A closed-loop subspace identification method is proposed for industrial systems subject to noisy input-output observations, known as the error-in-variables (EIV) problem. Using the orthogonal projection approach to el...A closed-loop subspace identification method is proposed for industrial systems subject to noisy input-output observations, known as the error-in-variables (EIV) problem. Using the orthogonal projection approach to eliminate the noise influence, consistent estimation is guaranteed for the deterministic part of such a system. A strict proof is given for analyzing the rank condition for such orthogonal projection, in order to use the principal component analysis (PCA) based singular value decomposition (SVD) to derive the extended observability matrix and lower triangular Toeliptz matrix of the plant state-space model. In the result, the plant state matrices can be retrieved in a transparent manner from the above matrices. An illustrative example is shown to demonstrate the effectiveness and merits of the proposed subspace identification method.展开更多
This paper presents a subspace identification method for closed-loop systems with unknown deterministic disturbances.To deal with the unknown deterministic disturbances,two strategies are implemented to construct the ...This paper presents a subspace identification method for closed-loop systems with unknown deterministic disturbances.To deal with the unknown deterministic disturbances,two strategies are implemented to construct the row space that can be used to approximately represent the unknown deterministic disturbances using the trigonometric functions or Bernstein polynomials depending on whether the disturbance frequencies are known.For closed-loop identification,CCF-N4SID is extended to the case with unknown deterministic disturbances using the oblique projection.In addition,a proper Bernstein polynomial order can be determined using the Akaike information criterion(AIC)or the Bayesian information criterion(BIC).Numerical simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed identification method for both periodic and aperiodic deterministic disturbances.展开更多
Prosthetic devices designed to assist individuals with damaged or missing body parts have made significant strides,particularly with advancements in machine intelligence and bioengineering.Initially focused on movemen...Prosthetic devices designed to assist individuals with damaged or missing body parts have made significant strides,particularly with advancements in machine intelligence and bioengineering.Initially focused on movement assistance,the field has shifted towards developing prosthetics that function as seamless extensions of the human body.During this progress,a key challenge remains the reduction of interface artifacts between prosthetic components and biological tissues.Soft electronics offer a promising solution due to their structural flexibility and enhanced tissue adaptability.However,achieving full integration of prosthetics with the human body requires both artificial perception and efficient transmission of physical signals.In this context,synaptic devices have garnered attention as next-generation neuromorphic computing elements because of their low power consumption,ability to enable hardware-based learning,and high compatibility with sensing units.These devices have the potential to create artificial pathways for sensory recognition and motor responses,forming a“sensory-neuromorphic system”that emulates synaptic junctions in biological neurons,thereby connecting with impaired biological tissues.Here,we discuss recent developments in prosthetic components and neuromorphic applications with a focus on sensory perception and sensorimotor actuation.Initially,we explore a prosthetic system with advanced sensory units,mechanical softness,and artificial intelligence,followed by the hardware implementation of memory devices that combine calculation and learning functions.We then highlight the importance and mechanisms of soft-form synaptic devices that are compatible with sensing units.Furthermore,we review an artificial sensory-neuromorphic perception system that replicates various biological senses and facilitates sensorimotor loops from sensory receptors,the spinal cord,and motor neurons.Finally,we propose insights into the future of closed-loop neuroprosthetics through the technical integration of soft electronics,including bio-integrated sensors and synaptic devices,into prosthetic systems.展开更多
Rotary steering systems(RSSs)have been increasingly used to develop horizontal wells.A static push-the-bit RSS uses three hydraulic modules with varying degrees of expansion and contraction to achieve changes in the p...Rotary steering systems(RSSs)have been increasingly used to develop horizontal wells.A static push-the-bit RSS uses three hydraulic modules with varying degrees of expansion and contraction to achieve changes in the pushing force acting on the wellbore in different sizes and directions within a circular range,ultimately allowing the wellbore trajectory to be drilled in a predetermined direction.By analyzing its mathematical principles and the actual characteristics of the instrument,a vector force closed-loop control method,including steering and holding modes,was designed.The adjustment criteria for the three hydraulic modules are determined to achieve rapid adjustment of the vector force.The theoretical feasibility of the developed method was verified by comparing its results with the on-site application data of an imported rotary guidance system.展开更多
Correction to:Nano-Micro Letters(2025)17:123 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01654-y Following publication of the original article[1],the authors reported that Dr.Mohamed Bououdina’s affiliation needed to be corre...Correction to:Nano-Micro Letters(2025)17:123 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01654-y Following publication of the original article[1],the authors reported that Dr.Mohamed Bououdina’s affiliation needed to be corrected from 1 to 2.The correct author affiliation has been provided in this Correction and the original article[1]has been corrected.展开更多
Conventional open-loop deep brain stimulation(DBS)systems with fixed parameters fail to accommodate interindividual pathological differences in Parkinson's disease(PD)management while potentially inducing adverse ...Conventional open-loop deep brain stimulation(DBS)systems with fixed parameters fail to accommodate interindividual pathological differences in Parkinson's disease(PD)management while potentially inducing adverse effects and causing excessive energy consumption.In this paper,we present an adaptive closed-loop framework integrating a Yogi-optimized proportional–integral–derivative neural network(Yogi-PIDNN)controller.The Yogi-augmented gradient adaptation mechanism accelerates the convergence of general PIDNN controllers in high-dimensional nonlinear control systems while reducing control energy usage.In addition,a system identification method establishes input–output dynamics for pre-training stimulation waveforms,bypassing real-time parameter-tuning constraints and thereby enhancing closed-loop adaptability.Finally,a theoretical analysis based on Lyapunov stability criteria establishes a sufficient condition for closed-loop stability within the identified model.Computational validations demonstrate that our approach restores thalamic relay reliability while reducing energy consumption by(81.0±0.7)%across multi-frequency tests.This study advances adaptive neuromodulation by synergizing data-driven pre-training with stability-guaranteed real-time control,offering a novel framework for energy-efficient and personalized Parkinson's therapy.展开更多
This paper proposes a separated trajectory tracking controller for fishing ships at sea state level 6 to solve the trajectory tracking problem of a fishing ship in a 6-level sea state,and to adapt to different working...This paper proposes a separated trajectory tracking controller for fishing ships at sea state level 6 to solve the trajectory tracking problem of a fishing ship in a 6-level sea state,and to adapt to different working environments and safety requirements.The nonlinear feedback method is used to improve the closed-loop gain shaping algorithm.By introducing the sine function,the problem of excessive control energy of the system can be effectively solved.Moreover,an integral separation design is used to solve the influence of the integral term in conventional PID controllers on the transient performance of the system.In this paper,a common 32.98 m large fiberglass reinforced plastic(FRP)trawler is adopted for simulation research at the winds scale of Beaufort No.7.The results show that the track error is smaller than 3.5 m.The method is safe,feasible,concise and effective and has popularization value in the direction of fishing ship trajectory tracking control.This method can be used to improve the level of informatization and intelligence of fishing ships.展开更多
Rare-earth based frustrated magnets have attracted great attention as excellent candidates for magnetic refrigeration at sub-Kelvin temperatures,while the experimental identification of systems exhibiting both large v...Rare-earth based frustrated magnets have attracted great attention as excellent candidates for magnetic refrigeration at sub-Kelvin temperatures,while the experimental identification of systems exhibiting both large volumetric cooling capacity and reduced working temperatures far below 1K remains a challenge.Here,through ultra-low temperature magnetism and thermodynamic characterizations,we unveil the large magnetocaloric effect(MCE)realized at sub-Kelvin temperatures in the frustrated Kagome antiferromagnet Gd_(3)BWO_(9) with T_(N)∼1.0 K.The isothermal magnetization curves indicate the existence of field(B)induced anisotropic magnetic phase diagrams,where four distinct magnetic phases for B‖c-axis and five magnetic phases for B‖ab-plane are identified at T<T_(N).The analysis of magnetic entropy S(B,T)data and direct adiabatic demagnetization tests reveal remarkable cooling performance at sub-Kelvin temperatures featured by a large volumetric entropy density of 502.2 mJ/K/cm^(3)and a low attainable minimal temperature T_(min)∼168mK from the initial cooling condition of 2K and 6 T,surpassing most Gd-based refrigerants previously documented in temperature ranges of 0.25–4 K.The realized T_(min)∼168mK far below T_(N)∼1.0K in Gd_(3)BWO_(9) is related to the combined effects of magnetic frustration and criticality-enhanced MCE,which together leave substantial magnetic entropy at reduced temperatures by enhancing spin fluctuations.展开更多
High-performance, large-area optical gratings for applications like chirped pulse amplification, gravitational wave astronomy, and X-ray optics require sub-nanometer line placement control over several cm^(2). Electro...High-performance, large-area optical gratings for applications like chirped pulse amplification, gravitational wave astronomy, and X-ray optics require sub-nanometer line placement control over several cm^(2). Electron beam lithography with a variable shaped beam(VSB) is well suited but limited by tool-dependent address grid discretization. We adapted address grid interpolation to the VSB method, reducing the effective placement grid to 25 pm, as confirmed by stray light measurements.展开更多
Introduction: Family planning is one of the pillars of the Safe Motherhood Initiative which is aimed at reducing unwanted pregnancy and maternal death. Objective: To evaluate the uptake, efficacy, and safety profile o...Introduction: Family planning is one of the pillars of the Safe Motherhood Initiative which is aimed at reducing unwanted pregnancy and maternal death. Objective: To evaluate the uptake, efficacy, and safety profile of 68 mg etonogestrel subdermal implant in Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki (AEFUTHA), Ebonyi State. Materials and Methods: A 5-year retrospective descriptive analysis was carried out on 68 mg etonogestrel subdermal implant uptake among family planning attendees in AEFUTHA. The medical records of the clients that had 68 mg etonogestrel subdermal implant insertion were studied. Socio-demographic characteristics, side effects, discontinuation, and reasons for discontinuation were extracted and analyzed. Analysis was done with SPSS version 20. Data obtained were represented using frequency tables and pie chart. Results: During the study period, 2538 women accepted various methods of contraception, 14.3% (364) of the women used Implanon. The mean age of 68 mg etonogestrel subdermal implant users was 30.7 ± 13.4 years with a range of 20 - 44. Multiparous clients constituted 54.5%. The majority (55.2%) had secondary education as their highest level of education. Less than 20% of the acceptors had side effects, the commonest 24 (42.9%) being prolonged menstrual flow and followed by irregular menstrual flow 18 (32.1%). Discontinuation rate was 17.9%;desire to conceive. 40 (61.5%) was the commonest reason for discontinuation. Only one (0.3%) acceptor reported serious itching at the site of insertion. None of the women reported pregnancy during the period of use (Pearl Index = 0). Conclusion: The acceptance rate of 68 mg etonogestrel subdermal implant among the women is low, however, it is found be effective with good continuation rate in the center. Efforts should be made to increase its uptake so as to prevent unwanted pregnancy and associated sequelae.展开更多
Background: Unsafe abortion (USA) is defined as the termination of a non-desired pregnancy, performed by an unqualified person or in an environment without minimum medical standards, or both. It can impact negatively ...Background: Unsafe abortion (USA) is defined as the termination of a non-desired pregnancy, performed by an unqualified person or in an environment without minimum medical standards, or both. It can impact negatively the fertility in the future by tubo-peritoneal lesions. The current study aimed to highlight the infertility factors associated with USA. Material and Methods: From January 1st 2000 to December 31st 2021, a total of 3876 patients that sought care for infertility in the University Clinic of Kinshasa and the Edith Medical Center were enrolled. The socio-demographic, clinical and paraclinical variables were recorded and analyzed in relation to USA history. Results: The patients’ average age was 33.4 ± 5.7 years. Half of them were housewives;about sixty percent of the patients were nulliparous (59.31%). Seventy percent had a secondary infertility with 43.33% having a history of unsafe abortion. The main diagnosis was genital infections and uterus myoma. The chronic endometritis, bilateral tubal occlusion and Uterine synechiae were more associated with USA group. The spermogram anomalies and other partners’ lesions seemed of infectious origin. Conclusion: The USA remains a more frequent phenomenon in our setting. The chronic endometritis, bilateral tubal occlusion, uterine synechiae and indirectly uterus myoma were the infertility factors related to USA. The genital infection of any origin seems to be the main denominator underlying the female and the male infertility in our setting.展开更多
基金Supported in part by Chinese Recruitment Program of Global Young Expert,Alexander von Humboldt Research Fellowship of Germany,the Foundamental Research Funds for the Central Universitiesthe National Natural Science Foundation of China (61074020)
文摘A closed-loop subspace identification method is proposed for industrial systems subject to noisy input-output observations, known as the error-in-variables (EIV) problem. Using the orthogonal projection approach to eliminate the noise influence, consistent estimation is guaranteed for the deterministic part of such a system. A strict proof is given for analyzing the rank condition for such orthogonal projection, in order to use the principal component analysis (PCA) based singular value decomposition (SVD) to derive the extended observability matrix and lower triangular Toeliptz matrix of the plant state-space model. In the result, the plant state matrices can be retrieved in a transparent manner from the above matrices. An illustrative example is shown to demonstrate the effectiveness and merits of the proposed subspace identification method.
基金partially supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China(2019YFC1510902)National Natural Science Foundation of China(62073104)+1 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province(LH2022F024)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2022M710965)。
文摘This paper presents a subspace identification method for closed-loop systems with unknown deterministic disturbances.To deal with the unknown deterministic disturbances,two strategies are implemented to construct the row space that can be used to approximately represent the unknown deterministic disturbances using the trigonometric functions or Bernstein polynomials depending on whether the disturbance frequencies are known.For closed-loop identification,CCF-N4SID is extended to the case with unknown deterministic disturbances using the oblique projection.In addition,a proper Bernstein polynomial order can be determined using the Akaike information criterion(AIC)or the Bayesian information criterion(BIC).Numerical simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed identification method for both periodic and aperiodic deterministic disturbances.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korean government(MSIT)(No.2020R1C1C1005567)supported by the NAVER Digital Bio Innovation Research Fund,funded by NAVER Corporation(Grant No.[37-2023-0040])+3 种基金supported by Institute of Information&communications Technology Planning&Evaluation(IITP)grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT)(No.2020-0-00261,Development of low power/low delay/self-power suppliable RF simultaneous information and power transfer system and stretchable electronic epineurium for wireless nerve bypass implementation)supported by Institute for Basic Science(IBS-R015-D1,IBSR015-D2)supported by a grant of the Korea-US Collaborative Research Fund(KUCRF)funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT and Ministry of Health&Welfare,Republic of Korea(Grant Number.RS-2024-00467213)。
文摘Prosthetic devices designed to assist individuals with damaged or missing body parts have made significant strides,particularly with advancements in machine intelligence and bioengineering.Initially focused on movement assistance,the field has shifted towards developing prosthetics that function as seamless extensions of the human body.During this progress,a key challenge remains the reduction of interface artifacts between prosthetic components and biological tissues.Soft electronics offer a promising solution due to their structural flexibility and enhanced tissue adaptability.However,achieving full integration of prosthetics with the human body requires both artificial perception and efficient transmission of physical signals.In this context,synaptic devices have garnered attention as next-generation neuromorphic computing elements because of their low power consumption,ability to enable hardware-based learning,and high compatibility with sensing units.These devices have the potential to create artificial pathways for sensory recognition and motor responses,forming a“sensory-neuromorphic system”that emulates synaptic junctions in biological neurons,thereby connecting with impaired biological tissues.Here,we discuss recent developments in prosthetic components and neuromorphic applications with a focus on sensory perception and sensorimotor actuation.Initially,we explore a prosthetic system with advanced sensory units,mechanical softness,and artificial intelligence,followed by the hardware implementation of memory devices that combine calculation and learning functions.We then highlight the importance and mechanisms of soft-form synaptic devices that are compatible with sensing units.Furthermore,we review an artificial sensory-neuromorphic perception system that replicates various biological senses and facilitates sensorimotor loops from sensory receptors,the spinal cord,and motor neurons.Finally,we propose insights into the future of closed-loop neuroprosthetics through the technical integration of soft electronics,including bio-integrated sensors and synaptic devices,into prosthetic systems.
基金supported by the Opening Foundation of China National Logging Corporation(CNLC20229C06)the China Petroleum Technical Service Corporation's science project'Development and application of 475 rotary steering system'(2024T-001001)。
文摘Rotary steering systems(RSSs)have been increasingly used to develop horizontal wells.A static push-the-bit RSS uses three hydraulic modules with varying degrees of expansion and contraction to achieve changes in the pushing force acting on the wellbore in different sizes and directions within a circular range,ultimately allowing the wellbore trajectory to be drilled in a predetermined direction.By analyzing its mathematical principles and the actual characteristics of the instrument,a vector force closed-loop control method,including steering and holding modes,was designed.The adjustment criteria for the three hydraulic modules are determined to achieve rapid adjustment of the vector force.The theoretical feasibility of the developed method was verified by comparing its results with the on-site application data of an imported rotary guidance system.
文摘Correction to:Nano-Micro Letters(2025)17:123 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01654-y Following publication of the original article[1],the authors reported that Dr.Mohamed Bououdina’s affiliation needed to be corrected from 1 to 2.The correct author affiliation has been provided in this Correction and the original article[1]has been corrected.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12372064 and 12172291)the Youth and Middle-Aged Science and Technology Development Program of Shanghai Institute of Technology(Grant No.ZQ2024-10)。
文摘Conventional open-loop deep brain stimulation(DBS)systems with fixed parameters fail to accommodate interindividual pathological differences in Parkinson's disease(PD)management while potentially inducing adverse effects and causing excessive energy consumption.In this paper,we present an adaptive closed-loop framework integrating a Yogi-optimized proportional–integral–derivative neural network(Yogi-PIDNN)controller.The Yogi-augmented gradient adaptation mechanism accelerates the convergence of general PIDNN controllers in high-dimensional nonlinear control systems while reducing control energy usage.In addition,a system identification method establishes input–output dynamics for pre-training stimulation waveforms,bypassing real-time parameter-tuning constraints and thereby enhancing closed-loop adaptability.Finally,a theoretical analysis based on Lyapunov stability criteria establishes a sufficient condition for closed-loop stability within the identified model.Computational validations demonstrate that our approach restores thalamic relay reliability while reducing energy consumption by(81.0±0.7)%across multi-frequency tests.This study advances adaptive neuromodulation by synergizing data-driven pre-training with stability-guaranteed real-time control,offering a novel framework for energy-efficient and personalized Parkinson's therapy.
基金supported by Liaoning Provincial Department of Education 2023 Basic Research Projects for Universities and Colleges(Grant No.JYTQN2023131)Liaoning Provincial Science and Technology Program:Cooperative Control and Recognition of Unmanned Vessels for Fishing Vessel Operation Scenarios(Grant No.600024003)Liaoning Provincial Department of Education Scientific Research Funding Project(Grant No.LJKZ0726).
文摘This paper proposes a separated trajectory tracking controller for fishing ships at sea state level 6 to solve the trajectory tracking problem of a fishing ship in a 6-level sea state,and to adapt to different working environments and safety requirements.The nonlinear feedback method is used to improve the closed-loop gain shaping algorithm.By introducing the sine function,the problem of excessive control energy of the system can be effectively solved.Moreover,an integral separation design is used to solve the influence of the integral term in conventional PID controllers on the transient performance of the system.In this paper,a common 32.98 m large fiberglass reinforced plastic(FRP)trawler is adopted for simulation research at the winds scale of Beaufort No.7.The results show that the track error is smaller than 3.5 m.The method is safe,feasible,concise and effective and has popularization value in the direction of fishing ship trajectory tracking control.This method can be used to improve the level of informatization and intelligence of fishing ships.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program(Grant Nos.2024YFA1611200 and 2023YFA1406500)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12141002 and 52088101)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDB1270000)。
文摘Rare-earth based frustrated magnets have attracted great attention as excellent candidates for magnetic refrigeration at sub-Kelvin temperatures,while the experimental identification of systems exhibiting both large volumetric cooling capacity and reduced working temperatures far below 1K remains a challenge.Here,through ultra-low temperature magnetism and thermodynamic characterizations,we unveil the large magnetocaloric effect(MCE)realized at sub-Kelvin temperatures in the frustrated Kagome antiferromagnet Gd_(3)BWO_(9) with T_(N)∼1.0 K.The isothermal magnetization curves indicate the existence of field(B)induced anisotropic magnetic phase diagrams,where four distinct magnetic phases for B‖c-axis and five magnetic phases for B‖ab-plane are identified at T<T_(N).The analysis of magnetic entropy S(B,T)data and direct adiabatic demagnetization tests reveal remarkable cooling performance at sub-Kelvin temperatures featured by a large volumetric entropy density of 502.2 mJ/K/cm^(3)and a low attainable minimal temperature T_(min)∼168mK from the initial cooling condition of 2K and 6 T,surpassing most Gd-based refrigerants previously documented in temperature ranges of 0.25–4 K.The realized T_(min)∼168mK far below T_(N)∼1.0K in Gd_(3)BWO_(9) is related to the combined effects of magnetic frustration and criticality-enhanced MCE,which together leave substantial magnetic entropy at reduced temperatures by enhancing spin fluctuations.
基金Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung(03Z1H534, 13N16028)Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft(448663633, 455425131)。
文摘High-performance, large-area optical gratings for applications like chirped pulse amplification, gravitational wave astronomy, and X-ray optics require sub-nanometer line placement control over several cm^(2). Electron beam lithography with a variable shaped beam(VSB) is well suited but limited by tool-dependent address grid discretization. We adapted address grid interpolation to the VSB method, reducing the effective placement grid to 25 pm, as confirmed by stray light measurements.
文摘Introduction: Family planning is one of the pillars of the Safe Motherhood Initiative which is aimed at reducing unwanted pregnancy and maternal death. Objective: To evaluate the uptake, efficacy, and safety profile of 68 mg etonogestrel subdermal implant in Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki (AEFUTHA), Ebonyi State. Materials and Methods: A 5-year retrospective descriptive analysis was carried out on 68 mg etonogestrel subdermal implant uptake among family planning attendees in AEFUTHA. The medical records of the clients that had 68 mg etonogestrel subdermal implant insertion were studied. Socio-demographic characteristics, side effects, discontinuation, and reasons for discontinuation were extracted and analyzed. Analysis was done with SPSS version 20. Data obtained were represented using frequency tables and pie chart. Results: During the study period, 2538 women accepted various methods of contraception, 14.3% (364) of the women used Implanon. The mean age of 68 mg etonogestrel subdermal implant users was 30.7 ± 13.4 years with a range of 20 - 44. Multiparous clients constituted 54.5%. The majority (55.2%) had secondary education as their highest level of education. Less than 20% of the acceptors had side effects, the commonest 24 (42.9%) being prolonged menstrual flow and followed by irregular menstrual flow 18 (32.1%). Discontinuation rate was 17.9%;desire to conceive. 40 (61.5%) was the commonest reason for discontinuation. Only one (0.3%) acceptor reported serious itching at the site of insertion. None of the women reported pregnancy during the period of use (Pearl Index = 0). Conclusion: The acceptance rate of 68 mg etonogestrel subdermal implant among the women is low, however, it is found be effective with good continuation rate in the center. Efforts should be made to increase its uptake so as to prevent unwanted pregnancy and associated sequelae.
文摘Background: Unsafe abortion (USA) is defined as the termination of a non-desired pregnancy, performed by an unqualified person or in an environment without minimum medical standards, or both. It can impact negatively the fertility in the future by tubo-peritoneal lesions. The current study aimed to highlight the infertility factors associated with USA. Material and Methods: From January 1st 2000 to December 31st 2021, a total of 3876 patients that sought care for infertility in the University Clinic of Kinshasa and the Edith Medical Center were enrolled. The socio-demographic, clinical and paraclinical variables were recorded and analyzed in relation to USA history. Results: The patients’ average age was 33.4 ± 5.7 years. Half of them were housewives;about sixty percent of the patients were nulliparous (59.31%). Seventy percent had a secondary infertility with 43.33% having a history of unsafe abortion. The main diagnosis was genital infections and uterus myoma. The chronic endometritis, bilateral tubal occlusion and Uterine synechiae were more associated with USA group. The spermogram anomalies and other partners’ lesions seemed of infectious origin. Conclusion: The USA remains a more frequent phenomenon in our setting. The chronic endometritis, bilateral tubal occlusion, uterine synechiae and indirectly uterus myoma were the infertility factors related to USA. The genital infection of any origin seems to be the main denominator underlying the female and the male infertility in our setting.
