimizing structure of rural human resource,and improving vitality of rural human resource,etc.
文摘Relative clauses(RCs)processing has been a hot issue in decades.Studies from head-initial languages have found that SRCs were easier to comprehend than ORCs,and many different models were constructed to account for SRCs preference.Chinese are head-final languages and the head noun phrases are behind the internal-clause.Such a great difference in syntactic structure made Chinese to be the optimum material to test the models mentioned above.In the paper,two experiments were carried out using eye-movement tracking methods to explore the difficulty with RCs processing in mandarin,and results showed that:when the two noun phrases were both from animate category,SRCs were more difficult than ORCs,but when the noun phrases in the internal-relative-clause were inanimate and the noun phrases in the matrix were animate,the difficulties with SRCs were greatly reduced.Based on these findings,we hold that the linear syntactic distance between the gap and the filler was not the key reason to the difficulty with SRCs.On the contrary,the ambiguity in argument construction may be the most important.
文摘The subject and the object are a pair of concepts within the philosophical category. Dialectical materialism takes practice as the medium, and holds that subject is the existence of an active objective world, and that the object is the object of practical activity. Under certain conditions, the subject and object can In terms of social security, the main body of responsibility is the government that allows the transfer of citizens＇ rights. Thereforethe government is the main body of production and providers of public goods, and the object is the main body＇s guaranteed rights and obligations. Commonly pointed objects or things generally refer to specific material information in practical operations, abstract information economy, legal norms, and the entire practice process.
文摘The history of science and medicine has long been steeped in the notion that they are objective(untainted by the philosophical and ideological ebbs and flows of society)and utilitarian(doing what is best for the greater good).Because of this,scientific and medical epistemologies and praxis are often held to an esteem that is unquestioned,celebrated,and occasionally unchecked.A closer look at the history of science and medicine,however,readily reveal the extent to which the milieu of society has informed scientific and medical endeavors.As such,an understanding of how the subjectivities of scientific and medical endeavors situate within our contemporary disciplines and practices is significant to one’s ability to truly understand said disciplines.Likewise,such an evaluation will provide insight into our role in perpetuating the illusion of objectivity in these fields.With this in mind,this paper provides a philosophical and historical examination of the concept of objectivity(in contrast to subjectivity)in science and medicine.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(grant numbers:2022YFC3602900 and 2022YFC2702900)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant number:82273747)the Beijing Municipal Health Development Research Fund(grant number:2022-1G-1021).
文摘Background:Sleep traits have been suggested to correlate with various diseases,but most evidence is based on subjective sleep measurement.We investigated the associations of accelerometer-derived objective sleep traits with diseases throughout physiological systems to ascertain whether the disease spectrum related to objective sleep traits differs from that related to subjective sleep traits.Methods:In 88,461 UK Biobank(UKB)adults wearing accelerometers,multiple dimensions of sleep were objectively derived:(a)nocturnal sleep duration and onset timing,(b)sleep rhythm(relative amplitude and interdaily stability),and(c)sleep fragmentation(sleep efficiency and waking numbers).Associations with International Classification of Diseases,10th Revision-decoded diseases during follow-up were estimated using the Cox model,and the results were compared with those of a published literature search of subjectively measured sleep traits and diseases.National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(NHANES)data were used to validate the newly identified associations unreported by previous studies.For the meta-analysis-reported associations(with subjective sleep traits)that were negative(with objective sleep traits)in our study,reanalysis was done in UKB with subjective sleep traits,stratified by objective measurements.Results:During the average 6.8-year follow-up,172 diseases were associated with sleep traits.Among them,42 showed at least doubled disease risk,including age-related physical debility(lowest versus highest quartile of relative amplitude,hazard ratio[HR]=3.36,95% confidence interval[CI]:2.25,5.02),gangrene(lowest versus highest quartile of interdaily stability,HR=2.61,95%CI:1.41,4.83),and fibrosis and cirrhosis of the liver(sleep onset timing≥0030 versus 2300 to 2330,HR=2.57,95%CI:1.42,4.67).A total of 92 diseases had>20%burden attributable to sleep,such as Parkinson’s disease(37.05%,95%CI:21.02%,49.83%),type 2 diabetes(36.12%,95%CI:29.00%,42.52%),and acute kidney failure(21.85%,95%CI:13.47%,29.42%).Notably,83(48.3%)disease associations were sleep rhythm specific,distinct from existing subjective-measure literature that focused on sleep duration.Reanalysis in UKB showed a contamination of objectively short sleepers in self-report long sleepers,which induced false-positive associations in subjective meta-analyses,including for ischemic heart disease and depressive disorder.Newly identified associations of sleep rhythm with 4 diseases including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and diabetes were successfully replicated in NHANES.A mediation analysis showed that inflammatory factors including leukocytes,eosinophils,and C-reactive protein contributed significantly to all these newly identified sleep-disease associations.Conclusions:Objective sleep traits showed a disease spectrum similar to but not identical to that of subjective sleep traits.Objective measurement can be a useful complement to sleep-disease studies as it may help overcome false-positive associations caused by misclassification bias of some subjective measurement such as sleep duration.Comprehensive control of multiple sleep traits may be important for health as substantial disease burden was attributed to different sleep traits.
文摘针对现有的三维视觉定位方法依赖昂贵传感器设备、系统成本高且在复杂多目标定位中准确度和鲁棒性不足的问题,提出一种基于单目图像的多目标三维视觉定位方法。该方法结合自然语言描述,在单个RGB图像中实现对多个三维目标的识别。为此,构建一个多目标视觉定位数据集Mmo3DRefer,并设计跨模态匹配网络TextVizNet。TextVizNet通过预训练的单目检测器生成目标的三维边界框,并借助信息融合模块与信息对齐模块实现视觉与语言信息的深度整合,进而实现文本指导下的多目标三维检测。与CORE-3DVG(Contextual Objects and RElations for 3D Visual Grounding)、3DVG-Transformer和Multi3DRefer(Multiple 3D object Referencing dataset and task)等5种方法对比的实验结果表明,与次优方法Multi3DRefer相比,TextVizNet在Mmo3DRefer数据集上的F1-score、精确度和召回率分别提升了8.92%、8.39%和9.57%,显著提升了复杂场景下基于文本的多目标定位精度,为自动驾驶和智能机器人等实际应用提供了有效支持。
