The mantle xenoliths in the Quaternary ChangbaishanVolcano in southern Jilin Province contain spinel-facies lherzolites. The equilibration temperatures for these samples range from 902℃ to 1064℃ based on the two-pyr...The mantle xenoliths in the Quaternary ChangbaishanVolcano in southern Jilin Province contain spinel-facies lherzolites. The equilibration temperatures for these samples range from 902℃ to 1064℃ based on the two-pyroxene thermometer of Brey and Kohler （1990）, and using the oxybarometry of Nell and Wood （1991）, the oxidation state was estimated from FMQ-1.32 to -0.38 with an average value of FMQ-0.81 （n = 8）, which is comparable to that of abyssal peridotites and the asthenospheric mantle. ThefO2 values of peridotites, together with their bulk rock compositions （e.g., Mg#, Al2O3, CaO, Ni, Co, Cr） and mineral compositions （e.g., Mg# of olivine and pyroxene, Cr# [=Cr/ [Cr＋Al]] and Mg# [=Mg/[Mg＋Fe2~] of spinel）, suggest that the present-day subcontinental lithospheric mantle （SCLM） beneath the Changbaishan Volcano most likely formed from an upwelling asthenosphere at some time after the late Mesozoic and has undergone a low degree of partial melting. The studied lherzolite xenoliths show low concentrations of S, Cu, and platinum group elements （PGE）, which plot a flat pattern on primitive-mantle normalized diagram. Very low concentrations in our samples suggest that PGEs occur as alloys or hosted by silicate and oxide minerals. The compositions of the studied samples are similar to those of peridotite xenoliths in the Longgang volcanic field （LVF） in their mineralogy and bulk rock compositions including the abundance of chalcophile and siderophile elements. However, they are distinctly different from those of peridotite xenoliths in other areas of the North China Craton （NCC） in terms of Cu, S and PGE. Our data suggest that the SCLM underlying the northeastern part of the NCC may represent a distinct unit of the newly formed lithospberic mantle.展开更多
The determination of the formation age of subcontinental Lithosphere Mantle (SCLM) is a widely concerned issue in mantle geochemistry. it is difficult to obtain the formation age of SCLM using lithophile isotopic syst...The determination of the formation age of subcontinental Lithosphere Mantle (SCLM) is a widely concerned issue in mantle geochemistry. it is difficult to obtain the formation age of SCLM using lithophile isotopic systems such as Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd, U-Th-Pb, ete., but as siderophile elements, the Re-Os isotopic system provides a powerful tool for that work. Here a comprehensive review on the recent development in Re-Os dating for SCLM has been given.展开更多
The basalt-borne peridotite xenoliths from Jiangsu-Anhui provinces were analyzed for whole rock Os isotopic compositions in two laboratories of USTC, China and CRPG, France, respectively. The ^(187)Os/^(188)Os ratio o...The basalt-borne peridotite xenoliths from Jiangsu-Anhui provinces were analyzed for whole rock Os isotopic compositions in two laboratories of USTC, China and CRPG, France, respectively. The ^(187)Os/^(188)Os ratio of the sample set ranges from 0.119 to 0.129 (25 samples, USTC) and from 0.117 to 0.131 (17 samples, CRPG). The Os isotopic compositions of most samples are less than 0.129 and depleted relatively to the primitive mantle, showing a good correlation with the major element compositions. With the ^(187)Os/^(188)Os-AI2O3 alumichron, the samples yield a model age of 2.5±0.1 Ga (data of USTC) and 1.9±0.1 Ga (data of CRPG), late Archean to early Pro-terozoic. The two samples with the lowest ^(187)Os/^(188)Os ratio (0.119 and 0.117) have the T_(RD) (Re depleted age) of 1.1 Ga (USTC) and 1.4 Ga (CRPG), mid-Proterozoic. The Os isotope model age shows that the peridotite xenoliths from Cenozoic alkali basalt in Jiangsu-Anhui provinces have an old formation age (early- to mid- Proterozoic). They are not newly produced mantle after the Phanerozoic replacement of the lithosphere mantle, but residual fractions of Proterozoic mantle.展开更多
Recent seismic studies reveal a sharp velocity drop mostly at^70–100 km depth within the thick mantle keel beneath cratons, termed the mid-lithosphere discontinuity(MLD). The common presence of the MLD in cratonic re...Recent seismic studies reveal a sharp velocity drop mostly at^70–100 km depth within the thick mantle keel beneath cratons, termed the mid-lithosphere discontinuity(MLD). The common presence of the MLD in cratonic regions indicates structural and property layering of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle(SCLM). The nature and origin of the MLD, and many issues associated with the layering of the SCLM are essential to understand the formation and evolution of continents, and have become frontier subjects in the Earth sciences.展开更多
Dinosaur discoveries from India have been known since 1844, while dinosaur discoveries from Pakistan have appeared recently since 2000. 3 large and 2 small theropod dinosaurs are known from Pakistan, while 11 large an...Dinosaur discoveries from India have been known since 1844, while dinosaur discoveries from Pakistan have appeared recently since 2000. 3 large and 2 small theropod dinosaurs are known from Pakistan, while 11 large and 4 small theropods are known from India. Pakistani land uncovered many footprints and trackways of Jurassic small and large theropods, Jurassic ankylosaur and Cretaceous hadrosaur ornithischian dinosaurs, while Indian land uncovered a footprint of small and a footprint of large theropod and 1 footprint of stegosaur. Pakistan uncovered a Jurassic bone taxon of ankylosaur ornithischian based on heavily armored synapomorphies. Recently, Pakistan yielded 1 bone taxon and 1 ichno taxon of pterosaurs, while Indian land yielded 1 bone taxon of pterosaur. Pakistani land uncovered 14 bone taxa (and 2 ichno taxa) of herbivorous sauropod dinosaurs, 5 bone taxa (and 2 ichnotaxa) of carnivorous theropod dinosaurs, 1 bone taxon of ankylosaur and 2 (ichnotaxa) of ornithischian (ankylosaur and hadrosaurs) dinosaurs, 1 bone taxon (and 1 ichno taxon) of pterosaurs, 1 plesiosaur, 7 crocodiles, 1 snake, 1 bird, 11 mammals, 3 fishes, 7 invertebrates and 1 plant. This study fills a significant gap in the literature by bringing together paleontological records from an understudied geographical location, enhancing the global understanding of dinosaur paleobiogeography. Pakistan hosts Precambrian to recent sediments igneous and metamorphic rocks. Pakistan is rich in mineral resources/rocks, but it needs more attention for its development to fulfill local requirements and earn foreign exchange.展开更多
Serpentinized peridotites in the Yangkou(YK),Suoluoshu(SLS) and Hujialin(HJL) areas in the Sulu ultrahighpressure terrane represent the relic of ancient subcontinental lithospheric mantle below the North China Craton....Serpentinized peridotites in the Yangkou(YK),Suoluoshu(SLS) and Hujialin(HJL) areas in the Sulu ultrahighpressure terrane represent the relic of ancient subcontinental lithospheric mantle below the North China Craton.Their protoliths,harzburgite and dunite,were variably hydrated by aqueous fluids released from subducting Yangtze continent.The rocks are enriched in fluid-mobile elements(FME) including Sb(42–333 times the depleted mantle value) and Pb(30–476 times).The degrees of the FME enrichment are comparable to that of the Himalayan forearc serpentinites,and greater than forearc mantle serpentinites from Marianas,suggesting that the degrees of FME enrichment in the forearc serpentinites are greater in continental subduction zones than those in the oceanic subduction zones.Lizardite after olivine in the SLS serpentinite shows higher degrees of enrichment in Sb and As than those for antigorite after both olivine and orthopyroxene in the YK area.The antigorite has highly enriched in Pb,U,Cs,and LREE,but not for the lizardite.The abundance of FME in two different species of serpentine reflects the different temperature of hydration.At temperature lower than 300 ℃,formed lizardite at shallow depths of the mantle wedge incorporates elements that are fluid mobile at low temperatures,such as Sb and As.When the temperature greater than 300 ℃,formed antigorite at a relatively deep mantle wedge incorporate more FME from the subducting continental slab(or fragments),including Pb,U,Cs,LREE as well as Sb and As.The eventual breakdown of antigorite(600–700 ℃) in prograde metamorphism would discharge water as well as FME into the subducting channel and/or the overlying mantle.展开更多
Numerous mantle xenoliths 6–12 cm in size and sub-angular to rounded in shape occur within Mio-Pliocene basanite lavas of the monogenic volcano of HosséréSédé in the Adamawa plateau.Xenoliths of s...Numerous mantle xenoliths 6–12 cm in size and sub-angular to rounded in shape occur within Mio-Pliocene basanite lavas of the monogenic volcano of HosséréSédé in the Adamawa plateau.Xenoliths of spinel lherzolite exhibit protogranular,equigranular or porphyroclastic texture.Microprobe chemical analyses show that olivine is highly magnesian(Fo_(88-90)),clinopyroxene crystals are diopside and augite(Wo_(41.6–49.6)En_(45.3–53.7)Fs_(4.2–6.2)),orthopyroxene crystals are enstatite(Wo 1.4–1.5 En_(88.6–89.0)Fs_(9.6–9.9))and spinel crystals are mainly Al-spinel associ-ated to minor Cr-spinel.Estimated temperatures and pressures through empirical formulas show that HosséréSédé noliths have equilibrated between 1085 and 1204℃and 1.08 to 1.57 GPa,corresponding to sampling depths of 36 and 52 km.Detailed petrographical and mineral chemistry of HosséréSédénoliths evidences the com-plex nature and composition of the subcontinental lithosphere under the Adamawa plateau.This may involve a probable uplift of the whole area after a limited exten-sional event,possible metasomatism through melt infiltration during shearing of the lithospheric mantle along the Pan African strike-slip fault system.展开更多
Recent advances in three-dimensional numerical simulations of mantle convection have aided in approximately reproducing continental movement since the Pangea breakup at 200 Ma. These have also led to a better understa...Recent advances in three-dimensional numerical simulations of mantle convection have aided in approximately reproducing continental movement since the Pangea breakup at 200 Ma. These have also led to a better understanding of the thermal and mechanical coupling between mantle convection and surface plate motion and predictions of the configuration of the next supercontinent. The simulations of mantle convection from 200 Ma to the present reveals that the development of large-scale cold mantle downwellings in the North Tethys Ocean at the earlier stage of the Pangea breakup triggered the northward movement of the Indian subcontinent. The model of high temperature anomaly region beneath Pangea resulting from the thermal insulation effect support the breakup of Pangea in the real Earth time scale, as also suggested in previous geological and geodynamic models. However, considering the low radioactive heat generation rate of the depleted upper mantle, the high temperature anomaly region might have been generated by upwelling plumes with contribution of deep subducted TTG(tonalite-trondhjemite-granite) materials enriched in radiogenic elements. Integrating the numerical results of mantle convection from 200 Ma to the present, and from the present to the future, it is considered that the mantle drag force acting on the base of continents may be comparable to the slab pull force, which implies that convection in the shallower part of the mantle is strongly coupled with surface plate motion.展开更多
The oldest Asian record of alpheid shrimps,assigned to genus Alpheus,based on snapping claw fingertips from the Miocene Khari Nadi Formation in the Kutch Basin,western India reported herein,extends the fossil record o...The oldest Asian record of alpheid shrimps,assigned to genus Alpheus,based on snapping claw fingertips from the Miocene Khari Nadi Formation in the Kutch Basin,western India reported herein,extends the fossil record of the family Alpheidae from Asia by~22 million years.An early Miocene(Aquitanian)age is estimated based on the associated assemblage of calcareous nannofossils,Sphenolithus disbelemnos,Cyclicargolithus floridanus,and Reticulofenestra haqii.The co-occurring microbiota includes bony fish otolith remains,identified as“genus Gobiidarum”,isolated teeth of Dasyatis rays,Sphyrna sharks,and teleosts,ctenoid and placoid scales,ostracods,belonging to the genera Paractinocythereis,Alocopocythere,Ruggieria,Aglaiocypris,Bairdoppilata,and echinoid spines.Taken together,the microfossil assemblage and data from chemical analyses using Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy,X-Ray Diffraction and Wavelength Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence of host and associated lithologies suggests prevalence of a shallow(neritic)to coastal marine(intertidal)depositional paleoenvironment.The present investigation also provides the oldest fossil evidence on the co-occurrence of Alpheus and gobiids(based on otoliths)that strongly advocates that the mutualistic association between these animal groups had developed by the Aquitanian.展开更多
AIM: To investigate the epidemiology, risk factors and clinical course of acute hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in Israel, an industrialized country.METHODS: A retrospective analysis of acute HEV cases diagnosed in ...AIM: To investigate the epidemiology, risk factors and clinical course of acute hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in Israel, an industrialized country.METHODS: A retrospective analysis of acute HEV cases diagnosed in Israel from 1993 to 2013. Acute HEV was defined by ALT/AST elevation and a positive HEV PCR test or positive anti-HEV-IgM serology. HEV RNA was tested by quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Antibodies to HEV were tested retrospectively using an ELISA assay. HEV-RNA was sequenced using RT-PCR of ORF1 and ORF2 regions to diagnose genotype of the virus. Epidemiologic and clinical data were collected by reviewing the clinical files and through a telephone interview according to a structured questionnaire.RESULTS: Acute HEV was diagnosed in 68 patients. Among the 59 patients who gave an informed consent and were interviewed, 41% of infections were autochthonous (acquired in Israel), 44% travel-related and 15% imported by foreign workers. Autochthonous patients were mainly females (62.5%), more than half of them pregnant, 26% recalled consuming food or water in areas with poor sanitation, 44% ate non-kosher meat. Fulminant hepatitis developed in 3 patients (5%), all of them were females, two of them with post-partum infection, all acquired the disease in Israel (autochthonous). Israeli travelers with imported infection were predominantly males (73%), acquired the disease in the Indian subcontinent (81%), with 100% reporting having consumed fresh vegetables and drinks with ice cubes abroad. Six patients’ sera were tested for genotype and revealed HEV genotype 1 (all cases acquired in the Indian subcontinent).CONCLUSION: This is the first report which highlights the existence of hepatitis E as an autochthonous infection in Israel. Imported HEV originates mostly from the Indian subcontinent.展开更多
Weaverbirds are a speciose group of colorful passerines inhabiting the Old World Tropics.Nevertheless,the Oriental weaverbirds(Ploceus spp.),widespread across southern Asia,are much less diverse and restricted to a fe...Weaverbirds are a speciose group of colorful passerines inhabiting the Old World Tropics.Nevertheless,the Oriental weaverbirds(Ploceus spp.),widespread across southern Asia,are much less diverse and restricted to a few ecological niches compared to their African counterpart.To investigate their phylogeography,we retrieved 101 samples of Baya Weaver(P.philippinus),Streaked Weaver(P.manyar),Black-Throated Weaver(P.benghalensis)and Asian Golden Weaver(P.hypoxanthus)along with GenBank sequences of Finn's Weaver(P.megarhynchus).We reconstructed the first molecular phylogeny based on a dataset consisting of both mitochondrial and nuclear genes,dating the most recent common ancestor of Oriental Ploceus to~11 mya.Subsequent speciation appears to have been a combination of divergence within the Indian subcontinent and dispersal across a barrier situated between the Indian subcontinent and the Indochinese region,which provided habitats with a varying degree of isolations and ultimately promoted divergences in allopatry.Two descendants of the earliest nodes,P.megarhynchus and P.hypoxanthus,are both rare and local,often found near large river systems,which perhaps reflects niche conservatism and a lack of adaptive potential.The three smaller species are all widespread,common and less habitat specific.The most recent divergence,between western and eastern P.philippinus populations,is supported by both phylogenetic and morphological evidence,pointing toward limited gene flow between them.However,a zone of intergradation may exist in Myanmar and Brahmaputra flood plains,thus preventing a recommendation for species level recognition without further study.展开更多
Recently two slender and medium to large sized titanosaur taxa like Pakisaurus balochistani and Isisaurus colberti of pakisaurids Poripuch along with small sized stocky Saraikimasoom and medium sized stocky Gspsaurus ...Recently two slender and medium to large sized titanosaur taxa like Pakisaurus balochistani and Isisaurus colberti of pakisaurids Poripuch along with small sized stocky Saraikimasoom and medium sized stocky Gspsaurus of gspsaurids Poripuch have been recognized from Indo-Pakistan subcontinent. The diagnosis and description of Pakisaurus balochistani and some missing elements of Isisaurus colberti discovered from Pakistan are added here for understanding of possible fuller anatomy of slender titanosaurs. Further so far no any research information regarding the comparison of titanosaurs of India and Pakistan is available. Here present research provides the comparison between titanosaurs recognized from Pakistan and India.展开更多
Induszalim bala is the first diagnostic mesoeucrocodile from Indo-Pakistan subcontinent having rostrum articulated with dentary symphysis and associated vertebrae and limb bones and provides facility for comparison wi...Induszalim bala is the first diagnostic mesoeucrocodile from Indo-Pakistan subcontinent having rostrum articulated with dentary symphysis and associated vertebrae and limb bones and provides facility for comparison with other mesoeucrocodiles. Induszalim is a medium to large sized mesoeucrocodile found in the latest Maastrichtian Vitakri Lameta Formation of Fort Munro Group just below Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary line. Induszalim has sufficient skeletal elements and can be used for phylogenetic studies. Induszalim shows Gondwanan paleobiogeographic affinity with some endemic elements.展开更多
First Published:2020 ISBN:9781421438740 Published by John Hopkins Press https://www.press.jhu.edu“The geological imagination of India,its landscapes,people,past and destiny,drive the narrative of this book”,Pratik C...First Published:2020 ISBN:9781421438740 Published by John Hopkins Press https://www.press.jhu.edu“The geological imagination of India,its landscapes,people,past and destiny,drive the narrative of this book”,Pratik Chakrabarti writes in his introduction to Inscriptions of Nature.His ambitious work examines the development of the natural and anthropological sciences on the Indian subcontinent since the early 19th century,and the shaping of knowledge about Indian nature through the exploration of its deep past:an exploration that dug not only into the depths of the earth,but also into ancient history,texts,myths,legends,folklore and the genealogies of local populations.This in-depth study not only combines the history of geology,paleontology,anthropology and ethnography,it also finely analyzes the interactions between the theoretical framework of scientific knowledge imported from Europe and local history,mythologies and indigenous beliefs.展开更多
The nature and evolution of the lithospheric mantle underlying Northeast(NE)China were investigated by assessing the mineral chemistry,water contents,and noble gas(He-Ar)isotopes of peridotite xenoliths captured by Ce...The nature and evolution of the lithospheric mantle underlying Northeast(NE)China were investigated by assessing the mineral chemistry,water contents,and noble gas(He-Ar)isotopes of peridotite xenoliths captured by Cenozoic basalts from the Changbaishan and Longgang regions.The xenoliths,which have863–1141℃ equilibration temperatures,primarily comprise spinel lherzolites and rare spinel harzburgites.The Mg#(Fo)values of olivine in the peridotite xenoliths vary from 86.9 to 91.3.The clinopyroxenes have high Ti/Eu and low(La/Yb)N,and their chondrite-normalized rare earth elements(REEs)exhibit light REE-depletion to-enrichment patterns,indicating that the mantle underneath the investigated region was predominantly subjected to partial melting(1%–10%)and was metasomatized by silicate melts.The measured3He/4He ratios of the Changbaishan xenoliths have a narrow range from 5.8 Ra to 8.4 Ra with an average of 7.4 Ra.The3He/4He isotopic ratios of the Longgang xenoliths varied from 4.7 Ra to8.1 Ra with an average of 5.9 Ra;slightly lower than the Changbaishan xenoliths.The whole-rock H2Ocontents of the studied peridotite ranged from 9 to 132 ppm.The high H2O contents in excess of50 ppm(up to 132 ppm)might represent newly accreted and cooled asthenospheric materials,while those with H2O contents lower than 50 ppm(as little as 9 ppm)may represent thinned,relic,ancient lithospheric mantle.These geochemical evidences,in combination with published data,indicated that the lithospheric mantle beneath the Changbaishan and Longgang in NE China is dominated by the younger and more fertile lithospheric mantle with a minor ancient and refractory keel.In addition,the lithospheric mantle of this area was metasomatized by melts related to the recent subduction event(e.g.,Pacific oceanic plate).Therefore,the westward-dipping Pacific oceanic plate subduction had an important contribution to the transformation of the lithospheric mantle beneath NE China.展开更多
Lode gold deposits are among the most economically important types of gold deposits in the world.Globally,they formed mainly in three time intervals,2.8 to 2.5 Ga,2.1 to 1.8 Ga,and 700 Ma to the present.Sources of ore...Lode gold deposits are among the most economically important types of gold deposits in the world.Globally,they formed mainly in three time intervals,2.8 to 2.5 Ga,2.1 to 1.8 Ga,and 700 Ma to the present.Sources of ore-forming fluids and other components are of critical importance in a better understanding of the genesis and the geodynamic controls of these deposits.Although ore-forming fluids were mostly derived from devolatization of sedimentary and/or volcanic sequences during greenschist to amphibolite facies metamorphism associated with orogenic deformation,magmatic hydrothermal fluids have been increasingly shown to be important in many gold deposits in various regions.In this review paper,we summarize the major features of lode gold deposits,possible sources of ore-forming fluids,and mechanisms of gold mineralization.While we acknowledge the critical role of metamorphically derived fluids in the genesis of such deposits worldwide,we emphasize that mantle-or basaltic magma-derived fluids may have been much more important than commonly thought.We use the Liaodong peninsula of the North China Craton as an example to demonstrate the significance of mantle-derived fluids.Integrating earlier studies and new data,we show that some of the late Mesozoic lode gold deposits in the North China Craton may have formed from magmatic hydrothermal fluids due to the extension and partial melting of the hydrated,metasomatized subcontinental lithosphere mantle,as best exemplified by the Wulong gold deposit.展开更多
The northward drift of the Indian Plate and its collision with Eurasia have profoundly impacted the evolutionary history of the terrestrial organisms,especially the ones along the Indian Ocean rim.Climbing perches(Ana...The northward drift of the Indian Plate and its collision with Eurasia have profoundly impacted the evolutionary history of the terrestrial organisms,especially the ones along the Indian Ocean rim.Climbing perches(Anabantidae)are primary freshwater fishes showing a disjunct south Asian-African distribution,but with an elusive paleobiogeographic history due to the lack of fossil evidence.Here,based on an updated time-calibrated anabantiform phylogeny integrating a number of relevant fossils,the divergence between Asian and African climbing perches is estimated to have occurred in the middle Eocene(ca.40 Ma,Ma:million years ago),a time when India had already joined with Eurasia.The key fossil lineage is?Eoanabas,the oldest anabantid known so far,from the upper Oligocene of the Tibetan Plateau.Ancestral range reconstructions suggest a Southeast Asian origin in the early Eocene(ca.48 Ma)and subsequent dispersals to Xizang and then India for this group.Thereby we propose their westbound dispersal to Africa via the biotic bridge between India and Africa.If so,climbing perch precursors had probably followed the paleobiogeographical route of snakehead fishes,which have a slightly older divergence between African and Asian taxa.As such,our study echoes some recent molecular analyses in rejecting the previously held‘‘Gondwana continental drift vicariance"or late Mesozoic dispersal scenarios for the climbing perches,but provides a unique biogeographical model to highlight the role of the preuplift Xizang and the docked India in shaping the disjunct distribution of some air-breathing freshwater fishes around the Indian Ocean.展开更多
Mammals are the most important elements in Cenozoic terrestrial ecosystem. The composition and the character of a mammalian fauna are controlled by evolution time and evolutionary rate. Here we took 50 Asian Paleogene...Mammals are the most important elements in Cenozoic terrestrial ecosystem. The composition and the character of a mammalian fauna are controlled by evolution time and evolutionary rate. Here we took 50 Asian Paleogene mammalian faunas as representatives and applied Bayesian Tip-dating method to infer the relationships and divergence times among these faunas.Based on the results of Bayesian Tip-dating analyses, we discussed the correlation between the paleogeographic changes and the mammalian fauna turn-overs. Compared with the traditional fauna correlation and sorting, Bayesian Tip-dating analyses revealed more detailed similarities reflected via the divergence times among the 50 faunas. We discovered that the early Eocene mammalian fauna, which firstly appeared in India subcontinent, is similar to the faunas of the same age in other parts of Asia. It is likely that a passage for the mammalian dispersal was formed before early Eocene. Bayesian inferring suggests that the first appearance of the dispersal passage is during 64.8–61.3 Ma. This time window is close to the time estimation for the initial time of India-Asia collision. During 57.1–47.2 Ma, India subcontinent probably had a habitat different from the main part of Asia, as it was reflected from the composition of the mammalian faunas. It is probably correlated with the uplifted Gangdese Mountain and shallow seas and lowlands on both sides of the collision region. The very remote divergence time(64.8 Ma) estimated by Bayesian inferring reflects the mammalian fauna turnover during the Eocene-Oligocene transition, obviously affected by the global cooling. Till the end of Oligocene, the Arabic Peninsula and Asian mainland remained separated and the mammalian faunas did not show clear connection.展开更多
Background:Visceral leishmaniasis,commonly known as kala-azar in India,is a global public health problem.In Southeast Asia,Bangladesh,Bhutan,India,Nepal,Sri Lanka and Thailand are endemic for visceral leishmaniasis.Th...Background:Visceral leishmaniasis,commonly known as kala-azar in India,is a global public health problem.In Southeast Asia,Bangladesh,Bhutan,India,Nepal,Sri Lanka and Thailand are endemic for visceral leishmaniasis.The role of sandflies as the vector of kala-azar was first confirmed in 1942 in India.Insecticide resistance in Phlebotomus argentipes Annandale and Brunetti,the vector of kala-azar in the Indian subcontinent,was first reported in 1987 in Bihar,India.This article provides a scoping review of the studies undertaken from 1959 to 2015 on insecticide resistance in P.argentipes and P.papatasi(Scopoli),the vectors of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis respectively,in Southeast Asia,mainly in Bangladesh,India,Nepal and Sri Lanka.Results:Studies undertaken in areas of Bihar and West Bengal in India where kala-azar is endemic have reported resistance of P.argentipes to DDT,while in non-endemic areas it has been reported to be susceptible.In areas of Nepal bordering India,there are indications of resistance to DDT;biochemical resistance has been reported in Sri Lanka.No laboratory studies have been undertaken in Bangladesh;however,the sandfly vector is reported to be still susceptible to pyrethroids in all kala-azar endemic areas in the aforementioned countries.Conclusions:Studies are needed to determine the resistance of sandfly vectors to all available classes of potential insecticides in kala-azar endemic areas.There is a need to assess the impact of indoor residual spraying with DDT and pyrethroids on the incidence of kala-azar in India where 54 districts remain endemic for the disease,strengthen entomological surveillance capacity,and develop and implement an insecticide management plan.Alpha-cypermethrin indoor residual spraying has been introduced in 33 kala-azar endemic districts in Bihar State of India in a pilot trial;the outcomes should be used to inform decisions on expanding coverage with alpha-cypermethrin in all remaining endemic districts to achieve the revised goal of elimination of visceral leishmaniasis by 2020.展开更多
基金supported by grants from National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.40873016,41173034,90814003)supportedby a grant from China Geological Survey (No.1212011121088)
文摘The mantle xenoliths in the Quaternary ChangbaishanVolcano in southern Jilin Province contain spinel-facies lherzolites. The equilibration temperatures for these samples range from 902℃ to 1064℃ based on the two-pyroxene thermometer of Brey and Kohler （1990）, and using the oxybarometry of Nell and Wood （1991）, the oxidation state was estimated from FMQ-1.32 to -0.38 with an average value of FMQ-0.81 （n = 8）, which is comparable to that of abyssal peridotites and the asthenospheric mantle. ThefO2 values of peridotites, together with their bulk rock compositions （e.g., Mg#, Al2O3, CaO, Ni, Co, Cr） and mineral compositions （e.g., Mg# of olivine and pyroxene, Cr# [=Cr/ [Cr＋Al]] and Mg# [=Mg/[Mg＋Fe2~] of spinel）, suggest that the present-day subcontinental lithospheric mantle （SCLM） beneath the Changbaishan Volcano most likely formed from an upwelling asthenosphere at some time after the late Mesozoic and has undergone a low degree of partial melting. The studied lherzolite xenoliths show low concentrations of S, Cu, and platinum group elements （PGE）, which plot a flat pattern on primitive-mantle normalized diagram. Very low concentrations in our samples suggest that PGEs occur as alloys or hosted by silicate and oxide minerals. The compositions of the studied samples are similar to those of peridotite xenoliths in the Longgang volcanic field （LVF） in their mineralogy and bulk rock compositions including the abundance of chalcophile and siderophile elements. However, they are distinctly different from those of peridotite xenoliths in other areas of the North China Craton （NCC） in terms of Cu, S and PGE. Our data suggest that the SCLM underlying the northeastern part of the NCC may represent a distinct unit of the newly formed lithospberic mantle.
文摘The determination of the formation age of subcontinental Lithosphere Mantle (SCLM) is a widely concerned issue in mantle geochemistry. it is difficult to obtain the formation age of SCLM using lithophile isotopic systems such as Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd, U-Th-Pb, ete., but as siderophile elements, the Re-Os isotopic system provides a powerful tool for that work. Here a comprehensive review on the recent development in Re-Os dating for SCLM has been given.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 49837005 and 49733110).
文摘The basalt-borne peridotite xenoliths from Jiangsu-Anhui provinces were analyzed for whole rock Os isotopic compositions in two laboratories of USTC, China and CRPG, France, respectively. The ^(187)Os/^(188)Os ratio of the sample set ranges from 0.119 to 0.129 (25 samples, USTC) and from 0.117 to 0.131 (17 samples, CRPG). The Os isotopic compositions of most samples are less than 0.129 and depleted relatively to the primitive mantle, showing a good correlation with the major element compositions. With the ^(187)Os/^(188)Os-AI2O3 alumichron, the samples yield a model age of 2.5±0.1 Ga (data of USTC) and 1.9±0.1 Ga (data of CRPG), late Archean to early Pro-terozoic. The two samples with the lowest ^(187)Os/^(188)Os ratio (0.119 and 0.117) have the T_(RD) (Re depleted age) of 1.1 Ga (USTC) and 1.4 Ga (CRPG), mid-Proterozoic. The Os isotope model age shows that the peridotite xenoliths from Cenozoic alkali basalt in Jiangsu-Anhui provinces have an old formation age (early- to mid- Proterozoic). They are not newly produced mantle after the Phanerozoic replacement of the lithosphere mantle, but residual fractions of Proterozoic mantle.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41225016, 41688103, 91414301)Chinese Academy of Sciences
文摘Recent seismic studies reveal a sharp velocity drop mostly at^70–100 km depth within the thick mantle keel beneath cratons, termed the mid-lithosphere discontinuity(MLD). The common presence of the MLD in cratonic regions indicates structural and property layering of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle(SCLM). The nature and origin of the MLD, and many issues associated with the layering of the SCLM are essential to understand the formation and evolution of continents, and have become frontier subjects in the Earth sciences.
文摘Dinosaur discoveries from India have been known since 1844, while dinosaur discoveries from Pakistan have appeared recently since 2000. 3 large and 2 small theropod dinosaurs are known from Pakistan, while 11 large and 4 small theropods are known from India. Pakistani land uncovered many footprints and trackways of Jurassic small and large theropods, Jurassic ankylosaur and Cretaceous hadrosaur ornithischian dinosaurs, while Indian land uncovered a footprint of small and a footprint of large theropod and 1 footprint of stegosaur. Pakistan uncovered a Jurassic bone taxon of ankylosaur ornithischian based on heavily armored synapomorphies. Recently, Pakistan yielded 1 bone taxon and 1 ichno taxon of pterosaurs, while Indian land yielded 1 bone taxon of pterosaur. Pakistani land uncovered 14 bone taxa (and 2 ichno taxa) of herbivorous sauropod dinosaurs, 5 bone taxa (and 2 ichnotaxa) of carnivorous theropod dinosaurs, 1 bone taxon of ankylosaur and 2 (ichnotaxa) of ornithischian (ankylosaur and hadrosaurs) dinosaurs, 1 bone taxon (and 1 ichno taxon) of pterosaurs, 1 plesiosaur, 7 crocodiles, 1 snake, 1 bird, 11 mammals, 3 fishes, 7 invertebrates and 1 plant. This study fills a significant gap in the literature by bringing together paleontological records from an understudied geographical location, enhancing the global understanding of dinosaur paleobiogeography. Pakistan hosts Precambrian to recent sediments igneous and metamorphic rocks. Pakistan is rich in mineral resources/rocks, but it needs more attention for its development to fulfill local requirements and earn foreign exchange.
基金by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41603032,41472051,41802215 and 4176201)Applied Basic Research Foundation of Yunnan Province(Grant No.2017FB075)to ZPX,JW and YPD.
文摘Serpentinized peridotites in the Yangkou(YK),Suoluoshu(SLS) and Hujialin(HJL) areas in the Sulu ultrahighpressure terrane represent the relic of ancient subcontinental lithospheric mantle below the North China Craton.Their protoliths,harzburgite and dunite,were variably hydrated by aqueous fluids released from subducting Yangtze continent.The rocks are enriched in fluid-mobile elements(FME) including Sb(42–333 times the depleted mantle value) and Pb(30–476 times).The degrees of the FME enrichment are comparable to that of the Himalayan forearc serpentinites,and greater than forearc mantle serpentinites from Marianas,suggesting that the degrees of FME enrichment in the forearc serpentinites are greater in continental subduction zones than those in the oceanic subduction zones.Lizardite after olivine in the SLS serpentinite shows higher degrees of enrichment in Sb and As than those for antigorite after both olivine and orthopyroxene in the YK area.The antigorite has highly enriched in Pb,U,Cs,and LREE,but not for the lizardite.The abundance of FME in two different species of serpentine reflects the different temperature of hydration.At temperature lower than 300 ℃,formed lizardite at shallow depths of the mantle wedge incorporates elements that are fluid mobile at low temperatures,such as Sb and As.When the temperature greater than 300 ℃,formed antigorite at a relatively deep mantle wedge incorporate more FME from the subducting continental slab(or fragments),including Pb,U,Cs,LREE as well as Sb and As.The eventual breakdown of antigorite(600–700 ℃) in prograde metamorphism would discharge water as well as FME into the subducting channel and/or the overlying mantle.
文摘Numerous mantle xenoliths 6–12 cm in size and sub-angular to rounded in shape occur within Mio-Pliocene basanite lavas of the monogenic volcano of HosséréSédé in the Adamawa plateau.Xenoliths of spinel lherzolite exhibit protogranular,equigranular or porphyroclastic texture.Microprobe chemical analyses show that olivine is highly magnesian(Fo_(88-90)),clinopyroxene crystals are diopside and augite(Wo_(41.6–49.6)En_(45.3–53.7)Fs_(4.2–6.2)),orthopyroxene crystals are enstatite(Wo 1.4–1.5 En_(88.6–89.0)Fs_(9.6–9.9))and spinel crystals are mainly Al-spinel associ-ated to minor Cr-spinel.Estimated temperatures and pressures through empirical formulas show that HosséréSédé noliths have equilibrated between 1085 and 1204℃and 1.08 to 1.57 GPa,corresponding to sampling depths of 36 and 52 km.Detailed petrographical and mineral chemistry of HosséréSédénoliths evidences the com-plex nature and composition of the subcontinental lithosphere under the Adamawa plateau.This may involve a probable uplift of the whole area after a limited exten-sional event,possible metasomatism through melt infiltration during shearing of the lithospheric mantle along the Pan African strike-slip fault system.
文摘Recent advances in three-dimensional numerical simulations of mantle convection have aided in approximately reproducing continental movement since the Pangea breakup at 200 Ma. These have also led to a better understanding of the thermal and mechanical coupling between mantle convection and surface plate motion and predictions of the configuration of the next supercontinent. The simulations of mantle convection from 200 Ma to the present reveals that the development of large-scale cold mantle downwellings in the North Tethys Ocean at the earlier stage of the Pangea breakup triggered the northward movement of the Indian subcontinent. The model of high temperature anomaly region beneath Pangea resulting from the thermal insulation effect support the breakup of Pangea in the real Earth time scale, as also suggested in previous geological and geodynamic models. However, considering the low radioactive heat generation rate of the depleted upper mantle, the high temperature anomaly region might have been generated by upwelling plumes with contribution of deep subducted TTG(tonalite-trondhjemite-granite) materials enriched in radiogenic elements. Integrating the numerical results of mantle convection from 200 Ma to the present, and from the present to the future, it is considered that the mantle drag force acting on the base of continents may be comparable to the slab pull force, which implies that convection in the shallower part of the mantle is strongly coupled with surface plate motion.
基金granted by the BSIP LucknowIndia in the form of an In-house Project No. 3 (2021–2025)
文摘The oldest Asian record of alpheid shrimps,assigned to genus Alpheus,based on snapping claw fingertips from the Miocene Khari Nadi Formation in the Kutch Basin,western India reported herein,extends the fossil record of the family Alpheidae from Asia by~22 million years.An early Miocene(Aquitanian)age is estimated based on the associated assemblage of calcareous nannofossils,Sphenolithus disbelemnos,Cyclicargolithus floridanus,and Reticulofenestra haqii.The co-occurring microbiota includes bony fish otolith remains,identified as“genus Gobiidarum”,isolated teeth of Dasyatis rays,Sphyrna sharks,and teleosts,ctenoid and placoid scales,ostracods,belonging to the genera Paractinocythereis,Alocopocythere,Ruggieria,Aglaiocypris,Bairdoppilata,and echinoid spines.Taken together,the microfossil assemblage and data from chemical analyses using Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy,X-Ray Diffraction and Wavelength Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence of host and associated lithologies suggests prevalence of a shallow(neritic)to coastal marine(intertidal)depositional paleoenvironment.The present investigation also provides the oldest fossil evidence on the co-occurrence of Alpheus and gobiids(based on otoliths)that strongly advocates that the mutualistic association between these animal groups had developed by the Aquitanian.
基金Supported by Puerto Rico and Gendal foundations(in part)the Hadassah Liver Unit through an annual payment forwarded by the Hadassah Medical Organization,New-York,United States(to Portoricco-Gendal Endowment)
文摘AIM: To investigate the epidemiology, risk factors and clinical course of acute hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in Israel, an industrialized country.METHODS: A retrospective analysis of acute HEV cases diagnosed in Israel from 1993 to 2013. Acute HEV was defined by ALT/AST elevation and a positive HEV PCR test or positive anti-HEV-IgM serology. HEV RNA was tested by quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Antibodies to HEV were tested retrospectively using an ELISA assay. HEV-RNA was sequenced using RT-PCR of ORF1 and ORF2 regions to diagnose genotype of the virus. Epidemiologic and clinical data were collected by reviewing the clinical files and through a telephone interview according to a structured questionnaire.RESULTS: Acute HEV was diagnosed in 68 patients. Among the 59 patients who gave an informed consent and were interviewed, 41% of infections were autochthonous (acquired in Israel), 44% travel-related and 15% imported by foreign workers. Autochthonous patients were mainly females (62.5%), more than half of them pregnant, 26% recalled consuming food or water in areas with poor sanitation, 44% ate non-kosher meat. Fulminant hepatitis developed in 3 patients (5%), all of them were females, two of them with post-partum infection, all acquired the disease in Israel (autochthonous). Israeli travelers with imported infection were predominantly males (73%), acquired the disease in the Indian subcontinent (81%), with 100% reporting having consumed fresh vegetables and drinks with ice cubes abroad. Six patients’ sera were tested for genotype and revealed HEV genotype 1 (all cases acquired in the Indian subcontinent).CONCLUSION: This is the first report which highlights the existence of hepatitis E as an autochthonous infection in Israel. Imported HEV originates mostly from the Indian subcontinent.
基金supported by fellowships of the Ministry of Universities of the Spanish Government(María Zambrano/Next Generation EU)the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology(FCT,PTDC/BAA-AGR/28866/2017)to GF.
文摘Weaverbirds are a speciose group of colorful passerines inhabiting the Old World Tropics.Nevertheless,the Oriental weaverbirds(Ploceus spp.),widespread across southern Asia,are much less diverse and restricted to a few ecological niches compared to their African counterpart.To investigate their phylogeography,we retrieved 101 samples of Baya Weaver(P.philippinus),Streaked Weaver(P.manyar),Black-Throated Weaver(P.benghalensis)and Asian Golden Weaver(P.hypoxanthus)along with GenBank sequences of Finn's Weaver(P.megarhynchus).We reconstructed the first molecular phylogeny based on a dataset consisting of both mitochondrial and nuclear genes,dating the most recent common ancestor of Oriental Ploceus to~11 mya.Subsequent speciation appears to have been a combination of divergence within the Indian subcontinent and dispersal across a barrier situated between the Indian subcontinent and the Indochinese region,which provided habitats with a varying degree of isolations and ultimately promoted divergences in allopatry.Two descendants of the earliest nodes,P.megarhynchus and P.hypoxanthus,are both rare and local,often found near large river systems,which perhaps reflects niche conservatism and a lack of adaptive potential.The three smaller species are all widespread,common and less habitat specific.The most recent divergence,between western and eastern P.philippinus populations,is supported by both phylogenetic and morphological evidence,pointing toward limited gene flow between them.However,a zone of intergradation may exist in Myanmar and Brahmaputra flood plains,thus preventing a recommendation for species level recognition without further study.
文摘Recently two slender and medium to large sized titanosaur taxa like Pakisaurus balochistani and Isisaurus colberti of pakisaurids Poripuch along with small sized stocky Saraikimasoom and medium sized stocky Gspsaurus of gspsaurids Poripuch have been recognized from Indo-Pakistan subcontinent. The diagnosis and description of Pakisaurus balochistani and some missing elements of Isisaurus colberti discovered from Pakistan are added here for understanding of possible fuller anatomy of slender titanosaurs. Further so far no any research information regarding the comparison of titanosaurs of India and Pakistan is available. Here present research provides the comparison between titanosaurs recognized from Pakistan and India.
文摘Induszalim bala is the first diagnostic mesoeucrocodile from Indo-Pakistan subcontinent having rostrum articulated with dentary symphysis and associated vertebrae and limb bones and provides facility for comparison with other mesoeucrocodiles. Induszalim is a medium to large sized mesoeucrocodile found in the latest Maastrichtian Vitakri Lameta Formation of Fort Munro Group just below Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary line. Induszalim has sufficient skeletal elements and can be used for phylogenetic studies. Induszalim shows Gondwanan paleobiogeographic affinity with some endemic elements.
文摘First Published:2020 ISBN:9781421438740 Published by John Hopkins Press https://www.press.jhu.edu“The geological imagination of India,its landscapes,people,past and destiny,drive the narrative of this book”,Pratik Chakrabarti writes in his introduction to Inscriptions of Nature.His ambitious work examines the development of the natural and anthropological sciences on the Indian subcontinent since the early 19th century,and the shaping of knowledge about Indian nature through the exploration of its deep past:an exploration that dug not only into the depths of the earth,but also into ancient history,texts,myths,legends,folklore and the genealogies of local populations.This in-depth study not only combines the history of geology,paleontology,anthropology and ethnography,it also finely analyzes the interactions between the theoretical framework of scientific knowledge imported from Europe and local history,mythologies and indigenous beliefs.
基金supported by the Key Research Project of Frontier Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences (QYZDY-SSW-DQC030)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41476034)
文摘The nature and evolution of the lithospheric mantle underlying Northeast(NE)China were investigated by assessing the mineral chemistry,water contents,and noble gas(He-Ar)isotopes of peridotite xenoliths captured by Cenozoic basalts from the Changbaishan and Longgang regions.The xenoliths,which have863–1141℃ equilibration temperatures,primarily comprise spinel lherzolites and rare spinel harzburgites.The Mg#(Fo)values of olivine in the peridotite xenoliths vary from 86.9 to 91.3.The clinopyroxenes have high Ti/Eu and low(La/Yb)N,and their chondrite-normalized rare earth elements(REEs)exhibit light REE-depletion to-enrichment patterns,indicating that the mantle underneath the investigated region was predominantly subjected to partial melting(1%–10%)and was metasomatized by silicate melts.The measured3He/4He ratios of the Changbaishan xenoliths have a narrow range from 5.8 Ra to 8.4 Ra with an average of 7.4 Ra.The3He/4He isotopic ratios of the Longgang xenoliths varied from 4.7 Ra to8.1 Ra with an average of 5.9 Ra;slightly lower than the Changbaishan xenoliths.The whole-rock H2Ocontents of the studied peridotite ranged from 9 to 132 ppm.The high H2O contents in excess of50 ppm(up to 132 ppm)might represent newly accreted and cooled asthenospheric materials,while those with H2O contents lower than 50 ppm(as little as 9 ppm)may represent thinned,relic,ancient lithospheric mantle.These geochemical evidences,in combination with published data,indicated that the lithospheric mantle beneath the Changbaishan and Longgang in NE China is dominated by the younger and more fertile lithospheric mantle with a minor ancient and refractory keel.In addition,the lithospheric mantle of this area was metasomatized by melts related to the recent subduction event(e.g.,Pacific oceanic plate).Therefore,the westward-dipping Pacific oceanic plate subduction had an important contribution to the transformation of the lithospheric mantle beneath NE China.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program(Grant Nos.2016YFC0600103 and 2016YFC0600109)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41702042)。
文摘Lode gold deposits are among the most economically important types of gold deposits in the world.Globally,they formed mainly in three time intervals,2.8 to 2.5 Ga,2.1 to 1.8 Ga,and 700 Ma to the present.Sources of ore-forming fluids and other components are of critical importance in a better understanding of the genesis and the geodynamic controls of these deposits.Although ore-forming fluids were mostly derived from devolatization of sedimentary and/or volcanic sequences during greenschist to amphibolite facies metamorphism associated with orogenic deformation,magmatic hydrothermal fluids have been increasingly shown to be important in many gold deposits in various regions.In this review paper,we summarize the major features of lode gold deposits,possible sources of ore-forming fluids,and mechanisms of gold mineralization.While we acknowledge the critical role of metamorphically derived fluids in the genesis of such deposits worldwide,we emphasize that mantle-or basaltic magma-derived fluids may have been much more important than commonly thought.We use the Liaodong peninsula of the North China Craton as an example to demonstrate the significance of mantle-derived fluids.Integrating earlier studies and new data,we show that some of the late Mesozoic lode gold deposits in the North China Craton may have formed from magmatic hydrothermal fluids due to the extension and partial melting of the hydrated,metasomatized subcontinental lithosphere mantle,as best exemplified by the Wulong gold deposit.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)(XDA20070203,XDB26000000,XDB310403,XDA20070301)the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition Program,the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41872006)Youth Innovation Promotion Association,CAS(2017103,2017439)
文摘The northward drift of the Indian Plate and its collision with Eurasia have profoundly impacted the evolutionary history of the terrestrial organisms,especially the ones along the Indian Ocean rim.Climbing perches(Anabantidae)are primary freshwater fishes showing a disjunct south Asian-African distribution,but with an elusive paleobiogeographic history due to the lack of fossil evidence.Here,based on an updated time-calibrated anabantiform phylogeny integrating a number of relevant fossils,the divergence between Asian and African climbing perches is estimated to have occurred in the middle Eocene(ca.40 Ma,Ma:million years ago),a time when India had already joined with Eurasia.The key fossil lineage is?Eoanabas,the oldest anabantid known so far,from the upper Oligocene of the Tibetan Plateau.Ancestral range reconstructions suggest a Southeast Asian origin in the early Eocene(ca.48 Ma)and subsequent dispersals to Xizang and then India for this group.Thereby we propose their westbound dispersal to Africa via the biotic bridge between India and Africa.If so,climbing perch precursors had probably followed the paleobiogeographical route of snakehead fishes,which have a slightly older divergence between African and Asian taxa.As such,our study echoes some recent molecular analyses in rejecting the previously held‘‘Gondwana continental drift vicariance"or late Mesozoic dispersal scenarios for the climbing perches,but provides a unique biogeographical model to highlight the role of the preuplift Xizang and the docked India in shaping the disjunct distribution of some air-breathing freshwater fishes around the Indian Ocean.
基金This work was supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant Nos.XDA20070203,XDA19050100&XDB26030300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41472025&41625005).
文摘Mammals are the most important elements in Cenozoic terrestrial ecosystem. The composition and the character of a mammalian fauna are controlled by evolution time and evolutionary rate. Here we took 50 Asian Paleogene mammalian faunas as representatives and applied Bayesian Tip-dating method to infer the relationships and divergence times among these faunas.Based on the results of Bayesian Tip-dating analyses, we discussed the correlation between the paleogeographic changes and the mammalian fauna turn-overs. Compared with the traditional fauna correlation and sorting, Bayesian Tip-dating analyses revealed more detailed similarities reflected via the divergence times among the 50 faunas. We discovered that the early Eocene mammalian fauna, which firstly appeared in India subcontinent, is similar to the faunas of the same age in other parts of Asia. It is likely that a passage for the mammalian dispersal was formed before early Eocene. Bayesian inferring suggests that the first appearance of the dispersal passage is during 64.8–61.3 Ma. This time window is close to the time estimation for the initial time of India-Asia collision. During 57.1–47.2 Ma, India subcontinent probably had a habitat different from the main part of Asia, as it was reflected from the composition of the mammalian faunas. It is probably correlated with the uplifted Gangdese Mountain and shallow seas and lowlands on both sides of the collision region. The very remote divergence time(64.8 Ma) estimated by Bayesian inferring reflects the mammalian fauna turnover during the Eocene-Oligocene transition, obviously affected by the global cooling. Till the end of Oligocene, the Arabic Peninsula and Asian mainland remained separated and the mammalian faunas did not show clear connection.
文摘Background:Visceral leishmaniasis,commonly known as kala-azar in India,is a global public health problem.In Southeast Asia,Bangladesh,Bhutan,India,Nepal,Sri Lanka and Thailand are endemic for visceral leishmaniasis.The role of sandflies as the vector of kala-azar was first confirmed in 1942 in India.Insecticide resistance in Phlebotomus argentipes Annandale and Brunetti,the vector of kala-azar in the Indian subcontinent,was first reported in 1987 in Bihar,India.This article provides a scoping review of the studies undertaken from 1959 to 2015 on insecticide resistance in P.argentipes and P.papatasi(Scopoli),the vectors of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis respectively,in Southeast Asia,mainly in Bangladesh,India,Nepal and Sri Lanka.Results:Studies undertaken in areas of Bihar and West Bengal in India where kala-azar is endemic have reported resistance of P.argentipes to DDT,while in non-endemic areas it has been reported to be susceptible.In areas of Nepal bordering India,there are indications of resistance to DDT;biochemical resistance has been reported in Sri Lanka.No laboratory studies have been undertaken in Bangladesh;however,the sandfly vector is reported to be still susceptible to pyrethroids in all kala-azar endemic areas in the aforementioned countries.Conclusions:Studies are needed to determine the resistance of sandfly vectors to all available classes of potential insecticides in kala-azar endemic areas.There is a need to assess the impact of indoor residual spraying with DDT and pyrethroids on the incidence of kala-azar in India where 54 districts remain endemic for the disease,strengthen entomological surveillance capacity,and develop and implement an insecticide management plan.Alpha-cypermethrin indoor residual spraying has been introduced in 33 kala-azar endemic districts in Bihar State of India in a pilot trial;the outcomes should be used to inform decisions on expanding coverage with alpha-cypermethrin in all remaining endemic districts to achieve the revised goal of elimination of visceral leishmaniasis by 2020.
