In nature,plants are under attack by a range of pathogens.To cope with these pathogens,plants have evolved a sophisticated immune system,including pattern-triggered immunity(PTI)initiated by pattern recognition recept...In nature,plants are under attack by a range of pathogens.To cope with these pathogens,plants have evolved a sophisticated immune system,including pattern-triggered immunity(PTI)initiated by pattern recognition receptors on the cell surface and effector-triggered immunity(ETI)activated by intracellular nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat receptors.In recent years,increasing evidence has demonstrated that organelles such as the chloroplast play crucial roles in complete activation of plant immunity.In this review,we focus on the chloroplast and summarize its role in regulating the activation of immune events,including influx of calcium(Ca^(2+)),accumulation of reactive oxygen species(ROS),biosynthesis of phytohormones,and expression of defense-related genes.Because information exchange between the chloroplast and the nucleus is very important during plant immunity,we also highlight the importance of chloroplast-nucleus communication via stromules in plant immunity.This review reveals the function of the chloroplast in maintaining the trade-off between plant growth and immunity,and expands our understanding of how chloroplasts enable complete activation of plant immunity.展开更多
Cell walls lock each cell in a specific position within the supraorganization of a plant. Despite its fixed location, each cell must be able to sense alterations in its immediate environment and respond rapidly to ens...Cell walls lock each cell in a specific position within the supraorganization of a plant. Despite its fixed location, each cell must be able to sense alterations in its immediate environment and respond rapidly to ensure the optimal functioning, continued growth and development, and eventual longterm survival of the plant.展开更多
Arabidopsis plastid antiporters KEA1 and KEA2are critical for plastid development, photosynthetic efficiency, and plant development.Here, we show that KEA1 and KEA2 are involved in vacuolar protein trafficking. Geneti...Arabidopsis plastid antiporters KEA1 and KEA2are critical for plastid development, photosynthetic efficiency, and plant development.Here, we show that KEA1 and KEA2 are involved in vacuolar protein trafficking. Genetic analyses found that the kea1 kea2 mutants had short siliques, small seeds, and short seedlings. Molecular and biochemical assays showed that seed storage proteins were missorted out of the cell and the precursor proteins were accumulated in kea1 kea2. Protein storage vacuoles(PSVs) were smaller in kea1 kea2. Further analyses showed that endosomal trafficking in kea1 kea2 was compromised. Vacuolar sorting receptor 1(VSR1) subcellular localizations, VSR–cargo interactions, and p24 distribution on the endoplasmic reticulum(ER) and Golgi apparatus were affected in kea1 kea2. Moreover, plastid stromule growth was reduced and plastid association with the endomembrane compartments was disrupted in kea1 kea2. Stromule growth was regulated by the cellular pH and K+homeostasis maintained by KEA1 and KEA2. The organellar pH along the trafficking pathway was altered in kea1 kea2. Overall, KEA1 and KEA2 regulate vacuolar trafficking by controlling the function of plastid stromules via adjusting pH and K+homeostasis.展开更多
基金supported by grants from the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province,China(grant no.2024J09022)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant no.32370302)the Open Fund of Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Industrial Green Technology(grant no.WYKF-EIGT2022-6).
文摘In nature,plants are under attack by a range of pathogens.To cope with these pathogens,plants have evolved a sophisticated immune system,including pattern-triggered immunity(PTI)initiated by pattern recognition receptors on the cell surface and effector-triggered immunity(ETI)activated by intracellular nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat receptors.In recent years,increasing evidence has demonstrated that organelles such as the chloroplast play crucial roles in complete activation of plant immunity.In this review,we focus on the chloroplast and summarize its role in regulating the activation of immune events,including influx of calcium(Ca^(2+)),accumulation of reactive oxygen species(ROS),biosynthesis of phytohormones,and expression of defense-related genes.Because information exchange between the chloroplast and the nucleus is very important during plant immunity,we also highlight the importance of chloroplast-nucleus communication via stromules in plant immunity.This review reveals the function of the chloroplast in maintaining the trade-off between plant growth and immunity,and expands our understanding of how chloroplasts enable complete activation of plant immunity.
基金Research funding by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC),the Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI),and the Ministry of Research and Innovation,Ontario
文摘Cell walls lock each cell in a specific position within the supraorganization of a plant. Despite its fixed location, each cell must be able to sense alterations in its immediate environment and respond rapidly to ensure the optimal functioning, continued growth and development, and eventual longterm survival of the plant.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)(31571464, 31371438, 31070222 to Quan-Sheng Qiu)the National Basic Research Program of China (973)project, 2013CB429904 to Quan-Sheng Qiu)+5 种基金the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China(RFDP)(20130211110001 to Quan-Sheng Qiu)Research Team of Stress Tolerance Mechanisms and Molecular Breeding of Plateau PlantsQinghai Province “Kunlun Talents·Advanced Innovative and Entrepreneurial Talents” Program (2022 to QuanSheng Qiu)the Qinghai Provincial Department of Science and Technology Qinghai basic research program (2022-ZJ-724 to Quan-Sheng Qiu)the Independent Research and Development Project of State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems (202202 to Quan-Sheng Qiu)the Core Facility of School of Life Sciences,Lanzhou University。
文摘Arabidopsis plastid antiporters KEA1 and KEA2are critical for plastid development, photosynthetic efficiency, and plant development.Here, we show that KEA1 and KEA2 are involved in vacuolar protein trafficking. Genetic analyses found that the kea1 kea2 mutants had short siliques, small seeds, and short seedlings. Molecular and biochemical assays showed that seed storage proteins were missorted out of the cell and the precursor proteins were accumulated in kea1 kea2. Protein storage vacuoles(PSVs) were smaller in kea1 kea2. Further analyses showed that endosomal trafficking in kea1 kea2 was compromised. Vacuolar sorting receptor 1(VSR1) subcellular localizations, VSR–cargo interactions, and p24 distribution on the endoplasmic reticulum(ER) and Golgi apparatus were affected in kea1 kea2. Moreover, plastid stromule growth was reduced and plastid association with the endomembrane compartments was disrupted in kea1 kea2. Stromule growth was regulated by the cellular pH and K+homeostasis maintained by KEA1 and KEA2. The organellar pH along the trafficking pathway was altered in kea1 kea2. Overall, KEA1 and KEA2 regulate vacuolar trafficking by controlling the function of plastid stromules via adjusting pH and K+homeostasis.
