Plastome variation,including single spontaneous nucleotide substitutions and single insertions/deletions,is the major source of leaf variegation in plants.Additionally,one recent study has showed that a simple plastom...Plastome variation,including single spontaneous nucleotide substitutions and single insertions/deletions,is the major source of leaf variegation in plants.Additionally,one recent study has showed that a simple plastome structural variation,which is induced by one pair of small inverted repeats,can also result in leaf variegation.Here we show a complex plastome structural variation caused by intermolecular and intramolecular recombination across three pairs of small inverted repeats accounts for leaf variegation in a widely cultivated shrub Heptapleurum ellipticum(Araliaceae).This plastome structural variation contains two deletions and two duplications,resulting in dramatic expansion of IRs,substantial contraction of LSC and loss of 11 genes that essential for photosynthesis.Plastome heteroplasmy was detected in both green and albino sectors of variegated leaves.Relative to green sectors,albino sectors in the variegated leaves exhibit significantly reduced expression for the 11 genes lost in the mutated plastome as well as 26 other genes,but significantly increased expression for one gene related to translation apparatus.Optical and transmission electron microscopy observations showed that mesophyll cells of albino sectors possess plastids lacking grana lamellae,which likely carry the mutated plastome and contribute to albinism.In both sectors,the first layer of spongy mesophyll cells beneath the lower epidermis contains normal chloroplasts,suggesting periclinal division of the lower epidermis during development.Our study demonstrates that multiple small repeats can collectively mediate intra-and inter-molecular recombination in plastome and offers a new mechanism accounting for leaf variegation in plants.展开更多
Structural variations(SVs≥50 bp)are a critical but underexplored source of genetic diversity in cattle,shaping traits vital for productivity,adaptability,and health.Advances in long-read sequencing,pangenome graph co...Structural variations(SVs≥50 bp)are a critical but underexplored source of genetic diversity in cattle,shaping traits vital for productivity,adaptability,and health.Advances in long-read sequencing,pangenome graph construction,and near-complete genome assemblies now allow accurate SV detection and genotyping.These innovations overcome the limitations of single-reference genomes,enabling the discovery of complex SVs,including nested and overlapping variants,and providing access to previously inaccessible genomic regions such as centromeres and telomeres.This review highlights the current landscape of cattle SV research,with emphasis on integrating longread sequencing and pangenome frameworks to uncover breed-specific and population-level variation.While many SVs are linked to economically important traits such as feed efficiency and disease resistance,their broader regulatory impacts remain an active area of investigation.Emerging functional genomics approaches,including transcriptomics,epigenomics,and genome editing,will clarify how SVs influence gene regulation and phenotype.Looking forward,the integration of SV catalogs with multi-omics data,imputation resources,and artificial intelligence-driven models will be essential for translating discoveries into breeding and conservation applications.Integrating structural variants into breeding pipelines promises to revolutionize livestock genomics,enabling precision selection and sustainable agriculture despite challenges in cost,data sharing,and functional validation.展开更多
Fig.1.The GenomeSyn tool for visualizing genome synteny and characterizing structural variations.A:The first synteny visualization map showed the detailed information of two or three genomes and can display structural...Fig.1.The GenomeSyn tool for visualizing genome synteny and characterizing structural variations.A:The first synteny visualization map showed the detailed information of two or three genomes and can display structural variations and other annotation information.B:The second type of visualization map was simple and only showed the synteny relationship between the chromosomes of two or three genomes.C:Multiplatform general GenomeSyn submission page,applicable to Windows,MAC and web platforms;other analysis files can be entered in the"other"option.The publisher would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused.展开更多
Soybean(Glycine max)is a globally important crop that serves as a primary source of edible oil and protein for both humans and animals.Cultivated soybean varieties exhibit considerable genetic diversity depending on t...Soybean(Glycine max)is a globally important crop that serves as a primary source of edible oil and protein for both humans and animals.Cultivated soybean varieties exhibit considerable genetic diversity depending on their geographical origin.Heinong 531(HN531)is an elite cultivar that was released in China in June 2021 with 22.34%seed oil,high resistance to soybean cyst nematode(SCN)race 3,and enhanced yield.However,the genetic basis for these desirable agronomic traits is unclear.In this study,we generated a high-quality genome assembly for HN531 and used it to systematically analyze genes related to agronomic traits such as resistance to SCN.The assembled genome spans 981.20 Mb,featuring a contig N50 of 19.47 Mb,and contains 58,151 predicted gene models.Pan-genomic comparison with 27 previously reported soybean genomes revealed 95,071 structural variants(SVs)of>50 bp,of which 602 were HN531-specific.Furthermore,we identified a copy number variation at rhg1 that underlies resistance to SCN,and we found elite alleles of functional genes underlying important agronomic traits such as seed oil content,adaptability,and yield.This high-quality HN531 genome can be used to explore the genetic basis for the excellent agronomic traits of this cultivar,and is a valuable resource for breeders aiming to improve HN531 and related cultivars.展开更多
Increasing number of structural variations(SVs)have been identified as causative mutations for diverse agronomic traits.However,the systematic exploration of SVs quantity,distribution,and contribution in wheat was lac...Increasing number of structural variations(SVs)have been identified as causative mutations for diverse agronomic traits.However,the systematic exploration of SVs quantity,distribution,and contribution in wheat was lacking.Here,we report high-quality gene-based and SV-based pangenomes comprising 22 hexaploid wheat assemblies showing a wide range of chromosome size,gene number,and TE component,which indicates their representativeness of wheat genetic diversity.Pan-gene analyses uncover 140,261 distinct gene families,of which only 23.2%are shared in all accessions.Moreover,we build a∼16.15 Gb graph pangenome containing 695,897 bubbles,intersecting 5132 genes and 230,307 cis-regulatory regions.Pairwise genome comparisons identify∼1,978,221 non-redundant SVs and 497 SV hotspots.Notably,the density of bubbles as well as SVs show remarkable aggregation in centromeres,which probably play an important role in chromosome plasticity and stability.As for functional SVs exploration,we identify 2769 SVs with absolute relative frequency differences exceeding 0.7 between spring and winter growth habit groups.Additionally,several reported functional genes in wheat display complex structural graphs,for example,PPD-A1,VRT-A2,and TaNAAT2-A.These findings deepen our understanding of wheat genetic diversity,providing valuable graphical pangenome and variation resources to improve the efficiency of genome-wide association mapping in wheat.展开更多
Hu sheep is an indigenous breed from the Taihu Lake Plain in China,known for its high fertility.Although Hu sheep belong to the Mongolian group,their demographic history and genetic architecture remain inconclusive.He...Hu sheep is an indigenous breed from the Taihu Lake Plain in China,known for its high fertility.Although Hu sheep belong to the Mongolian group,their demographic history and genetic architecture remain inconclusive.Here,we analyze 697 sheep genomes from representatives of Mongolian sheep breeds.Our study suggests that the ancestral Hu sheep first separated from the Mongolian group approximately 3000 years ago.As Hu sheep migrated from the north and flourished in the Taihu Lake Plain around 1000 years ago,they developed a unique genetic foundation and phenotypic characteristics,which are evident in the genomic footprints of selective sweeps and structural variation landscape.Genes associated with reproductive traits(BMPR1B and TDRD10)and horn phenotype(RXFP2)exhibit notable selective sweeps in the genome of Hu sheep.A genome-wide association analysis reveals that structural variations at LOC101110773,MAST2,and ZNF385B may significantly impact polledness,teat number,and early growth in Hu sheep,respectively.Our study offers insights into the evolutionary history of Hu sheep and may serve as a valuable genetic resource to enhance the understanding of complex traits in Hu sheep.展开更多
Avian genomes exhibit compact organization and remarkable chromosomal stability.However,the extent and mechanisms by which structural variation in avian genomes differ from those in other vertebrate lineages are poorl...Avian genomes exhibit compact organization and remarkable chromosomal stability.However,the extent and mechanisms by which structural variation in avian genomes differ from those in other vertebrate lineages are poorly explored.This study generated a diploid genome assembly for the golden pheasant(Chrysolophus pictus),a species distinguished by the vibrant plumage of males.Each haploid genome assembly included complete chromosomalmodels,incorporatingall microchromosomes.Analysis revealed extensive tandem amplification of immune-related genes across the smallest microchromosomes(dot chromosomes),with an average copy number of 54.Structural variation between the haploid genomes was primarily shaped by large insertions and deletions(indels),with minimal contributions from inversions or duplications.Approximately 28%of these large indels were associated with recent insertions of transposable elements,despite their typically low activity in bird genomes.Evidence for significant effects of transposable elements on gene expression was minimal.Evolutionary strata on the sex chromosomes were identified,along with a drastic rearrangement of the W chromosome.These analyses of the high-quality diploid genome of the golden pheasant provide valuable insights into the evolutionary patterns of structural variation in avian genomes.展开更多
Zeocin can cause double strand breaks of DNA and thus may be employed as a mutagen. In this study, two strains of Nannochloropsis oceanica, the wild and the Zeocin-tolerant strains, were re-sequenced to verify such fu...Zeocin can cause double strand breaks of DNA and thus may be employed as a mutagen. In this study, two strains of Nannochloropsis oceanica, the wild and the Zeocin-tolerant strains, were re-sequenced to verify such function of Zeocin, The results showed that Zeocin can mutate the N. oceanica genome and cause the structural variation. Zeocin either swept away or selected the alleles of genes functioning in ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, alpha-linolenic acid metabolism, ascorbate and aldarate metabolism, ribosome biogenesis, and circadian rhythm, indicating that N. oceanica may have adjusted its metabolic performances for protein, carbohydrate, and lipid, and changed its ribosome biosynthesis and living rhythm to survive in Zeocin containing medium. In addition, Zeocin caused mutation may have influenced the expression of a set of tanscription factors. It was concluded that Zeocin effectively caused the structural variation of the genome of N. oceanica, and forced the microalgae to select out the alleles of a set of genes around these variations in order to adapt to Zeocin containing medium. Further studies on the genetic basis of the phenotypic adaptation of this haploid and asexual microalga and the application of Zeocin to its genetic improvement are very important.展开更多
"Synthetic"allopolyploids recreated by interspecific hybridization play an important role in providing novel genomic variation for crop improvement.Such synthetic allopolyploids often undergo rapid genomic s..."Synthetic"allopolyploids recreated by interspecific hybridization play an important role in providing novel genomic variation for crop improvement.Such synthetic allopolyploids often undergo rapid genomic structural variation(SV).However,how such SV arises,is inherited and fixed,and how it affects important traits,has rarely been comprehensively and quantitively studied in advanced generation synthetic lines.A better understanding of these processes will aid breeders in knowing how to best utilize synthetic allopolyploids in breeding programs.Here,we analyzed three genetic mapping populations(735 DH lines)derived from crosses between advanced synthetic and conventional Brassica napus(rapeseed)lines,using whole-genome sequencing to determine genome composition.We observed high tolerance of large structural variants,particularly toward the telomeres,and preferential selection for balanced homoeologous exchanges(duplication/deletion events between the A and C genomes resulting in retention of gene/chromosome dosage between homoeologous chromosome pairs),including stable events involving whole chromosomes("pseudoeuploidy").Given the experimental design(all three populations shared a common parent),we were able to observe that parental SV was regularly inherited,showed genetic hitchhiking effects on segregation,and was one of the major factors inducing adjacent novel and larger SV.Surprisingly,novel SV occurred at low frequencies with no significant impacts on observed fertility and yield-related traits in the advanced generation synthetic lines.However,incorporating genome-wide SV in linkage mapping explained significantly more genetic variance for traits.Our results provide a framework for detecting and understanding the occurrence and inheritance of genomic SV in breeding programs,and support the use of synthetic parents as an important source of novel trait variation.展开更多
In this work,the influence of CO2 on the structural variation and catalytic performance of Na2WO4/Mn/Si O2 for oxidative coupling of methane to ethylene was investigated. The catalyst was prepared by impregnation meth...In this work,the influence of CO2 on the structural variation and catalytic performance of Na2WO4/Mn/Si O2 for oxidative coupling of methane to ethylene was investigated. The catalyst was prepared by impregnation method and characterized by XRD,Raman and XPS techniques. Appropriate amount of CO2 in the reactant gases enhanced the formation of surface tetrahedral Na2WO4 species and promoted the migration of O in MOx,Na,W from the catalyst bulk to surface,which were favorable for oxidative coupling of methane. When the molar ratio of CH4/O2/CO2 was 3/1/2,enriched surface tetrahedral Na2WO4 species and high surface concentration of O in MOx,Na,W were detected,and then high CH4 conversion of 33.1% and high C2H4 selectivity of 56.2% were obtained. With further increase of CO2 in the reagent gases,the content of active surface tetrahedral Na2WO4 species and surface concentration of O in MOx,Na,W decreased,while that of inactive species（Mn WO4 and Mn2O3） increased dramatically,leading to low CH4 conversion and low C2H4 selectivity. It could be speculated that Na2WO4 crystal was transformed into Mn WO4 crystal with excessive CO2 added under the reaction conditions. Pretreatment of Na2WO4/Mn/Si O2 catalyst by moderate amount of CO2 before OCM also promoted the formation of Na2WO4 species.展开更多
Background During approximately 10,000 years of domestication and selection,a large number of structural variations(SVs)have emerged in the genome of pig breeds,profoundly influencing their phenotypes and the ability ...Background During approximately 10,000 years of domestication and selection,a large number of structural variations(SVs)have emerged in the genome of pig breeds,profoundly influencing their phenotypes and the ability to adapt to the local environment.SVs(≥50 bp)are widely distributed in the genome,mainly in the form of insertion(INS),mobile element insertion(MEI),deletion(DEL),duplication(DUP),inversion(INV),and translocation(TRA).While studies have investigated the SVs in pig genomes,genome-wide association studies(GWAS)-based on SVs have been rarely conducted.Results Here,we obtained a high-quality SV map containing 123,151 SVs from 15 Large White and 15 Min pigs through integrating the power of several SV tools,with 53.95%of the SVs being reported for the first time.These high-quality SVs were used to recover the population genetic structure,confirming the accuracy of genotyping.Potential functional SV loci were then identified based on positional effects and breed stratification.Finally,GWAS were performed for 36 traits by genotyping the screened potential causal loci in the F2 population according to their corresponding genomic positions.We identified a large number of loci involved in 8 carcass traits and 6 skeletal traits on chromosome 7,with FKBP5 containing the most significant SV locus for almost all traits.In addition,we found several significant loci in intramuscular fat,abdominal circumference,heart weight,and liver weight,etc.Conclusions We constructed a high-quality SV map using high-coverage sequencing data and then analyzed them by performing GWAS for 25 carcass traits,7 skeletal traits,and 4 meat quality traits to determine that SVs may affect body size between European and Chinese pig breeds.展开更多
Genomic structural variations （SVs）, particularly insertions, deletions and inversions, can contribute to the heterogeneity of millions of nucleotides within a genome, and are likely to make an important contributio...Genomic structural variations （SVs）, particularly insertions, deletions and inversions, can contribute to the heterogeneity of millions of nucleotides within a genome, and are likely to make an important contribution to biological diversity and phenotypic variation （Alkan et al., 2011; Bickhart and Liu, 2014）. With the rapid development of the next-generation sequencing technologies and the new assembly methodolo- gies, the multiple de novo assemblies of genomes within a species allow researchers to explore more detailed SV maps （Li et al., 2011）. Compared with the traditional read depth algorithm using the whole-genome resequencing approach and array-based technologies （Baker, 2012; Wang et al., 2012;展开更多
Structural variations(SVs),a newly discovered genetic variation,have gained increasing recognition for their importance,yet much about them remains unknown.With the completion of whole-genome sequencing projects in oi...Structural variations(SVs),a newly discovered genetic variation,have gained increasing recognition for their importance,yet much about them remains unknown.With the completion of whole-genome sequencing projects in oil crops,more SVs have been identified,revealing their types,genomic distribution,and characteristics.These findings have demonstrated the crucial roles of SVs in regulating gene expression,driving trait innovation,facilitating domestication,making this an opportune time for a systematic review.We summarized the progress of SV-related studies in oil crops,focusing on the types of SVs and their mechanisms of occurrence,the strategies and methods for SV detection,and the SVs identified in oil crops such as rapeseed,soybean,peanut,and sesame.The various types of SVs,such as presence-absence variations(PAVs),copy number variations(CNVs),and homeologous exchanges(HEs),have been shown.Along with their genomic characterization,their roles in crop domestication and breeding,and regulatory impact on gene expression and agronomic traits have also been demonstrated.This review will provide an overview of the SV research process in oil crops,enabling researchers to quickly understand key information and apply this knowledge in future studies and crop breeding.展开更多
Wild perennial sister species Medicago archiducisnicolai(rhizomatous/alpine)and M.ruthenica(nonrhizomatous/xeric)constitute vital genetic resources for forage improvement.To decode the genomic basis of their contrasti...Wild perennial sister species Medicago archiducisnicolai(rhizomatous/alpine)and M.ruthenica(nonrhizomatous/xeric)constitute vital genetic resources for forage improvement.To decode the genomic basis of their contrasting trait and habitat adaptation,we generated chromosome-scale genome assemblies,resequenced 128 individuals,profiled transcriptomes under cold/heat stress,and functionally validated causal alleles.We demonstrate that structural variations(SVs)—particularly gene duplications—are primary drivers of rhizome formation and alpine/xeric adaptation.Further,pervasive presence-absence SVs(PAVs)in noncoding regulatory regions underpin divergent allele-specific expression governing rhizome development and stress responses.Crucially,these regulatory PAVs induce contrasting expression patterns during trait development and stress adaptation.Our findings reveal a dual mechanism whereby coding and regulatory SVs convergently orchestrate phenotypic innovation and ecological specialization in sister species,offering valuable genomic resources for legume evolution studies and alfalfa breeding.展开更多
Structural variation is an important source of genetic variation in wheat and have been important in the evolution of the wheat's genome.Few studies have examined the relationship between structural variations and...Structural variation is an important source of genetic variation in wheat and have been important in the evolution of the wheat's genome.Few studies have examined the relationship between structural variations and agronomy and drought tolerance.The present study identified structural chromosome variations(SCVs)in a doubled haploid(DH)population and backcross introgression lines(BC5F3)derived from Jinmai 47 and Jinmai 84 using fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH).There are one simple translocation,10 present/absent variations(PAVs),and one copy number variation(CNV)between Jinmai 47 and Jinmai 84,which distributed in 10 chromosomes.Eight SCVs were associated with 15 agronomic traits.A PAV recombination occurred on chromosome 2A,which was associated with grain number per spike(GNS).The 1BL/1RS translocation and PAV.2D were associated with significant reductions in plant height,deriving from the effects on LI2-LI4,LI2-LI4 and UI,respectively respectively.PAV.2D was also contributed to an increase of 3.13%for GNS,1BL/1RS significantly increased spikelet number,grain length(GL),and grain thickness(GT).The effect of PAV.4A.1 on GL,PAV.6A on spike length(SL)and thousand-grain weight(TGW),PAV.6B on SL,GT and TGW were identified and verified.PAVs on chromosomes 2A,6A,1D,2D,and a CNV on chromosome 4B were associated with the drought tolerance coefficients.Additive and interaction effects among SCVs were observed.Many previously cloned key genes and yield-related QTL were found in polymorphic regions of PAV.2B,PAV.2D,and CNV.4B.Altogether,this study confirmed the genetic effect of SCVs on agronomy and drought tolerance,and identification of these SCVs will facilitate genetic improvement of wheat through marker-assisted selection.展开更多
The design of trans-platinum(II)complexes marked a significant turning point in the development of unconventional anticancer metallodrugs.Compared to cisplatin,these complexes induce distinctly different cellular resp...The design of trans-platinum(II)complexes marked a significant turning point in the development of unconventional anticancer metallodrugs.Compared to cisplatin,these complexes induce distinctly different cellular responses and are often active against cisplatin-resistant cell lines.In this study,we synthesized and fully characterized two new Pt(II)complexes,introducing one acetate(-OCOCH_(3))ligand(X)into the trans-PtXX’axis,where X’is either acetate or chlorido.We evaluated their cytotoxicity across a panel of malignant(Capan-1,B16,MCF7,HCT-116,CT26 and P31)and non-malignant(HaCaT,HUVEC,BEC,and MCF10A)cell lines,finding that the complex with only one acetate trans to a chlorido group is more active and selective than the complex with two acetates(X=X’).Furthermore,the two complexes differ from cisplatin in their cellular uptake route as well as mode of action by inducing cancer cell death via non-DNA-associated mechanisms.展开更多
Three Dy_(4)clusters,[Dy_(4)(tmhd)_(8)(L)_(2)(CH_(3)OH)_(2)]·CH_(3)OH(1),[Dy_(4)(hfac)_(8)(L)_(2)(DMF)_(2)]·C_(7)H_(16)(2)and[Dy_(4)(dbm)_(6)(L)_(2)(μ_(3)-OH)_(2)]·CH_(2)Cl_(2)(3)(tmhd=2,2,6,6-tetramet...Three Dy_(4)clusters,[Dy_(4)(tmhd)_(8)(L)_(2)(CH_(3)OH)_(2)]·CH_(3)OH(1),[Dy_(4)(hfac)_(8)(L)_(2)(DMF)_(2)]·C_(7)H_(16)(2)and[Dy_(4)(dbm)_(6)(L)_(2)(μ_(3)-OH)_(2)]·CH_(2)Cl_(2)(3)(tmhd=2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedione,hfac=hexafluoroacetylacetonate,dbm=1,3-diphenyl-1,3-propanedione,HL=2-[(2-(hydroxyimino)propanehydrazide)methyl]),have been successfully synthesized by using three differentβ-diketonate salts(Dy(tmhd)_(3)·2H_(2)O,Dy(hfac)_(3)·2H_(2)O,and Dy(dbm)_(3)·2H_(2)O)to react with HL and by changing the solvent.The X-ray structural analysis shows that four Dy^(Ⅲ)ions in clusters 1 and 2 are linearly arranged;however,cluster 3 contains one Dy_(4)center with a rhombus-shaped arrangement.The different structures of three Dy_(4)clusters were profoundly affected by these minor changes inβ-diketonate or a change in the solvent.Magnetic studies reveal that Dy_(4)clusters 1-3 exhibit different single-molecule magnet(SMM)behaviors under a zero dc field.1 and 2 display slow magnetic relaxation behaviors with effective energy barriersΔE/k_(B)=1.44 K for 1 andΔE/k_(B)=50.96 K for 2,while for 3,two distinct slow magnetic relaxation processes are observed,with effective energy barriersΔE/k_(B)=40.45 K for the fast relaxation process andΔE/k_(B)=113.63 K for the slow relaxation process.This study shows that theβ-diketonate coligands play an important role in modulating molecular structures and further affecting the magnetic dynamics of the lanthanide clusters towards multiple magnetic relaxation processes.展开更多
The chemistry of lanthanide supramolecular self-assembly has received much attention with many extraordinary structures discovered due to the unique photophysical properties such as the Laporte forbidden f–f transiti...The chemistry of lanthanide supramolecular self-assembly has received much attention with many extraordinary structures discovered due to the unique photophysical properties such as the Laporte forbidden f–f transition,large Stokes shift and long luminescence lifetime of lanthanides.Recent investigations have demonstrated the formation of architectures that are highly sensitive towards different stimuli,such as concentration,light,solvent and counter-anions.Various stimuli have been employed extensively for the preparation of desired supramolecular topologies with specific properties.Moreover,transformation from lower order- to higher order-supramolecular systems has also been observed by various stimuli due to the labile nature of lanthanide ions.This review summarizes recent research on the factors that govern the formation of self-assembled lanthanide supramolecules and aims to provide readers with the information required for designing functional lanthanide supramolecular systems.展开更多
Chickens are one of the most important domesticated animals,serving as an important protein source.Studying genetic variations in chickens to enhance their production performance is of great potential value.The emerge...Chickens are one of the most important domesticated animals,serving as an important protein source.Studying genetic variations in chickens to enhance their production performance is of great potential value.The emergence of next-generation sequencing has enabled precise analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms and insertions/deletions in chicken,while third-generation sequencing achieves the accurate structural variant identification.However,the high cost of third-generation sequencing technology limits its application in population studies.The graph-based pan-genome strategy can overcome this challenge by enabling the detection of structural variations using cost-effective next-generation sequencing data.This study constructed a graph-based pangenome for chickens using 12 high-quality genomes.This pan-genome used linear genome GRCg6a as the reference genome,containing variant information from two commercial and nine native chicken breeds.Compared to the linear genome,the pan-genome provided significant improvements in the efficiency of structural variation identification.On the basis of the graph-based pan-genome,high-frequency structural variations related to high egg production in Leghorn chicken were predicted.Additionally,it was discovered that potential structural variations was associated with highland adaptation in Tibetan chickens according to next-generation sequencing and transcriptomics data.Using the pan-genome graph,a new strategy to identify structural variations related to traits of interest in chickens is presented.展开更多
Domestication has shaped the population structure and agronomic traits of tea plants, yet the complexity of tea population structure and genetic variation that determines these traits remains unclear.We here investiga...Domestication has shaped the population structure and agronomic traits of tea plants, yet the complexity of tea population structure and genetic variation that determines these traits remains unclear.We here investigated the resequencing data of 363 diverse tea accessions collected extensively from almost all tea distributions and found that the population structure of tea plants was divided into eight subgroups, which were basically consistent with their geographical distributions. The genetic diversity of tea plants in China decreased from southwest to east as latitude increased. Results also indicated that Camellia sinensis var. assamica(CSA) illustrated divergent selection signatures with Camellia sinensis var. sinensis(CSS). The domesticated genes of CSA were mainly involved in leaf development, flavonoid and alkaloid biosynthesis, while the domesticated genes in CSS mainly participated in amino acid metabolism, aroma compounds biosynthesis,and cold stress. Comparative population genomics further identified ~730 Mb novel sequences, generating 6,058 full-length protein-encoding genes,significantly expanding the gene pool of tea plants.We also discovered 217,376 large-scale structural variations and 56,583 presence and absence variations(PAVs) across diverse tea accessions, some of which were associated with tea quality and stress resistance. Functional experiments demonstrated that two PAV genes(CSS0049975 and CSS0006599)were likely to drive trait diversification in cold tolerance between CSA and CSS tea plants. The overall findings not only revealed the genetic diversity and domestication of tea plants, but also underscored the vital role of structural variations in the diversification of tea plant traits.展开更多
基金supported financially by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31811530297 and 32170217).
文摘Plastome variation,including single spontaneous nucleotide substitutions and single insertions/deletions,is the major source of leaf variegation in plants.Additionally,one recent study has showed that a simple plastome structural variation,which is induced by one pair of small inverted repeats,can also result in leaf variegation.Here we show a complex plastome structural variation caused by intermolecular and intramolecular recombination across three pairs of small inverted repeats accounts for leaf variegation in a widely cultivated shrub Heptapleurum ellipticum(Araliaceae).This plastome structural variation contains two deletions and two duplications,resulting in dramatic expansion of IRs,substantial contraction of LSC and loss of 11 genes that essential for photosynthesis.Plastome heteroplasmy was detected in both green and albino sectors of variegated leaves.Relative to green sectors,albino sectors in the variegated leaves exhibit significantly reduced expression for the 11 genes lost in the mutated plastome as well as 26 other genes,but significantly increased expression for one gene related to translation apparatus.Optical and transmission electron microscopy observations showed that mesophyll cells of albino sectors possess plastids lacking grana lamellae,which likely carry the mutated plastome and contribute to albinism.In both sectors,the first layer of spongy mesophyll cells beneath the lower epidermis contains normal chloroplasts,suggesting periclinal division of the lower epidermis during development.Our study demonstrates that multiple small repeats can collectively mediate intra-and inter-molecular recombination in plastome and offers a new mechanism accounting for leaf variegation in plants.
基金supported in part by AFRI grant numbers 2019-7015-29321 and 2021-67015-33409 from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture(NIFA)the SCINet project of the USDA ARS project number 0500-00093-001-00-D。
文摘Structural variations(SVs≥50 bp)are a critical but underexplored source of genetic diversity in cattle,shaping traits vital for productivity,adaptability,and health.Advances in long-read sequencing,pangenome graph construction,and near-complete genome assemblies now allow accurate SV detection and genotyping.These innovations overcome the limitations of single-reference genomes,enabling the discovery of complex SVs,including nested and overlapping variants,and providing access to previously inaccessible genomic regions such as centromeres and telomeres.This review highlights the current landscape of cattle SV research,with emphasis on integrating longread sequencing and pangenome frameworks to uncover breed-specific and population-level variation.While many SVs are linked to economically important traits such as feed efficiency and disease resistance,their broader regulatory impacts remain an active area of investigation.Emerging functional genomics approaches,including transcriptomics,epigenomics,and genome editing,will clarify how SVs influence gene regulation and phenotype.Looking forward,the integration of SV catalogs with multi-omics data,imputation resources,and artificial intelligence-driven models will be essential for translating discoveries into breeding and conservation applications.Integrating structural variants into breeding pipelines promises to revolutionize livestock genomics,enabling precision selection and sustainable agriculture despite challenges in cost,data sharing,and functional validation.
文摘Fig.1.The GenomeSyn tool for visualizing genome synteny and characterizing structural variations.A:The first synteny visualization map showed the detailed information of two or three genomes and can display structural variations and other annotation information.B:The second type of visualization map was simple and only showed the synteny relationship between the chromosomes of two or three genomes.C:Multiplatform general GenomeSyn submission page,applicable to Windows,MAC and web platforms;other analysis files can be entered in the"other"option.The publisher would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(32201759,32172002)Inner Mongolia Innovation Center of Biological Breeding Technology,National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFD1201600)+1 种基金Earmarked Fund for CARS(CARS-04-PS01)Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program(ASTIP).
文摘Soybean(Glycine max)is a globally important crop that serves as a primary source of edible oil and protein for both humans and animals.Cultivated soybean varieties exhibit considerable genetic diversity depending on their geographical origin.Heinong 531(HN531)is an elite cultivar that was released in China in June 2021 with 22.34%seed oil,high resistance to soybean cyst nematode(SCN)race 3,and enhanced yield.However,the genetic basis for these desirable agronomic traits is unclear.In this study,we generated a high-quality genome assembly for HN531 and used it to systematically analyze genes related to agronomic traits such as resistance to SCN.The assembled genome spans 981.20 Mb,featuring a contig N50 of 19.47 Mb,and contains 58,151 predicted gene models.Pan-genomic comparison with 27 previously reported soybean genomes revealed 95,071 structural variants(SVs)of>50 bp,of which 602 were HN531-specific.Furthermore,we identified a copy number variation at rhg1 that underlies resistance to SCN,and we found elite alleles of functional genes underlying important agronomic traits such as seed oil content,adaptability,and yield.This high-quality HN531 genome can be used to explore the genetic basis for the excellent agronomic traits of this cultivar,and is a valuable resource for breeders aiming to improve HN531 and related cultivars.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFF1000100 and 2023YFA0914601)the Special Funds for Science Technology Innovation and Industrial Development of Shenzhen Dapeng New District(PT202101-01).
文摘Increasing number of structural variations(SVs)have been identified as causative mutations for diverse agronomic traits.However,the systematic exploration of SVs quantity,distribution,and contribution in wheat was lacking.Here,we report high-quality gene-based and SV-based pangenomes comprising 22 hexaploid wheat assemblies showing a wide range of chromosome size,gene number,and TE component,which indicates their representativeness of wheat genetic diversity.Pan-gene analyses uncover 140,261 distinct gene families,of which only 23.2%are shared in all accessions.Moreover,we build a∼16.15 Gb graph pangenome containing 695,897 bubbles,intersecting 5132 genes and 230,307 cis-regulatory regions.Pairwise genome comparisons identify∼1,978,221 non-redundant SVs and 497 SV hotspots.Notably,the density of bubbles as well as SVs show remarkable aggregation in centromeres,which probably play an important role in chromosome plasticity and stability.As for functional SVs exploration,we identify 2769 SVs with absolute relative frequency differences exceeding 0.7 between spring and winter growth habit groups.Additionally,several reported functional genes in wheat display complex structural graphs,for example,PPD-A1,VRT-A2,and TaNAAT2-A.These findings deepen our understanding of wheat genetic diversity,providing valuable graphical pangenome and variation resources to improve the efficiency of genome-wide association mapping in wheat.
基金supported by grants from the Zhejiang Science and Technology Department Project(2023C04004)Zhejiang Science and Technology Major Program on Agricultural New Variety Breeding(2021C02068-6)+2 种基金Department of Science Technology of Huzhou City(2023GZ33)Zhejiang Team Technology Ambassador Project(Tongxiang)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32172724).
文摘Hu sheep is an indigenous breed from the Taihu Lake Plain in China,known for its high fertility.Although Hu sheep belong to the Mongolian group,their demographic history and genetic architecture remain inconclusive.Here,we analyze 697 sheep genomes from representatives of Mongolian sheep breeds.Our study suggests that the ancestral Hu sheep first separated from the Mongolian group approximately 3000 years ago.As Hu sheep migrated from the north and flourished in the Taihu Lake Plain around 1000 years ago,they developed a unique genetic foundation and phenotypic characteristics,which are evident in the genomic footprints of selective sweeps and structural variation landscape.Genes associated with reproductive traits(BMPR1B and TDRD10)and horn phenotype(RXFP2)exhibit notable selective sweeps in the genome of Hu sheep.A genome-wide association analysis reveals that structural variations at LOC101110773,MAST2,and ZNF385B may significantly impact polledness,teat number,and early growth in Hu sheep,respectively.Our study offers insights into the evolutionary history of Hu sheep and may serve as a valuable genetic resource to enhance the understanding of complex traits in Hu sheep.
基金supported by the Foundation of Gansu Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization for Biological Resources and Ecological Restoration in Longdong (LDSWZY202103)Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province (22JR5RM210)to B.P.L.Gansu Ziwuling Ecosystem Observation and Research Station (20JR10RA658)。
文摘Avian genomes exhibit compact organization and remarkable chromosomal stability.However,the extent and mechanisms by which structural variation in avian genomes differ from those in other vertebrate lineages are poorly explored.This study generated a diploid genome assembly for the golden pheasant(Chrysolophus pictus),a species distinguished by the vibrant plumage of males.Each haploid genome assembly included complete chromosomalmodels,incorporatingall microchromosomes.Analysis revealed extensive tandem amplification of immune-related genes across the smallest microchromosomes(dot chromosomes),with an average copy number of 54.Structural variation between the haploid genomes was primarily shaped by large insertions and deletions(indels),with minimal contributions from inversions or duplications.Approximately 28%of these large indels were associated with recent insertions of transposable elements,despite their typically low activity in bird genomes.Evidence for significant effects of transposable elements on gene expression was minimal.Evolutionary strata on the sex chromosomes were identified,along with a drastic rearrangement of the W chromosome.These analyses of the high-quality diploid genome of the golden pheasant provide valuable insights into the evolutionary patterns of structural variation in avian genomes.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31270408)the National High Technology Research and Development Program(863 Program) of China(No.2014AA022001)
文摘Zeocin can cause double strand breaks of DNA and thus may be employed as a mutagen. In this study, two strains of Nannochloropsis oceanica, the wild and the Zeocin-tolerant strains, were re-sequenced to verify such function of Zeocin, The results showed that Zeocin can mutate the N. oceanica genome and cause the structural variation. Zeocin either swept away or selected the alleles of genes functioning in ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, alpha-linolenic acid metabolism, ascorbate and aldarate metabolism, ribosome biogenesis, and circadian rhythm, indicating that N. oceanica may have adjusted its metabolic performances for protein, carbohydrate, and lipid, and changed its ribosome biosynthesis and living rhythm to survive in Zeocin containing medium. In addition, Zeocin caused mutation may have influenced the expression of a set of tanscription factors. It was concluded that Zeocin effectively caused the structural variation of the genome of N. oceanica, and forced the microalgae to select out the alleles of a set of genes around these variations in order to adapt to Zeocin containing medium. Further studies on the genetic basis of the phenotypic adaptation of this haploid and asexual microalga and the application of Zeocin to its genetic improvement are very important.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,31970564,32000397,32171982)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2662023PY004)。
文摘"Synthetic"allopolyploids recreated by interspecific hybridization play an important role in providing novel genomic variation for crop improvement.Such synthetic allopolyploids often undergo rapid genomic structural variation(SV).However,how such SV arises,is inherited and fixed,and how it affects important traits,has rarely been comprehensively and quantitively studied in advanced generation synthetic lines.A better understanding of these processes will aid breeders in knowing how to best utilize synthetic allopolyploids in breeding programs.Here,we analyzed three genetic mapping populations(735 DH lines)derived from crosses between advanced synthetic and conventional Brassica napus(rapeseed)lines,using whole-genome sequencing to determine genome composition.We observed high tolerance of large structural variants,particularly toward the telomeres,and preferential selection for balanced homoeologous exchanges(duplication/deletion events between the A and C genomes resulting in retention of gene/chromosome dosage between homoeologous chromosome pairs),including stable events involving whole chromosomes("pseudoeuploidy").Given the experimental design(all three populations shared a common parent),we were able to observe that parental SV was regularly inherited,showed genetic hitchhiking effects on segregation,and was one of the major factors inducing adjacent novel and larger SV.Surprisingly,novel SV occurred at low frequencies with no significant impacts on observed fertility and yield-related traits in the advanced generation synthetic lines.However,incorporating genome-wide SV in linkage mapping explained significantly more genetic variance for traits.Our results provide a framework for detecting and understanding the occurrence and inheritance of genomic SV in breeding programs,and support the use of synthetic parents as an important source of novel trait variation.
基金support from the Ministry of Science and Technology (Nos.2012BAC20B10)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 21321061 and 20976109)
文摘In this work,the influence of CO2 on the structural variation and catalytic performance of Na2WO4/Mn/Si O2 for oxidative coupling of methane to ethylene was investigated. The catalyst was prepared by impregnation method and characterized by XRD,Raman and XPS techniques. Appropriate amount of CO2 in the reactant gases enhanced the formation of surface tetrahedral Na2WO4 species and promoted the migration of O in MOx,Na,W from the catalyst bulk to surface,which were favorable for oxidative coupling of methane. When the molar ratio of CH4/O2/CO2 was 3/1/2,enriched surface tetrahedral Na2WO4 species and high surface concentration of O in MOx,Na,W were detected,and then high CH4 conversion of 33.1% and high C2H4 selectivity of 56.2% were obtained. With further increase of CO2 in the reagent gases,the content of active surface tetrahedral Na2WO4 species and surface concentration of O in MOx,Na,W decreased,while that of inactive species（Mn WO4 and Mn2O3） increased dramatically,leading to low CH4 conversion and low C2H4 selectivity. It could be speculated that Na2WO4 crystal was transformed into Mn WO4 crystal with excessive CO2 added under the reaction conditions. Pretreatment of Na2WO4/Mn/Si O2 catalyst by moderate amount of CO2 before OCM also promoted the formation of Na2WO4 species.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFD1301101)National Swine Industry Technology System(CARS-35)Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program(ASTIP-IAS02)。
文摘Background During approximately 10,000 years of domestication and selection,a large number of structural variations(SVs)have emerged in the genome of pig breeds,profoundly influencing their phenotypes and the ability to adapt to the local environment.SVs(≥50 bp)are widely distributed in the genome,mainly in the form of insertion(INS),mobile element insertion(MEI),deletion(DEL),duplication(DUP),inversion(INV),and translocation(TRA).While studies have investigated the SVs in pig genomes,genome-wide association studies(GWAS)-based on SVs have been rarely conducted.Results Here,we obtained a high-quality SV map containing 123,151 SVs from 15 Large White and 15 Min pigs through integrating the power of several SV tools,with 53.95%of the SVs being reported for the first time.These high-quality SVs were used to recover the population genetic structure,confirming the accuracy of genotyping.Potential functional SV loci were then identified based on positional effects and breed stratification.Finally,GWAS were performed for 36 traits by genotyping the screened potential causal loci in the F2 population according to their corresponding genomic positions.We identified a large number of loci involved in 8 carcass traits and 6 skeletal traits on chromosome 7,with FKBP5 containing the most significant SV locus for almost all traits.In addition,we found several significant loci in intramuscular fat,abdominal circumference,heart weight,and liver weight,etc.Conclusions We constructed a high-quality SV map using high-coverage sequencing data and then analyzed them by performing GWAS for 25 carcass traits,7 skeletal traits,and 4 meat quality traits to determine that SVs may affect body size between European and Chinese pig breeds.
基金supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(863 Program)(No.2013AA102502)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.31372284 and 31402046)+1 种基金the Fund of Fok Ying-Tung Education Foundation(No.141117)the Fund for Distinguished Young Scientists of Sichuan Province(No. 2013JQ0013)
文摘Genomic structural variations （SVs）, particularly insertions, deletions and inversions, can contribute to the heterogeneity of millions of nucleotides within a genome, and are likely to make an important contribution to biological diversity and phenotypic variation （Alkan et al., 2011; Bickhart and Liu, 2014）. With the rapid development of the next-generation sequencing technologies and the new assembly methodolo- gies, the multiple de novo assemblies of genomes within a species allow researchers to explore more detailed SV maps （Li et al., 2011）. Compared with the traditional read depth algorithm using the whole-genome resequencing approach and array-based technologies （Baker, 2012; Wang et al., 2012;
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32370693 and U20A2034)Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CAAS-CSIAF-202402)+1 种基金the Young Top-notch Talent Cultivation Program of Hubei Province for Dr.Chaobo Tong,the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFD1600500)Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund(2021-2060302-061-027,2021-2060302-061-029).
文摘Structural variations(SVs),a newly discovered genetic variation,have gained increasing recognition for their importance,yet much about them remains unknown.With the completion of whole-genome sequencing projects in oil crops,more SVs have been identified,revealing their types,genomic distribution,and characteristics.These findings have demonstrated the crucial roles of SVs in regulating gene expression,driving trait innovation,facilitating domestication,making this an opportune time for a systematic review.We summarized the progress of SV-related studies in oil crops,focusing on the types of SVs and their mechanisms of occurrence,the strategies and methods for SV detection,and the SVs identified in oil crops such as rapeseed,soybean,peanut,and sesame.The various types of SVs,such as presence-absence variations(PAVs),copy number variations(CNVs),and homeologous exchanges(HEs),have been shown.Along with their genomic characterization,their roles in crop domestication and breeding,and regulatory impact on gene expression and agronomic traits have also been demonstrated.This review will provide an overview of the SV research process in oil crops,enabling researchers to quickly understand key information and apply this knowledge in future studies and crop breeding.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32441013,32370224)the Qinghai Provincial Science and Technology Major Project(2023-SFA5)+3 种基金the Science and technology program of Gansu Province(25JRRA633)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(lzujbky-2024-ey01)the Gansu Provincial Science and Technology Major Projects(22ZD6NA007)the National Center of Pratacultural Technology Innovation(under preparation)Special Fund for Innovation Platform Construction(CCPTZX2023N04)。
文摘Wild perennial sister species Medicago archiducisnicolai(rhizomatous/alpine)and M.ruthenica(nonrhizomatous/xeric)constitute vital genetic resources for forage improvement.To decode the genomic basis of their contrasting trait and habitat adaptation,we generated chromosome-scale genome assemblies,resequenced 128 individuals,profiled transcriptomes under cold/heat stress,and functionally validated causal alleles.We demonstrate that structural variations(SVs)—particularly gene duplications—are primary drivers of rhizome formation and alpine/xeric adaptation.Further,pervasive presence-absence SVs(PAVs)in noncoding regulatory regions underpin divergent allele-specific expression governing rhizome development and stress responses.Crucially,these regulatory PAVs induce contrasting expression patterns during trait development and stress adaptation.Our findings reveal a dual mechanism whereby coding and regulatory SVs convergently orchestrate phenotypic innovation and ecological specialization in sister species,offering valuable genomic resources for legume evolution studies and alfalfa breeding.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Major Project of Shanxi Province,China(202201140601025-2,202302140601001)the Agricultural Science Research Project of Shanxi Agricultural University,China(2023BQ108)+1 种基金the Senior Foreign Experts Introducing Project,China(G202204011L)the Science and Technology Innovation Young Talent Team of Shanxi Province,China(202204051001019)。
文摘Structural variation is an important source of genetic variation in wheat and have been important in the evolution of the wheat's genome.Few studies have examined the relationship between structural variations and agronomy and drought tolerance.The present study identified structural chromosome variations(SCVs)in a doubled haploid(DH)population and backcross introgression lines(BC5F3)derived from Jinmai 47 and Jinmai 84 using fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH).There are one simple translocation,10 present/absent variations(PAVs),and one copy number variation(CNV)between Jinmai 47 and Jinmai 84,which distributed in 10 chromosomes.Eight SCVs were associated with 15 agronomic traits.A PAV recombination occurred on chromosome 2A,which was associated with grain number per spike(GNS).The 1BL/1RS translocation and PAV.2D were associated with significant reductions in plant height,deriving from the effects on LI2-LI4,LI2-LI4 and UI,respectively respectively.PAV.2D was also contributed to an increase of 3.13%for GNS,1BL/1RS significantly increased spikelet number,grain length(GL),and grain thickness(GT).The effect of PAV.4A.1 on GL,PAV.6A on spike length(SL)and thousand-grain weight(TGW),PAV.6B on SL,GT and TGW were identified and verified.PAVs on chromosomes 2A,6A,1D,2D,and a CNV on chromosome 4B were associated with the drought tolerance coefficients.Additive and interaction effects among SCVs were observed.Many previously cloned key genes and yield-related QTL were found in polymorphic regions of PAV.2B,PAV.2D,and CNV.4B.Altogether,this study confirmed the genetic effect of SCVs on agronomy and drought tolerance,and identification of these SCVs will facilitate genetic improvement of wheat through marker-assisted selection.
基金Dr.A.Álvarez-Valdés for their early contribution to this work.This research was funded by CTQ2015-68779-R and PID2019-106220RB-I00granted by Agencia Estatal de Investigación from the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación and Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad+1 种基金All biological studies were funded by the Austrian Research Service(FWF)project FG3 and P37111Theresa Mendrina was funded via the Obermann-Mahlke Stiftung.
文摘The design of trans-platinum(II)complexes marked a significant turning point in the development of unconventional anticancer metallodrugs.Compared to cisplatin,these complexes induce distinctly different cellular responses and are often active against cisplatin-resistant cell lines.In this study,we synthesized and fully characterized two new Pt(II)complexes,introducing one acetate(-OCOCH_(3))ligand(X)into the trans-PtXX’axis,where X’is either acetate or chlorido.We evaluated their cytotoxicity across a panel of malignant(Capan-1,B16,MCF7,HCT-116,CT26 and P31)and non-malignant(HaCaT,HUVEC,BEC,and MCF10A)cell lines,finding that the complex with only one acetate trans to a chlorido group is more active and selective than the complex with two acetates(X=X’).Furthermore,the two complexes differ from cisplatin in their cellular uptake route as well as mode of action by inducing cancer cell death via non-DNA-associated mechanisms.
基金supported financially by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21473121,21571138 and 21701039)111 project,B12015.
文摘Three Dy_(4)clusters,[Dy_(4)(tmhd)_(8)(L)_(2)(CH_(3)OH)_(2)]·CH_(3)OH(1),[Dy_(4)(hfac)_(8)(L)_(2)(DMF)_(2)]·C_(7)H_(16)(2)and[Dy_(4)(dbm)_(6)(L)_(2)(μ_(3)-OH)_(2)]·CH_(2)Cl_(2)(3)(tmhd=2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedione,hfac=hexafluoroacetylacetonate,dbm=1,3-diphenyl-1,3-propanedione,HL=2-[(2-(hydroxyimino)propanehydrazide)methyl]),have been successfully synthesized by using three differentβ-diketonate salts(Dy(tmhd)_(3)·2H_(2)O,Dy(hfac)_(3)·2H_(2)O,and Dy(dbm)_(3)·2H_(2)O)to react with HL and by changing the solvent.The X-ray structural analysis shows that four Dy^(Ⅲ)ions in clusters 1 and 2 are linearly arranged;however,cluster 3 contains one Dy_(4)center with a rhombus-shaped arrangement.The different structures of three Dy_(4)clusters were profoundly affected by these minor changes inβ-diketonate or a change in the solvent.Magnetic studies reveal that Dy_(4)clusters 1-3 exhibit different single-molecule magnet(SMM)behaviors under a zero dc field.1 and 2 display slow magnetic relaxation behaviors with effective energy barriersΔE/k_(B)=1.44 K for 1 andΔE/k_(B)=50.96 K for 2,while for 3,two distinct slow magnetic relaxation processes are observed,with effective energy barriersΔE/k_(B)=40.45 K for the fast relaxation process andΔE/k_(B)=113.63 K for the slow relaxation process.This study shows that theβ-diketonate coligands play an important role in modulating molecular structures and further affecting the magnetic dynamics of the lanthanide clusters towards multiple magnetic relaxation processes.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,21875201)support from the Hong Kong Polytechnic University(University Research Facility in Chemical and Environmental Analysis[UCEA]University Research Facility in Life Sciences[ULS]).
文摘The chemistry of lanthanide supramolecular self-assembly has received much attention with many extraordinary structures discovered due to the unique photophysical properties such as the Laporte forbidden f–f transition,large Stokes shift and long luminescence lifetime of lanthanides.Recent investigations have demonstrated the formation of architectures that are highly sensitive towards different stimuli,such as concentration,light,solvent and counter-anions.Various stimuli have been employed extensively for the preparation of desired supramolecular topologies with specific properties.Moreover,transformation from lower order- to higher order-supramolecular systems has also been observed by various stimuli due to the labile nature of lanthanide ions.This review summarizes recent research on the factors that govern the formation of self-assembled lanthanide supramolecules and aims to provide readers with the information required for designing functional lanthanide supramolecular systems.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFF1001000)。
文摘Chickens are one of the most important domesticated animals,serving as an important protein source.Studying genetic variations in chickens to enhance their production performance is of great potential value.The emergence of next-generation sequencing has enabled precise analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms and insertions/deletions in chicken,while third-generation sequencing achieves the accurate structural variant identification.However,the high cost of third-generation sequencing technology limits its application in population studies.The graph-based pan-genome strategy can overcome this challenge by enabling the detection of structural variations using cost-effective next-generation sequencing data.This study constructed a graph-based pangenome for chickens using 12 high-quality genomes.This pan-genome used linear genome GRCg6a as the reference genome,containing variant information from two commercial and nine native chicken breeds.Compared to the linear genome,the pan-genome provided significant improvements in the efficiency of structural variation identification.On the basis of the graph-based pan-genome,high-frequency structural variations related to high egg production in Leghorn chicken were predicted.Additionally,it was discovered that potential structural variations was associated with highland adaptation in Tibetan chickens according to next-generation sequencing and transcriptomics data.Using the pan-genome graph,a new strategy to identify structural variations related to traits of interest in chickens is presented.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32172626, 32261133519, 32002086, U20A2045)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFF1003103)+3 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province, Outstanding Youth Project (2308085J17)the Outstanding Youth Project of Anhui Provincial University (2022AH020060)the Natural Science Research Project of Anhui Provincial University (2022AH050867, 2022AH050893, 2023AH051303)the Open Fund of State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization (SKLTOF20220120, SKLTOF20230127)。
文摘Domestication has shaped the population structure and agronomic traits of tea plants, yet the complexity of tea population structure and genetic variation that determines these traits remains unclear.We here investigated the resequencing data of 363 diverse tea accessions collected extensively from almost all tea distributions and found that the population structure of tea plants was divided into eight subgroups, which were basically consistent with their geographical distributions. The genetic diversity of tea plants in China decreased from southwest to east as latitude increased. Results also indicated that Camellia sinensis var. assamica(CSA) illustrated divergent selection signatures with Camellia sinensis var. sinensis(CSS). The domesticated genes of CSA were mainly involved in leaf development, flavonoid and alkaloid biosynthesis, while the domesticated genes in CSS mainly participated in amino acid metabolism, aroma compounds biosynthesis,and cold stress. Comparative population genomics further identified ~730 Mb novel sequences, generating 6,058 full-length protein-encoding genes,significantly expanding the gene pool of tea plants.We also discovered 217,376 large-scale structural variations and 56,583 presence and absence variations(PAVs) across diverse tea accessions, some of which were associated with tea quality and stress resistance. Functional experiments demonstrated that two PAV genes(CSS0049975 and CSS0006599)were likely to drive trait diversification in cold tolerance between CSA and CSS tea plants. The overall findings not only revealed the genetic diversity and domestication of tea plants, but also underscored the vital role of structural variations in the diversification of tea plant traits.
