The greatest risks to mammalian pregnancy occur during the peri-implantation period (passage through the uterotubal junction, blastulation, zona shedding, embryonic signaling and recognition, blastocyst attachment, po...The greatest risks to mammalian pregnancy occur during the peri-implantation period (passage through the uterotubal junction, blastulation, zona shedding, embryonic signaling and recognition, blastocyst attachment, postattachment events initiating placentation). Conventional markers and screening methods do not provide the means to clarify the relationship between exposure of a reproductively competent woman to a xenobiotic compound and the specific error in the functional expression of an embryogenetic process identified by impairment or deletion of that process. Laboratory models which provide the flexibility of in vitro culture methods and allow integration of cellular and molecular techniques have identified cell-specific, stage-specific markers that could focus on the mechanism of xenobiotic action. In vitro models have been used to define postattachment trophoblast cell differentiation. Trophoblast specific peptide hormones prove to be valid markers of established pregnancy. They provide no assessment of the risk to the embryo during the peri-implantation period. The relationship between developmental time of exposure and risk is discussed in terms of trophoblast differentiation.展开更多
Since its founding in 1993, the China Society for Human Rights Studies （CSHRS） has extensively participated inthe human rights work of the United Nations （UN） and has actively carried out international exchange an...Since its founding in 1993, the China Society for Human Rights Studies （CSHRS） has extensively participated inthe human rights work of the United Nations （UN） and has actively carried out international exchange and cooperation. In May 2012, the UN Human Rights Council （UNHRC） initiated the second round of country reviews on human rights.展开更多
Before the peaceful liberation of Tibet in 1951, there were only about 80 kinds of journals on Tibetan studies. After 1952, the Central Government gave special support to the preservation and promotion of ethnic langu...Before the peaceful liberation of Tibet in 1951, there were only about 80 kinds of journals on Tibetan studies. After 1952, the Central Government gave special support to the preservation and promotion of ethnic languages. Newspapers, magazines and publishing houses mushroomed in Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Yunnan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Tibet, Qinghai, Gansu, Yanbian and other places where ethnic groups where living in compact communities. In this situation, journals on Tibetan studies developed in two stages : First Stage: 1950-1980. During this period, all the newspapers and journals in China carried news on economic and social development in Tibet. However, at the provincial level the only newspapers were the Qinqhai Tibetan Paper, Tibet Daily (Tibetan and Chinese editions) and Qinghai Daily, and at the regional level, among the very few newspapers available were the Gannan News, Aba News and Garze News. Magazines published during the period were equally sparse. They included Qinghai Lake, Zamqar, Qinghai Ethnic institute News, Hanhaichao, Snow Lotus, Tibet Science and T6chnology, Tibet Literary and Art, Tibetan Medicine, Tibet Ethnic institute News and Chinese Yaks. Second stage: 1981-1998. This period witnessed dramatic economic and social development. In this encouraging situation, the number of newspapers increased to more than 180 kinds in the Tibetan areas. Tibetan studies expanded in scope, covering politics, history, literature, arts, agriculture, livestock breeding, education, medicine, folklore, tourism, archaeology, finance, science and technology, and geology. The following is a brief introduction to the magazines published after the peaceful liberation of Tibet in 1951.展开更多
The practice of evidence-based medicine （EBM） in recent years has spurred the increased study of the peri-operative period （POP） and has won acclaim. At present, surgeons fully recognize the importance of the POP ...The practice of evidence-based medicine （EBM） in recent years has spurred the increased study of the peri-operative period （POP） and has won acclaim. At present, surgeons fully recognize the importance of the POP and are enthusiastically immersing themselves actively into itsresearch.展开更多
In the initial period of transplanting Western economic theory, Chinese students studying abroad in the late Qing and Republican periods played a very important role in the formation and development of modern Chinese ...In the initial period of transplanting Western economic theory, Chinese students studying abroad in the late Qing and Republican periods played a very important role in the formation and development of modern Chinese economics. On the one hand, by applying modern economic theory to Chinese economic problems, they sought solutions to these problems and facilitated the Sinicization and localization of economics; on the other, they kept pace with the latest developments in economics and were bold innovators, with some entering the ranks of world famous economists.展开更多
Moving Into a Decision-Making Period Redefining gender relationships in terms of scientific research, and scientifically determining the influence women have on social decision-making forces is a new subject in women...Moving Into a Decision-Making Period Redefining gender relationships in terms of scientific research, and scientifically determining the influence women have on social decision-making forces is a new subject in women’s studies since the 1980s in China. Channels enabling women to participate in decision-making processes have grown significantly. Women’s studies organizations and specialists in the field directly participate in government decision-making processes. The promulgation展开更多
基金Support for these studies was provided by grants from the National Institutes of Health (HD-22785,HD-25189, HD-07495).
文摘The greatest risks to mammalian pregnancy occur during the peri-implantation period (passage through the uterotubal junction, blastulation, zona shedding, embryonic signaling and recognition, blastocyst attachment, postattachment events initiating placentation). Conventional markers and screening methods do not provide the means to clarify the relationship between exposure of a reproductively competent woman to a xenobiotic compound and the specific error in the functional expression of an embryogenetic process identified by impairment or deletion of that process. Laboratory models which provide the flexibility of in vitro culture methods and allow integration of cellular and molecular techniques have identified cell-specific, stage-specific markers that could focus on the mechanism of xenobiotic action. In vitro models have been used to define postattachment trophoblast cell differentiation. Trophoblast specific peptide hormones prove to be valid markers of established pregnancy. They provide no assessment of the risk to the embryo during the peri-implantation period. The relationship between developmental time of exposure and risk is discussed in terms of trophoblast differentiation.
文摘Since its founding in 1993, the China Society for Human Rights Studies （CSHRS） has extensively participated inthe human rights work of the United Nations （UN） and has actively carried out international exchange and cooperation. In May 2012, the UN Human Rights Council （UNHRC） initiated the second round of country reviews on human rights.
文摘Before the peaceful liberation of Tibet in 1951, there were only about 80 kinds of journals on Tibetan studies. After 1952, the Central Government gave special support to the preservation and promotion of ethnic languages. Newspapers, magazines and publishing houses mushroomed in Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Yunnan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Tibet, Qinghai, Gansu, Yanbian and other places where ethnic groups where living in compact communities. In this situation, journals on Tibetan studies developed in two stages : First Stage: 1950-1980. During this period, all the newspapers and journals in China carried news on economic and social development in Tibet. However, at the provincial level the only newspapers were the Qinqhai Tibetan Paper, Tibet Daily (Tibetan and Chinese editions) and Qinghai Daily, and at the regional level, among the very few newspapers available were the Gannan News, Aba News and Garze News. Magazines published during the period were equally sparse. They included Qinghai Lake, Zamqar, Qinghai Ethnic institute News, Hanhaichao, Snow Lotus, Tibet Science and T6chnology, Tibet Literary and Art, Tibetan Medicine, Tibet Ethnic institute News and Chinese Yaks. Second stage: 1981-1998. This period witnessed dramatic economic and social development. In this encouraging situation, the number of newspapers increased to more than 180 kinds in the Tibetan areas. Tibetan studies expanded in scope, covering politics, history, literature, arts, agriculture, livestock breeding, education, medicine, folklore, tourism, archaeology, finance, science and technology, and geology. The following is a brief introduction to the magazines published after the peaceful liberation of Tibet in 1951.
文摘The practice of evidence-based medicine （EBM） in recent years has spurred the increased study of the peri-operative period （POP） and has won acclaim. At present, surgeons fully recognize the importance of the POP and are enthusiastically immersing themselves actively into itsresearch.
文摘In the initial period of transplanting Western economic theory, Chinese students studying abroad in the late Qing and Republican periods played a very important role in the formation and development of modern Chinese economics. On the one hand, by applying modern economic theory to Chinese economic problems, they sought solutions to these problems and facilitated the Sinicization and localization of economics; on the other, they kept pace with the latest developments in economics and were bold innovators, with some entering the ranks of world famous economists.
文摘Moving Into a Decision-Making Period Redefining gender relationships in terms of scientific research, and scientifically determining the influence women have on social decision-making forces is a new subject in women’s studies since the 1980s in China. Channels enabling women to participate in decision-making processes have grown significantly. Women’s studies organizations and specialists in the field directly participate in government decision-making processes. The promulgation
