As the ITER （international thermonuclear experiment reactor ） project is being carried out further, original parties （ EU, JA, RF ） of ITER had accomplished their ITER TBM （ test blanket module ） design in 2001....As the ITER （international thermonuclear experiment reactor ） project is being carried out further, original parties （ EU, JA, RF ） of ITER had accomplished their ITER TBM （ test blanket module ） design in 2001. China joined the negotiation of 1TER project and planed to develop own TBM modules in 2003. A preliminary design description document （ DDD ） for the CH HCSB （ chinese helium-cooled solid breeder ） TBM module design had been completed at SWIP in 2004. A modified structure design based on the 2004 version had been carried out subsequently. Main modification of structure design is that the sub-module design is adopted instead of the previous integrative module design. The modified design enforces the reliability and the flexibility of TBM module structure. The integral TBM module consists of 9 sub-modules. The thermo-hydraulic analysis for sub-module is very important, because the sub-module as a relative independent module has the most basic function of the test blanket module, such as depositing heat, producing tritium, etc.展开更多
Interactions among ecosystem services(ESs)are spatially heterogeneous,shaped by both stable(unidirectional)and unstable(context-dependent)influences of socio-economic development and climate change.These complexities ...Interactions among ecosystem services(ESs)are spatially heterogeneous,shaped by both stable(unidirectional)and unstable(context-dependent)influences of socio-economic development and climate change.These complexities pose significant challenges for spatially adaptive ecosystem management.Ecosystem service bundles(ESBs),as recurring combinations of ESs,offer a valuable framework to capture such interactions.Here,we proposed an integrated analytical framework that combines K-means clustering,the geographical detector(GD)model,and geographically and temporally weighted regression(GTWR)models to evaluate how socio-economic and climatic drivers influence ESBs across space and time.Using Hanshui River Basin(HRB)in central China as a case study,we quantified ES dynamics from 2000 to 2020,identified ESBs and stable and unstable effects of multiple drivers.The results showed that carbon sequestration(CS),water yield(WY),and aesthetic landscape(AL)increased by 32.80%,9.00%,and 7.34%,respectively,while soil retention(SR)and food supply(FS)declined by 8.38%and 5.36%.Five distinct ESBs were identified,namely ecologically fragile bundle(EFB),agricultural production bundle(APB),water supply bundle(WSB),forest ecological bundle(FEB),and ecological conservation bundle(ECB).Among these,FEB expanded to more than 35.75%of the HRB,and APB exhibited the sharpest decline(-28.64%).Land use intensity(LUI)was the primary driver of the spatial heterogeneity of ESBs,while synergistic and nonlinear interactions among multiple factors increasingly amplified their effects over time.Notably,annual precipitation(AP)emerged as the only stable basin-scale driver,consistently enhancing ES performance,while gross domestic product(GDP)and normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI)had stable yet spatially differentiated effects across bundles.Our findings highlight the significance of distinguishing stable/unstable driver effects on ES dynamics to inform regionally adaptive ecosystem governance.The proposed framework provides valuable insights into ES interactions,identify spatial priorities,and support policy interventions that balance ecological conservation with socio-economic development.展开更多
文摘As the ITER （international thermonuclear experiment reactor ） project is being carried out further, original parties （ EU, JA, RF ） of ITER had accomplished their ITER TBM （ test blanket module ） design in 2001. China joined the negotiation of 1TER project and planed to develop own TBM modules in 2003. A preliminary design description document （ DDD ） for the CH HCSB （ chinese helium-cooled solid breeder ） TBM module design had been completed at SWIP in 2004. A modified structure design based on the 2004 version had been carried out subsequently. Main modification of structure design is that the sub-module design is adopted instead of the previous integrative module design. The modified design enforces the reliability and the flexibility of TBM module structure. The integral TBM module consists of 9 sub-modules. The thermo-hydraulic analysis for sub-module is very important, because the sub-module as a relative independent module has the most basic function of the test blanket module, such as depositing heat, producing tritium, etc.
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42171414)。
文摘Interactions among ecosystem services(ESs)are spatially heterogeneous,shaped by both stable(unidirectional)and unstable(context-dependent)influences of socio-economic development and climate change.These complexities pose significant challenges for spatially adaptive ecosystem management.Ecosystem service bundles(ESBs),as recurring combinations of ESs,offer a valuable framework to capture such interactions.Here,we proposed an integrated analytical framework that combines K-means clustering,the geographical detector(GD)model,and geographically and temporally weighted regression(GTWR)models to evaluate how socio-economic and climatic drivers influence ESBs across space and time.Using Hanshui River Basin(HRB)in central China as a case study,we quantified ES dynamics from 2000 to 2020,identified ESBs and stable and unstable effects of multiple drivers.The results showed that carbon sequestration(CS),water yield(WY),and aesthetic landscape(AL)increased by 32.80%,9.00%,and 7.34%,respectively,while soil retention(SR)and food supply(FS)declined by 8.38%and 5.36%.Five distinct ESBs were identified,namely ecologically fragile bundle(EFB),agricultural production bundle(APB),water supply bundle(WSB),forest ecological bundle(FEB),and ecological conservation bundle(ECB).Among these,FEB expanded to more than 35.75%of the HRB,and APB exhibited the sharpest decline(-28.64%).Land use intensity(LUI)was the primary driver of the spatial heterogeneity of ESBs,while synergistic and nonlinear interactions among multiple factors increasingly amplified their effects over time.Notably,annual precipitation(AP)emerged as the only stable basin-scale driver,consistently enhancing ES performance,while gross domestic product(GDP)and normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI)had stable yet spatially differentiated effects across bundles.Our findings highlight the significance of distinguishing stable/unstable driver effects on ES dynamics to inform regionally adaptive ecosystem governance.The proposed framework provides valuable insights into ES interactions,identify spatial priorities,and support policy interventions that balance ecological conservation with socio-economic development.
