In order to enhance the NC programming efficiency and quality of aircraft structural parts （ASPs）, an intelligent NC programming pattern driven by process schemes is presented. In this pattern, the NC machining cell...In order to enhance the NC programming efficiency and quality of aircraft structural parts （ASPs）, an intelligent NC programming pattern driven by process schemes is presented. In this pattern, the NC machining cell is the minimal organizational structure in the technological process, consisting of an operation machining volume cell, and the type and parameters of the machining operation. After the machining cell construction, the final NC program can be easily obtained in a CAD/CAM system by instantiating the machining operation for each machining cell. Accordingly, how to automatically establish the machining cells is a key issue in intelligent NC program- ming. On the basis of the NC machining craft of ASP, the paper aims to make an in-depth research on this issue. Firstly, some new terms about the residual volume and the machinable volume are defined, and then, the technological process is modeled with a process scheme. Secondly, the approach to building the machining cells is introduced, in which real-time complement machining is mainly considered to avoid interference and overcutting. Thirdly, the implementing algorithm is designed and applied to the Intelligent NC Programming System of ASP. Finally, the developed algorithm is validated through two case studies.展开更多
High-performance five-axis computer numerical control machine tools are widely used in the processing of Aeronautical Structural parts. With the increase of service life, the precision of CNC machine tools equipped by...High-performance five-axis computer numerical control machine tools are widely used in the processing of Aeronautical Structural parts. With the increase of service life, the precision of CNC machine tools equipped by aeronautical manufacturing enterprises is declining day by day, while the new generation of aircraft structural parts <span style="font-family:Verdana;">are</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> developing towards integration, large-scale, complexity, thin-walled and lightweight. It is very easy to produce dimension overshoot and surface quality defects due to unstable processing technology. The machining accuracy of aircraft structural parts is also affected by complex factors such as cutting load, cutting stability, tool error, workpiece deformation, fixture deformation, etc. Because of the complexity of structure and characteristics of Aeronautical Structural parts, the consistency and stability of cutting process are poor. It is easy to cause machining accuracy problems due to tool wear, breakage and cutting chatter. Relevant scholars have carried out a lot of basic research on NC machining accuracy control and achieved fruitful results, but the research on NC machining accuracy control of Aeronautical structural parts is still less. This paper elaborates from three aspects: error modeling method of NC machine tools, error compensation method, prediction and control of machining accuracy, and combines the characteristics of Aeronautical Structural parts, the development trend and demand of NC machining accuracy control technology are put forward.</span>展开更多
Deformation resulting from residual stress has been a significant issue in machining.As allowance allocation can directly impact the residual stress on part deformation,it is essential for deformation control.However,...Deformation resulting from residual stress has been a significant issue in machining.As allowance allocation can directly impact the residual stress on part deformation,it is essential for deformation control.However,it is difficult to adjust allowance allocation by traditional simulation methods based on residual stress,as the residual stress cannot be accurately measured or predicted,and many unexpected factors during machining process cannot be simulated accurately.Different from traditional methods,this paper proposes an allowance allocation method based on dynamic approximation via online inspection data for deformation control of structural parts.An Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average(ARIMA)model for dynamic allowance allocation is established so as to approach the minimum deformation,which is based on the in-process deformation inspection data during the alternative machining process of upside and downside.The effectiveness of the method is verified both by simulation cases and real machining experiments of aircraft structural parts,and the results show that part deformation can be significantly reduced.展开更多
A light?weight design method of integrated structural topology and size co?optimization for the force?performance?structure of complex structural parts is presented in this paper. Firstly, the supporting function of a...A light?weight design method of integrated structural topology and size co?optimization for the force?performance?structure of complex structural parts is presented in this paper. Firstly, the supporting function of a complex structural part is built to map the force transmission, where the force exerted areas and constraints are considered as connecting structure and the structural configuration, to determine the part performance as well as the force routines. Then the connecting structure design model, aiming to optimize the static and dynamic performances on connection configuration, is developed, and the optimum design of the characteristic parameters is carried out by means of the collaborative optimization method, namely, the integrated structural topology optimization and size optimization. In this design model, the objective is to maximize the connecting stiffness. Based on the relationship between the force and the structural configuration of a part, the optimal force transmission routine that can meet the performance requirements is obtained using the structural topology optimization technology. Accordingly, the light?weight design of conceptual configuration for complex parts under multi?objective and multi?condition can be realized. Finally, based on the proposed collaborative optimization design method, the optimal performance and optimal structure of the complex parts with light weight are realized, and the reasonable structural unit configuration and size charac?teristic parameters are obtained. A bed structure of gantry?type machining center is designed by using the proposed light?weight structure design method in this paper, as an illustrative example. The bed after the design optimization is lighter 8% than original one, and the rail deformation is reduced by 5%. Moreover, the lightweight design of the bed is achieved with enhanced performance to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.展开更多
Reinforced concrete buildings may experience partial damage after earthquakes or some human-induced actions.A decision about the future of those buildings requires detailed analyses,while determining the dynamic chara...Reinforced concrete buildings may experience partial damage after earthquakes or some human-induced actions.A decision about the future of those buildings requires detailed analyses,while determining the dynamic characteristics of a real building in its pre-and post-event situations can guide the analysis.Hence,this study was planned to monitor the dynamic response of an existing six-story,reinforced concrete building with regard to structural damage.The modal characteristics of the original building were initially determined by the use of operational modal analysis.Next,three steps of progressive structural damage were applied to the building.The first damage level peeled off the clear cover of a beam and three columns on a corner of the building’s ground floor.whereas the second and third levels completely razed the damaged columns.Operational modal analysis was repeated at each damage stage to extract the frequencies and detailed mode shapes.Moreover,numerical models based on the finite element method were constructed to confirm the obtained experimental findings.The well-agreed experimental and numerical findings revealed the damage sensitivity of the building’s dynamic response.The quantified amount of frequency change favored a retrofit of the partially damaged buildings rather than their replacement.展开更多
Increasing the sintering rate of powder compact is a critical challenge of powder metallurgical materials,and adjusting component distribution in particles aggregate present significant effect on the microstructure of...Increasing the sintering rate of powder compact is a critical challenge of powder metallurgical materials,and adjusting component distribution in particles aggregate present significant effect on the microstructure of sintered product,especially for multi-phase compact with local heterogeneity.Here,a case study of W–Ni–Co powder compact was adopted to illustrate the novel strategy to enhance the sintering of multi-phase compact with desired microstructure by adjusting the particle configurations.The plasma synthesis route was developed for the first time to independently adjust the configurations of W–Ni–Co nanopowders with core-shell and homogeneous structures,which facilitates to ascertain the sintering response induced exclusively by particle configurations.Comparison on sintering response further indicates that core-shell powder presents greatly promoted sintering than homogeneous one,and full-dense and uniform compact with grain size of 1.37μm was obtained by solid sintering,which is several to dozens of times smaller than that obtained by conventional liquid sintering.Theoretical and experimental Investigation on elemental immigration visualized the distinct mass diffusion behavior of powder compacts,and clarified the mass transport path promoted densification mechanism determined by powder configurations.Importantly,full-coherent phase interface induced superior strength and plasticity in alloy sintered using core-shell powder,which highlights the importance of microstructural regulation on improving the mechanical property that superior than most of previously reported tungsten heavy alloys.In summary,this work paves a new way for fast sintering of multi-phase compacts,and provides intrinsic understandings on densification mechanism of powder compact.展开更多
This paper prepared a novel as-cast W-Zr-Ti metallic ESM using high-frequency vacuum induction melting technique.The above ESM performs a typical elastic-brittle material feature and strain rate strengthening behavior...This paper prepared a novel as-cast W-Zr-Ti metallic ESM using high-frequency vacuum induction melting technique.The above ESM performs a typical elastic-brittle material feature and strain rate strengthening behavior.The specimens exhibit violent chemical reaction during the fracture process under the impact loading,and the size distribution of their residual debris follows Rosin-Rammler model.The dynamic fracture toughness is obtained by the fitting of debris length scale,approximately 1.87 MPa·m~(1/2).Microstructure observation on residual debris indicates that the failure process is determined by primary crack propagation under quasi-static compression,while it is affected by multiple cracks propagation in both particle and matrix in the case of dynamic impact.Impact test demonstrates that the novel energetic fragment performs brilliant penetration and combustion effect behind the front target,leading to the effective ignition of fuel tank.For the brittleness of as-cast W-ZrTi ESM,further study conducted bond-based peridynamic(BB-PD)C++computational code to simulate its fracture behavior during penetration.The BB-PD method successfully captured the fracture process and debris cloud formation of the energetic fragment.This paper explores a novel as-cast metallic ESM,and provides an available numerical avenue to the simulation of brittle energetic fragment.展开更多
Electrocatalytic nitrate-to-ammonia conversion offers dual environmental and sustainable synthesis benefits,but achieving high efficiency with low-cost catalysts remains a major challenge.This review focuses on cobalt...Electrocatalytic nitrate-to-ammonia conversion offers dual environmental and sustainable synthesis benefits,but achieving high efficiency with low-cost catalysts remains a major challenge.This review focuses on cobalt-based electrocatalysts,emphasizing their structural engineering for enhanced the performance of electrocatalytic nitrate reduction reaction(NO3RR)through dimensional control,compositional tuning,and coordination microenvironment modulation.Notably,by critically analyzing metallic cobalt,cobalt alloys,cobalt compounds,cobalt single atom and molecular catalyst configurations,we firstly establish correlations between atomic-scale structural features and catalytic performance in a coordination environment perspective for NO3RR,including the dynamic reconstruction during operation and its impact on active site.Synergizing experimental breakthroughs with computational modeling,we decode mechanisms underlying competitive hydrogen evolution suppression,intermediate adsorption-energy optimization,and durability enhancement in complex aqueous environments.The development of cobalt-based catalysts was summarized and prospected,and the emerging opportunities of machine learning in accelerating the research and development of high-performance catalysts and the configuration of series reactors for scalable nitrate-to-ammonia systems were also introduced.Bridging surface science and applications,it outlines a framework for designing multifunctional electrocatalysts to restore nitrogen cycle balance sustainably.展开更多
Parthenolide(PTL)is a sesquiterpene lactone derived from medicinal plant feverfew(Tanacetum parthenium).Recent studies have demonstrated that it has multiple pharmacological activities,especially in the treatment of v...Parthenolide(PTL)is a sesquiterpene lactone derived from medicinal plant feverfew(Tanacetum parthenium).Recent studies have demonstrated that it has multiple pharmacological activities,especially in the treatment of various hematological and solid cancers.The superior anticancer activity of PTL suggests that it has the potential to be a first-line drug.However,due to the limited physical and chemical properties,as well as bioavailability,structural modification strategies are strongly recommended to improve the anticancer activity.This review describes representative PTL derivatives obtained by different modification strategies,which are reported to exert antiproliferative activities superior to the parent compound PTL.Furthermore,we also summarize their basic mechanisms on cancer-related signaling pathways,so as to explain the potential and characteristics of PTL and its derivatives in cancer therapy.展开更多
This study explored the potential of polysaccharides from Actium lappa(ALPs)as natural wall materials for producing ALP-based nanoparticles to deliver poorly water-soluble oleanolic acid(OA)and ursolic acid(UA).Encaps...This study explored the potential of polysaccharides from Actium lappa(ALPs)as natural wall materials for producing ALP-based nanoparticles to deliver poorly water-soluble oleanolic acid(OA)and ursolic acid(UA).Encapsulating OA+UA with ALPs(ALP:OA+UA,50:1;OA:UA,1:1)changed the crystalline nature to a more amorphous state through hydrogen bonding and involving O-H/C-O/O-C-O groups.ALP-OA/UA nanoparticles had a particle size and zeta potential(in water)of 199.1 nm/-7.15 mV,with a narrow unimodal size distribution,and excellent pH,salt solution,temperature and storage stability.Compared with ALPs,ALPOA/UA nanoparticles showed enhanced anti-inflammatory activity(especially at a dose of 100μg/mL)in a CuSO-induced zebrafish inflammation model via down-regulating the NF-κB signalling pathway and gene expression of associated transcription factors and cytokines(TNF-α,IL-1βand IL-8).Therefore,ALP-based nanoparticles are natural and anti-inflammatory carriers for hydrophobic bioactive molecules.展开更多
New descriptors were constructed and structures of some oxygen-containing organic compounds were parameterized. The multiple linear regression（MLR） and partial least squares regression（PLS） methods were employed t...New descriptors were constructed and structures of some oxygen-containing organic compounds were parameterized. The multiple linear regression（MLR） and partial least squares regression（PLS） methods were employed to build two relationship models between the structures and octanol/water partition coefficients（LogP） of the compounds. The modeling correlation coefficients（R） were 0.976 and 0.922, and the ＂leave one out＂ cross validation correlation coefficients（R（CV）） were 0.973 and 0.909, respectively. The results showed that the structural descriptors could well characterize the molecular structures of the compounds; the stability and predictive power of the models were good.展开更多
More and more attention has been paid to the aggregation behavior of nanoparticles, but little research has been done on the effect of particle size. Therefore, this study systematically evaluated the aggregation beha...More and more attention has been paid to the aggregation behavior of nanoparticles, but little research has been done on the effect of particle size. Therefore, this study systematically evaluated the aggregation behavior of nano-silica particles with diameter 130–480 nm at different initial particle concentration, pH, ionic strength, and ionic valence of electrolytes. The modified Smoluchowski theory failed to describe the aggregation kinetics for nano-silica particles with diameters less than 190 nm. Besides, ionic strength, cation species and p H all affected fast aggregation rate coefficients of 130 nm nanoparticles. Through incorporating structural hydration force into the modified Smoluchowski theory, it is found that the reason for all the anomalous aggregation behavior was the different structural hydration layer thickness of nanoparticles with various sizes. The thickness decreased with increasing of particle size, and remained basically unchanged for particles larger than 190 nm. Only when the distance at primary minimum was twice the thickness of structural hydration layer, the structural hydration force dominated, leading to the higher stability of nanoparticles. This study clearly clarified the unique aggregation mechanism of nanoparticles with smaller size, which provided reference for predicting transport and fate of nanoparticles and could help facilitate the evaluation of their environment risks.展开更多
The optical and structural properties of Tb^(3+)-doped yttrium and gadolinium oxyorthosilicate(Y_(2)SiO_(5) and Gd_(2)SiO_(5)) phosphors were analyzed.The samples were synthesized via sol-gel combustion method using o...The optical and structural properties of Tb^(3+)-doped yttrium and gadolinium oxyorthosilicate(Y_(2)SiO_(5) and Gd_(2)SiO_(5)) phosphors were analyzed.The samples were synthesized via sol-gel combustion method using organic fuel.The phase purity and structural properties of the samples were determined via combined approach of powder X-ray diffraction,Fourier transformation infrared(FTIR) and transmission electron microscopy(TEM).X-ray measurements revel monoclinic crystal lattice with P_(21/c) symmetry for both M_(2)SiO_(5)(pure host) and M_(2)SiO_(5):Tb^(3+)(doped) silicates,irrespective of the nature of metal(Y or Gd),presence or absence of Tb^(3+)in lattice and change in calcination temperature up to 1050℃.FTIR analysis was applied to confirm the bonding of prepared materials.The appearance of bands corresponding to SiO_(4) tetrahedra(880-1020 cm^(-1)) suggest the layered structure and support the diffraction measurements.TEM micrographs confirm the synthesis of spherical nanoparticles with filled morphology,narrow size distribution and slightly agglomerated crystallites of the samples.The elemental composition of prepared materials was determined using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy.The spectra show peaks only for elements assimilated within the host framework.The photoluminescence(PL) emission spectra of Tb^(3+)-doped samples show ^(5)D_(4)→^(7)F_(J)(J=3-6) transitions under 254 nm-excitation.The dominant peak at 544 nm for ^(5)D_(4)→^(7)F_(5) transition is responsible for the emission of green light on ultraviolet-visible excitation in both the Tb^(3+)-doped host matrixes.Owing to advantageous properties like intense PL and high crystallinity,these nanophosphors could possess potential applications in the mercury free lighting sources and optoelectronic devices.展开更多
Carbonates of Central Luconia, Malaysia, had been serving as hydrocarbon reservoirs for more than 25 years. However, the relationship and impacts of extensive tectonic events to the growth of Miocene carbonates in Cen...Carbonates of Central Luconia, Malaysia, had been serving as hydrocarbon reservoirs for more than 25 years. However, the relationship and impacts of extensive tectonic events to the growth of Miocene carbonates in Central Luconia have not been revealed sufficiently. In this work, two carbonates platforms in the southern part of Central Luconia were used for detailed interpretation and seismic based structural restoration. This work had provided new insight for the interpreta- tion of carbonate growth in Central Luconia and its association with the surrounding tectonic. This work suggested three possible tectonic evolutions from Late Oligocene to Pliocene are responsible for the growth of carbonates in Central Luconia. These stages are equivalent with pre-carbonate stage （Late Oligocene-Early Miocene）, syn-carbonate stage （Middle-Late Miocene） and post-carbonate stage （Pliocene）. Rifting of the South China Sea and subduction of proto-South China Sea are believed to be responsible for the development of faulting during pre-carbonate stage, while movement of the ancient Baram Line is thought to control the parallel striking direction of normal faults during syn- carbonate stage. Finally, subsidence and compaction due to the overburden clastic materials from the prograding deltas is considered as the main reason for the impacts of gravitational tectonics in this area, which corresponding to the post-carbonate stage.展开更多
Rare earth(RE)low doping has a significant influence on the structural,morphological,and magnetic properties of spinel ferrite nanoparticles.Therefore,rare earth neodymium(Nd)oxide was fully doped into spinel ferrite ...Rare earth(RE)low doping has a significant influence on the structural,morphological,and magnetic properties of spinel ferrite nanoparticles.Therefore,rare earth neodymium(Nd)oxide was fully doped into spinel ferrite with a composition of Co_(0.80)Ni_(0.20)Nd_xFe_(2-x)O_4(x=0.0,0.05,0.10,and 0.15)using the sol-gel auto combustion method.Structural analysis of the synthesized samples with low doping of Nd using X-ray diffraction(XRD)and Rietveld refinements reveals a pure single-phase cubic structure,while the second phase appears with increasing content of Nd^(3+)at x=0.10 and 0.15.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy(HR-TEM)show well-shaped spherical grains within the nanometer range of the pure Co_(0.80)Ni_(0.20)Fe_(2)O_(4) sample,while larger grains with the presence of agglomeration are observed with doping of Nd^(3+)into the spinel ferrite nanoparticles.The magnetic parameters,i.e.,saturation magnetization M_s,remanence and magnetic moments exhibit decreasing trend with Nd^(3+)doping and M_s values are in 65.69 to 53.34 emu/g range.The coercivity of the Nd-doped Co-Ni spinel ferrite sample was calculated to be 1037.76 to~827.24 Oe.This work demonstrates remarkable improvements in the structural and magnetic characteristics of Nddoped Co-Ni spinel ferrite nanoparticles for multiple versatile applications.展开更多
Natural aluminum particles have the core-shell structure.The structure response refers to the mechanical behavior of the aluminum particle structure caused by external influences.The dynamic behavior of the structural...Natural aluminum particles have the core-shell structure.The structure response refers to the mechanical behavior of the aluminum particle structure caused by external influences.The dynamic behavior of the structural response of aluminum core-shell particles before combustion is of great importance for the aluminum powder burning mechanism and its applications.In this paper,an aluminum particle combustion experiment in a detonation environment is conducted and analyzed;the breakage factors of aluminum particles shell in detonation environment are analyzed.The experiment results show that the aluminum particle burns in a gaseous state and condenses into a sub-micron particle cluster.The calculation and simulation demonstrate that the rupture of aluminum particle shell in the detonation environment is mainly caused by the impact of the detonation wave.The detonation wave impacts the aluminum particles,resulting in shell cracking,and due to the shrinkage-expansion of the aluminum core and stripping of the detonation product,the cracked shell is fractured and peeled with the aluminum reacting with the detonation product.展开更多
The objective of this study was to investigate the structural and antioxidative properties of royal jelly protein(RJP)at different degrees of hydrolysis(DH)by partial enzymatic hydrolysis. RJP was hydrolyzed by alcala...The objective of this study was to investigate the structural and antioxidative properties of royal jelly protein(RJP)at different degrees of hydrolysis(DH)by partial enzymatic hydrolysis. RJP was hydrolyzed by alcalase for 0 min, 15 min, 1 h, 5 h and 8 h to obtain hydrolysates at DH of 5.34%, 11.65%, 15.19%, 21.38% and 23.91%, respectively. With the increased DH, the RJP hydrolysates showed elevated antioxidative activities. The molecular weight of RJP hydrolysates was significantly decreased but their primary backbone kept unchanged. Analysis of circular dichroism spectra revealed that the enzymolysis reduced the content of α-helix but increased the contents of β-sheet, β-turn and random coil. Meanwhile, the surface hydrophobicity and fluorescence intensity of RJP hydrolysates were decreased and a red shift occurred. As the enzymolysis continued, the surface morphology of RJP was gradually changed from a sheet-like structure into microparticles. Changes in antioxidative activities and structures generally followed a DH-dependent manner, however these changes became insignificant for samples at DH beyond 20%. Taking into consideration of both effectiveness and productivity, the optimum enzymatic duration was determined at 5 h.展开更多
Chronic diabetic wounds confront a significant medical challenge because of increasing prevalence and difficult-healing circumstances.It is vital to develop multifunctional hydrogel dressings,with well-designed morpho...Chronic diabetic wounds confront a significant medical challenge because of increasing prevalence and difficult-healing circumstances.It is vital to develop multifunctional hydrogel dressings,with well-designed morphology and structure to enhance flexibility and effectiveness in wound management.To achieve these,we propose a self-healing hydrogel dressing based on structural color microspheres for wound management.The microsphere comprised a photothermal-responsive inverse opal framework,which was constructed by hyaluronic acid methacryloyl,silk fibroin methacryloyl and black phosphorus quantum dots(BPQDs),and was further re-filled with a dynamic hydrogel.The dynamic hydrogel filler was formed by Knoevenagel condensation reaction between cyanoacetate and benzaldehyde-functionalized dextran(DEX-CA and DEX-BA).Notably,the composite microspheres can be applied arbitrarily,and they can adhere together upon near-infrared irradiation by leveraging the BPQDs-mediated photothermal effect and the thermoreversible stiffness change of dynamic hydrogel.Additionally,eumenitin and vascular endothelial growth factor were co-loaded in the microspheres and their release behavior can be regulated by the same mechanism.Moreover,effective monitoring of the drug release process can be achieved through visual color variations.The microsphere system has demonstrated desired capabilities of controllable drug release and efficient wound management.These characteristics suggest broad prospects for the proposed composite microspheres in clinical applications.展开更多
Gadolinium(Ⅲ)-based T_(1) contrast agents have been widely used in clinical MRI.In this study,salicylic acid-gadolinium chelate was prepared via directly coordination reaction of gadolinium ion and salicylic acid.The...Gadolinium(Ⅲ)-based T_(1) contrast agents have been widely used in clinical MRI.In this study,salicylic acid-gadolinium chelate was prepared via directly coordination reaction of gadolinium ion and salicylic acid.Then,three polyethylene glycols with different molecular weight were modified on the surface of salicylic acid-gadolinium by simple chemical coupling to construct three core-shell structural Gd based composites.The scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and transmission electron microscopy(TEM)characterization results show that the composite is a spherical particle with a diameter of about 100-200 nm.The longitudinal relaxation rate r_(1) of the Gal-PEG-2000 is 11.097(mmol/L)^(-1)/s,and the ratio of r_(2)/r_(1) is as low as 2.53.The composite shows good liver and intestines MRI performances after being used in in vivo imaging,showing a good prospect of biological application.展开更多
Under the complex external reaction conditions,uncovering the true structural evolution of the catalyst is of profound significance for the establishment of relevant structure–activity relationships and the rational ...Under the complex external reaction conditions,uncovering the true structural evolution of the catalyst is of profound significance for the establishment of relevant structure–activity relationships and the rational design of electrocatalysts.Here,the surface reconstruction of the catalyst was characterized by ex-situ methods and in-situ Raman spectroscopy in CO_(2)electroreduction.The final results showed that the Bi_(2)O_(3) nanoparticles were transformed into Bi/Bi_(2)O_(3) two-dimensional thin-layer nanosheets(NSs).It is considered to be the active phase in the electrocatalytic process.The Bi/Bi_(2)O_(3) NSs showed good catalytic performance with a Faraday efficiency(FE)of 94.8%for formate and a current density of 26 mA cm^(−2) at−1.01 V.While the catalyst maintained a 90%FE in a wide potential range(−0.91 V to−1.21 V)and long-term stability(24 h).Theoretical calculations support the theory that the excellent performance originates from the enhanced bonding state of surface Bi-Bi,which stabilized the adsorption of the key intermediate OCHO^(∗) and thus promoted the production of formate.展开更多
基金supported by National Science and Technology Major Project (No.2012ZX04010051)
文摘In order to enhance the NC programming efficiency and quality of aircraft structural parts （ASPs）, an intelligent NC programming pattern driven by process schemes is presented. In this pattern, the NC machining cell is the minimal organizational structure in the technological process, consisting of an operation machining volume cell, and the type and parameters of the machining operation. After the machining cell construction, the final NC program can be easily obtained in a CAD/CAM system by instantiating the machining operation for each machining cell. Accordingly, how to automatically establish the machining cells is a key issue in intelligent NC program- ming. On the basis of the NC machining craft of ASP, the paper aims to make an in-depth research on this issue. Firstly, some new terms about the residual volume and the machinable volume are defined, and then, the technological process is modeled with a process scheme. Secondly, the approach to building the machining cells is introduced, in which real-time complement machining is mainly considered to avoid interference and overcutting. Thirdly, the implementing algorithm is designed and applied to the Intelligent NC Programming System of ASP. Finally, the developed algorithm is validated through two case studies.
文摘High-performance five-axis computer numerical control machine tools are widely used in the processing of Aeronautical Structural parts. With the increase of service life, the precision of CNC machine tools equipped by aeronautical manufacturing enterprises is declining day by day, while the new generation of aircraft structural parts <span style="font-family:Verdana;">are</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> developing towards integration, large-scale, complexity, thin-walled and lightweight. It is very easy to produce dimension overshoot and surface quality defects due to unstable processing technology. The machining accuracy of aircraft structural parts is also affected by complex factors such as cutting load, cutting stability, tool error, workpiece deformation, fixture deformation, etc. Because of the complexity of structure and characteristics of Aeronautical Structural parts, the consistency and stability of cutting process are poor. It is easy to cause machining accuracy problems due to tool wear, breakage and cutting chatter. Relevant scholars have carried out a lot of basic research on NC machining accuracy control and achieved fruitful results, but the research on NC machining accuracy control of Aeronautical structural parts is still less. This paper elaborates from three aspects: error modeling method of NC machine tools, error compensation method, prediction and control of machining accuracy, and combines the characteristics of Aeronautical Structural parts, the development trend and demand of NC machining accuracy control technology are put forward.</span>
基金co-supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51775278)National Science Fund of China for Distinguished Young Scholars(No.51925505)。
文摘Deformation resulting from residual stress has been a significant issue in machining.As allowance allocation can directly impact the residual stress on part deformation,it is essential for deformation control.However,it is difficult to adjust allowance allocation by traditional simulation methods based on residual stress,as the residual stress cannot be accurately measured or predicted,and many unexpected factors during machining process cannot be simulated accurately.Different from traditional methods,this paper proposes an allowance allocation method based on dynamic approximation via online inspection data for deformation control of structural parts.An Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average(ARIMA)model for dynamic allowance allocation is established so as to approach the minimum deformation,which is based on the in-process deformation inspection data during the alternative machining process of upside and downside.The effectiveness of the method is verified both by simulation cases and real machining experiments of aircraft structural parts,and the results show that part deformation can be significantly reduced.
基金Supported by National Science and Technology Major Project(Grant No.2015ZX04014021)
文摘A light?weight design method of integrated structural topology and size co?optimization for the force?performance?structure of complex structural parts is presented in this paper. Firstly, the supporting function of a complex structural part is built to map the force transmission, where the force exerted areas and constraints are considered as connecting structure and the structural configuration, to determine the part performance as well as the force routines. Then the connecting structure design model, aiming to optimize the static and dynamic performances on connection configuration, is developed, and the optimum design of the characteristic parameters is carried out by means of the collaborative optimization method, namely, the integrated structural topology optimization and size optimization. In this design model, the objective is to maximize the connecting stiffness. Based on the relationship between the force and the structural configuration of a part, the optimal force transmission routine that can meet the performance requirements is obtained using the structural topology optimization technology. Accordingly, the light?weight design of conceptual configuration for complex parts under multi?objective and multi?condition can be realized. Finally, based on the proposed collaborative optimization design method, the optimal performance and optimal structure of the complex parts with light weight are realized, and the reasonable structural unit configuration and size charac?teristic parameters are obtained. A bed structure of gantry?type machining center is designed by using the proposed light?weight structure design method in this paper, as an illustrative example. The bed after the design optimization is lighter 8% than original one, and the rail deformation is reduced by 5%. Moreover, the lightweight design of the bed is achieved with enhanced performance to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
基金supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye(TUBITAK)under Research Grant 116M254.
文摘Reinforced concrete buildings may experience partial damage after earthquakes or some human-induced actions.A decision about the future of those buildings requires detailed analyses,while determining the dynamic characteristics of a real building in its pre-and post-event situations can guide the analysis.Hence,this study was planned to monitor the dynamic response of an existing six-story,reinforced concrete building with regard to structural damage.The modal characteristics of the original building were initially determined by the use of operational modal analysis.Next,three steps of progressive structural damage were applied to the building.The first damage level peeled off the clear cover of a beam and three columns on a corner of the building’s ground floor.whereas the second and third levels completely razed the damaged columns.Operational modal analysis was repeated at each damage stage to extract the frequencies and detailed mode shapes.Moreover,numerical models based on the finite element method were constructed to confirm the obtained experimental findings.The well-agreed experimental and numerical findings revealed the damage sensitivity of the building’s dynamic response.The quantified amount of frequency change favored a retrofit of the partially damaged buildings rather than their replacement.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52130407,52174342,52441408)Beijing Natural Science Foundation(No.2232044,IS23050).
文摘Increasing the sintering rate of powder compact is a critical challenge of powder metallurgical materials,and adjusting component distribution in particles aggregate present significant effect on the microstructure of sintered product,especially for multi-phase compact with local heterogeneity.Here,a case study of W–Ni–Co powder compact was adopted to illustrate the novel strategy to enhance the sintering of multi-phase compact with desired microstructure by adjusting the particle configurations.The plasma synthesis route was developed for the first time to independently adjust the configurations of W–Ni–Co nanopowders with core-shell and homogeneous structures,which facilitates to ascertain the sintering response induced exclusively by particle configurations.Comparison on sintering response further indicates that core-shell powder presents greatly promoted sintering than homogeneous one,and full-dense and uniform compact with grain size of 1.37μm was obtained by solid sintering,which is several to dozens of times smaller than that obtained by conventional liquid sintering.Theoretical and experimental Investigation on elemental immigration visualized the distinct mass diffusion behavior of powder compacts,and clarified the mass transport path promoted densification mechanism determined by powder configurations.Importantly,full-coherent phase interface induced superior strength and plasticity in alloy sintered using core-shell powder,which highlights the importance of microstructural regulation on improving the mechanical property that superior than most of previously reported tungsten heavy alloys.In summary,this work paves a new way for fast sintering of multi-phase compacts,and provides intrinsic understandings on densification mechanism of powder compact.
文摘This paper prepared a novel as-cast W-Zr-Ti metallic ESM using high-frequency vacuum induction melting technique.The above ESM performs a typical elastic-brittle material feature and strain rate strengthening behavior.The specimens exhibit violent chemical reaction during the fracture process under the impact loading,and the size distribution of their residual debris follows Rosin-Rammler model.The dynamic fracture toughness is obtained by the fitting of debris length scale,approximately 1.87 MPa·m~(1/2).Microstructure observation on residual debris indicates that the failure process is determined by primary crack propagation under quasi-static compression,while it is affected by multiple cracks propagation in both particle and matrix in the case of dynamic impact.Impact test demonstrates that the novel energetic fragment performs brilliant penetration and combustion effect behind the front target,leading to the effective ignition of fuel tank.For the brittleness of as-cast W-ZrTi ESM,further study conducted bond-based peridynamic(BB-PD)C++computational code to simulate its fracture behavior during penetration.The BB-PD method successfully captured the fracture process and debris cloud formation of the energetic fragment.This paper explores a novel as-cast metallic ESM,and provides an available numerical avenue to the simulation of brittle energetic fragment.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.:21825201,52401244 and 52201227)Henan Province Key Research and Development and Promotion Program(Scientific and Technological Breakthrough Project:232102240088 and 252102230078)+3 种基金the Key Research&Development and Promotion of Special Project(Scientific Problem Tackling)of Henan Province(252102230078)Doctoral Research Startup Fund Project of Henan Open University(BSJH-2025-04)Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(LQ24B020005,LQ23B030001)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2024M762442).
文摘Electrocatalytic nitrate-to-ammonia conversion offers dual environmental and sustainable synthesis benefits,but achieving high efficiency with low-cost catalysts remains a major challenge.This review focuses on cobalt-based electrocatalysts,emphasizing their structural engineering for enhanced the performance of electrocatalytic nitrate reduction reaction(NO3RR)through dimensional control,compositional tuning,and coordination microenvironment modulation.Notably,by critically analyzing metallic cobalt,cobalt alloys,cobalt compounds,cobalt single atom and molecular catalyst configurations,we firstly establish correlations between atomic-scale structural features and catalytic performance in a coordination environment perspective for NO3RR,including the dynamic reconstruction during operation and its impact on active site.Synergizing experimental breakthroughs with computational modeling,we decode mechanisms underlying competitive hydrogen evolution suppression,intermediate adsorption-energy optimization,and durability enhancement in complex aqueous environments.The development of cobalt-based catalysts was summarized and prospected,and the emerging opportunities of machine learning in accelerating the research and development of high-performance catalysts and the configuration of series reactors for scalable nitrate-to-ammonia systems were also introduced.Bridging surface science and applications,it outlines a framework for designing multifunctional electrocatalysts to restore nitrogen cycle balance sustainably.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20201332)the“Double First-Class”University Project(No.CPU2018GF03)+1 种基金the Six Talent Peaks Project of Jiangsu Province(No.SWYY-107)Jiangsu Province‘333’Project,111 Center from Ministry of Education of China and the State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs of China(No.B18056).
文摘Parthenolide(PTL)is a sesquiterpene lactone derived from medicinal plant feverfew(Tanacetum parthenium).Recent studies have demonstrated that it has multiple pharmacological activities,especially in the treatment of various hematological and solid cancers.The superior anticancer activity of PTL suggests that it has the potential to be a first-line drug.However,due to the limited physical and chemical properties,as well as bioavailability,structural modification strategies are strongly recommended to improve the anticancer activity.This review describes representative PTL derivatives obtained by different modification strategies,which are reported to exert antiproliferative activities superior to the parent compound PTL.Furthermore,we also summarize their basic mechanisms on cancer-related signaling pathways,so as to explain the potential and characteristics of PTL and its derivatives in cancer therapy.
基金supported by the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(ZR2019BC100)Science,Education and Industry Integration Innovation Pilot Project of Qilu University of Technology(Shandong Academy of Sciences)(2020KJC-ZD10)Incubation Program of Youth Innovation in Shandong Province。
文摘This study explored the potential of polysaccharides from Actium lappa(ALPs)as natural wall materials for producing ALP-based nanoparticles to deliver poorly water-soluble oleanolic acid(OA)and ursolic acid(UA).Encapsulating OA+UA with ALPs(ALP:OA+UA,50:1;OA:UA,1:1)changed the crystalline nature to a more amorphous state through hydrogen bonding and involving O-H/C-O/O-C-O groups.ALP-OA/UA nanoparticles had a particle size and zeta potential(in water)of 199.1 nm/-7.15 mV,with a narrow unimodal size distribution,and excellent pH,salt solution,temperature and storage stability.Compared with ALPs,ALPOA/UA nanoparticles showed enhanced anti-inflammatory activity(especially at a dose of 100μg/mL)in a CuSO-induced zebrafish inflammation model via down-regulating the NF-κB signalling pathway and gene expression of associated transcription factors and cytokines(TNF-α,IL-1βand IL-8).Therefore,ALP-based nanoparticles are natural and anti-inflammatory carriers for hydrophobic bioactive molecules.
基金supported by the Youth Foundation of Education Bureau,Sichuan Province(13ZB0003)
文摘New descriptors were constructed and structures of some oxygen-containing organic compounds were parameterized. The multiple linear regression（MLR） and partial least squares regression（PLS） methods were employed to build two relationship models between the structures and octanol/water partition coefficients（LogP） of the compounds. The modeling correlation coefficients（R） were 0.976 and 0.922, and the ＂leave one out＂ cross validation correlation coefficients（R（CV）） were 0.973 and 0.909, respectively. The results showed that the structural descriptors could well characterize the molecular structures of the compounds; the stability and predictive power of the models were good.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51808530 and 51778604)。
文摘More and more attention has been paid to the aggregation behavior of nanoparticles, but little research has been done on the effect of particle size. Therefore, this study systematically evaluated the aggregation behavior of nano-silica particles with diameter 130–480 nm at different initial particle concentration, pH, ionic strength, and ionic valence of electrolytes. The modified Smoluchowski theory failed to describe the aggregation kinetics for nano-silica particles with diameters less than 190 nm. Besides, ionic strength, cation species and p H all affected fast aggregation rate coefficients of 130 nm nanoparticles. Through incorporating structural hydration force into the modified Smoluchowski theory, it is found that the reason for all the anomalous aggregation behavior was the different structural hydration layer thickness of nanoparticles with various sizes. The thickness decreased with increasing of particle size, and remained basically unchanged for particles larger than 190 nm. Only when the distance at primary minimum was twice the thickness of structural hydration layer, the structural hydration force dominated, leading to the higher stability of nanoparticles. This study clearly clarified the unique aggregation mechanism of nanoparticles with smaller size, which provided reference for predicting transport and fate of nanoparticles and could help facilitate the evaluation of their environment risks.
基金financially supported by the Senior Research Fellowship (SRF) from CSIR,New Delhi,India (No.09/382(0194)/2017-EMR-1)。
文摘The optical and structural properties of Tb^(3+)-doped yttrium and gadolinium oxyorthosilicate(Y_(2)SiO_(5) and Gd_(2)SiO_(5)) phosphors were analyzed.The samples were synthesized via sol-gel combustion method using organic fuel.The phase purity and structural properties of the samples were determined via combined approach of powder X-ray diffraction,Fourier transformation infrared(FTIR) and transmission electron microscopy(TEM).X-ray measurements revel monoclinic crystal lattice with P_(21/c) symmetry for both M_(2)SiO_(5)(pure host) and M_(2)SiO_(5):Tb^(3+)(doped) silicates,irrespective of the nature of metal(Y or Gd),presence or absence of Tb^(3+)in lattice and change in calcination temperature up to 1050℃.FTIR analysis was applied to confirm the bonding of prepared materials.The appearance of bands corresponding to SiO_(4) tetrahedra(880-1020 cm^(-1)) suggest the layered structure and support the diffraction measurements.TEM micrographs confirm the synthesis of spherical nanoparticles with filled morphology,narrow size distribution and slightly agglomerated crystallites of the samples.The elemental composition of prepared materials was determined using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy.The spectra show peaks only for elements assimilated within the host framework.The photoluminescence(PL) emission spectra of Tb^(3+)-doped samples show ^(5)D_(4)→^(7)F_(J)(J=3-6) transitions under 254 nm-excitation.The dominant peak at 544 nm for ^(5)D_(4)→^(7)F_(5) transition is responsible for the emission of green light on ultraviolet-visible excitation in both the Tb^(3+)-doped host matrixes.Owing to advantageous properties like intense PL and high crystallinity,these nanophosphors could possess potential applications in the mercury free lighting sources and optoelectronic devices.
基金Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, PETRONAS and SHELL for their financial support
文摘Carbonates of Central Luconia, Malaysia, had been serving as hydrocarbon reservoirs for more than 25 years. However, the relationship and impacts of extensive tectonic events to the growth of Miocene carbonates in Central Luconia have not been revealed sufficiently. In this work, two carbonates platforms in the southern part of Central Luconia were used for detailed interpretation and seismic based structural restoration. This work had provided new insight for the interpreta- tion of carbonate growth in Central Luconia and its association with the surrounding tectonic. This work suggested three possible tectonic evolutions from Late Oligocene to Pliocene are responsible for the growth of carbonates in Central Luconia. These stages are equivalent with pre-carbonate stage （Late Oligocene-Early Miocene）, syn-carbonate stage （Middle-Late Miocene） and post-carbonate stage （Pliocene）. Rifting of the South China Sea and subduction of proto-South China Sea are believed to be responsible for the development of faulting during pre-carbonate stage, while movement of the ancient Baram Line is thought to control the parallel striking direction of normal faults during syn- carbonate stage. Finally, subsidence and compaction due to the overburden clastic materials from the prograding deltas is considered as the main reason for the impacts of gravitational tectonics in this area, which corresponding to the post-carbonate stage.
基金Project supported by the Industry-University-Research Cooperation Project of Jiangsu Province in China (BY2021057)the Qing Lan Project of Jiangsu Province (BY2021011)Jiangsu Province Higher Vocational College Young Teachers Enterprise Practice Training Funding Project (2021QYSJ048)。
文摘Rare earth(RE)low doping has a significant influence on the structural,morphological,and magnetic properties of spinel ferrite nanoparticles.Therefore,rare earth neodymium(Nd)oxide was fully doped into spinel ferrite with a composition of Co_(0.80)Ni_(0.20)Nd_xFe_(2-x)O_4(x=0.0,0.05,0.10,and 0.15)using the sol-gel auto combustion method.Structural analysis of the synthesized samples with low doping of Nd using X-ray diffraction(XRD)and Rietveld refinements reveals a pure single-phase cubic structure,while the second phase appears with increasing content of Nd^(3+)at x=0.10 and 0.15.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy(HR-TEM)show well-shaped spherical grains within the nanometer range of the pure Co_(0.80)Ni_(0.20)Fe_(2)O_(4) sample,while larger grains with the presence of agglomeration are observed with doping of Nd^(3+)into the spinel ferrite nanoparticles.The magnetic parameters,i.e.,saturation magnetization M_s,remanence and magnetic moments exhibit decreasing trend with Nd^(3+)doping and M_s values are in 65.69 to 53.34 emu/g range.The coercivity of the Nd-doped Co-Ni spinel ferrite sample was calculated to be 1037.76 to~827.24 Oe.This work demonstrates remarkable improvements in the structural and magnetic characteristics of Nddoped Co-Ni spinel ferrite nanoparticles for multiple versatile applications.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11772058)
文摘Natural aluminum particles have the core-shell structure.The structure response refers to the mechanical behavior of the aluminum particle structure caused by external influences.The dynamic behavior of the structural response of aluminum core-shell particles before combustion is of great importance for the aluminum powder burning mechanism and its applications.In this paper,an aluminum particle combustion experiment in a detonation environment is conducted and analyzed;the breakage factors of aluminum particles shell in detonation environment are analyzed.The experiment results show that the aluminum particle burns in a gaseous state and condenses into a sub-micron particle cluster.The calculation and simulation demonstrate that the rupture of aluminum particle shell in the detonation environment is mainly caused by the impact of the detonation wave.The detonation wave impacts the aluminum particles,resulting in shell cracking,and due to the shrinkage-expansion of the aluminum core and stripping of the detonation product,the cracked shell is fractured and peeled with the aluminum reacting with the detonation product.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31872431)the earmarked fund for the Modern Agroindustry Technology Research System from the Ministry of Agriculture of China (CARS-44)。
文摘The objective of this study was to investigate the structural and antioxidative properties of royal jelly protein(RJP)at different degrees of hydrolysis(DH)by partial enzymatic hydrolysis. RJP was hydrolyzed by alcalase for 0 min, 15 min, 1 h, 5 h and 8 h to obtain hydrolysates at DH of 5.34%, 11.65%, 15.19%, 21.38% and 23.91%, respectively. With the increased DH, the RJP hydrolysates showed elevated antioxidative activities. The molecular weight of RJP hydrolysates was significantly decreased but their primary backbone kept unchanged. Analysis of circular dichroism spectra revealed that the enzymolysis reduced the content of α-helix but increased the contents of β-sheet, β-turn and random coil. Meanwhile, the surface hydrophobicity and fluorescence intensity of RJP hydrolysates were decreased and a red shift occurred. As the enzymolysis continued, the surface morphology of RJP was gradually changed from a sheet-like structure into microparticles. Changes in antioxidative activities and structures generally followed a DH-dependent manner, however these changes became insignificant for samples at DH beyond 20%. Taking into consideration of both effectiveness and productivity, the optimum enzymatic duration was determined at 5 h.
基金supported by the Ruijin Hospital Guangci Introducing Talent Projectfinancial support from National Natural Science Foundation of China(82372145)+4 种基金the Research Fellow(Grant No.353146)Research Project(347897)Solutions for Health Profile(336355)InFLAMES Flagship(337531)grants from Academy of Finlandthe Finland China Food and Health International Pilot Project funded by the Finnish Ministry of Education and Culture.
文摘Chronic diabetic wounds confront a significant medical challenge because of increasing prevalence and difficult-healing circumstances.It is vital to develop multifunctional hydrogel dressings,with well-designed morphology and structure to enhance flexibility and effectiveness in wound management.To achieve these,we propose a self-healing hydrogel dressing based on structural color microspheres for wound management.The microsphere comprised a photothermal-responsive inverse opal framework,which was constructed by hyaluronic acid methacryloyl,silk fibroin methacryloyl and black phosphorus quantum dots(BPQDs),and was further re-filled with a dynamic hydrogel.The dynamic hydrogel filler was formed by Knoevenagel condensation reaction between cyanoacetate and benzaldehyde-functionalized dextran(DEX-CA and DEX-BA).Notably,the composite microspheres can be applied arbitrarily,and they can adhere together upon near-infrared irradiation by leveraging the BPQDs-mediated photothermal effect and the thermoreversible stiffness change of dynamic hydrogel.Additionally,eumenitin and vascular endothelial growth factor were co-loaded in the microspheres and their release behavior can be regulated by the same mechanism.Moreover,effective monitoring of the drug release process can be achieved through visual color variations.The microsphere system has demonstrated desired capabilities of controllable drug release and efficient wound management.These characteristics suggest broad prospects for the proposed composite microspheres in clinical applications.
基金Project supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province(20JR10RA511,2019B-084)。
文摘Gadolinium(Ⅲ)-based T_(1) contrast agents have been widely used in clinical MRI.In this study,salicylic acid-gadolinium chelate was prepared via directly coordination reaction of gadolinium ion and salicylic acid.Then,three polyethylene glycols with different molecular weight were modified on the surface of salicylic acid-gadolinium by simple chemical coupling to construct three core-shell structural Gd based composites.The scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and transmission electron microscopy(TEM)characterization results show that the composite is a spherical particle with a diameter of about 100-200 nm.The longitudinal relaxation rate r_(1) of the Gal-PEG-2000 is 11.097(mmol/L)^(-1)/s,and the ratio of r_(2)/r_(1) is as low as 2.53.The composite shows good liver and intestines MRI performances after being used in in vivo imaging,showing a good prospect of biological application.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(12025503,U1932134,U1867215 and 12105208)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2042021kf0068,2042022kf1181)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2020M682469)。
文摘Under the complex external reaction conditions,uncovering the true structural evolution of the catalyst is of profound significance for the establishment of relevant structure–activity relationships and the rational design of electrocatalysts.Here,the surface reconstruction of the catalyst was characterized by ex-situ methods and in-situ Raman spectroscopy in CO_(2)electroreduction.The final results showed that the Bi_(2)O_(3) nanoparticles were transformed into Bi/Bi_(2)O_(3) two-dimensional thin-layer nanosheets(NSs).It is considered to be the active phase in the electrocatalytic process.The Bi/Bi_(2)O_(3) NSs showed good catalytic performance with a Faraday efficiency(FE)of 94.8%for formate and a current density of 26 mA cm^(−2) at−1.01 V.While the catalyst maintained a 90%FE in a wide potential range(−0.91 V to−1.21 V)and long-term stability(24 h).Theoretical calculations support the theory that the excellent performance originates from the enhanced bonding state of surface Bi-Bi,which stabilized the adsorption of the key intermediate OCHO^(∗) and thus promoted the production of formate.
