Context and Objective: Hamstring strain is a common injury in football and it causes a significant amount of time lost from competition and training. Since poor flexibility is thought to predispose to muscle strain, s...Context and Objective: Hamstring strain is a common injury in football and it causes a significant amount of time lost from competition and training. Since poor flexibility is thought to predispose to muscle strain, stretching is routinely recommended during warm-up routines by coaches to prevent injuries. However, available evidence suggests that pre-exercise stretching (PES), especially static stretching, has no benefit on injury rates and may even reduce performance in explosive type activities. We designed this study to assess the attitudes, beliefs and practices of football coaches regarding stretching in the prevention of hamstring strains. Design: A cross-sectional survey. Setting: Mauritius Football Association (MFA). Participants: 26 football coaches registered with the MFA. Intervention: Questionnaires were distributed to football coaches of the MFA via sports officers. Questionnaires were then collected two weeks after distribution. Main Outcome Measures: Attitudes, beliefs and practices of football coaches regarding stretching in the prevention of ham-string strains. Results: MFA coaches held generally positive attitudes and beliefs towards stretching. 88% of coaches felt that PES is beneficial and 93% believed that PES prevents hamstring strains. The majority of coaches recommended stretching after warming up (81%) and after the training session (93%). 76% of coaches also advised stretching outside the training sessions. 96% of coaches used static stretching to stretch the hamstrings. The hamstrings were stretched on average for 4 times at each training session and the mean duration of a static stretch was 12 seconds. Conclusions: Nearly all coaches believed that PES prevents hamstring strains although evidence is limited. Some of the coaches’ beliefs and practices were not in line with current recommendations. Coaches reported that their stretching practices would be most likely influenced by scientific research. Thus there is an urgent need to devise awareness and training programmes in this area.展开更多
The loading-unloading-reloading process could affect the tensile deformation of metals with the combined function of stress relaxation and work hardening, which has been reported in multiple experiments. Nevertheless,...The loading-unloading-reloading process could affect the tensile deformation of metals with the combined function of stress relaxation and work hardening, which has been reported in multiple experiments. Nevertheless, the effects of different unloading positions and unloading times have not been investigated. In this study, unloading-reloading tests on three materials (AL6061, HSLA and Q195) were conducted. The stress exhibits a rapid rise momentarily upon reloading and stabilizes afterward while the post stress-strain curve deviates up or down from the monotonic tensile curve. The ductility is enhanced by the unloading-reloading process in general. Different unloading positions and unloading times have different degrees of influence on the stretching of these metals. The effect of loading conditions on a medium manganese steel was further studied. The functions to modify the post stress-strain relationship after unloading-reloading were established.展开更多
According to the deformation state in skin stretch forming, an experiment was investigated to determine the critical strain, which make the slip line occur, and the strain criteria under different strain paths are obt...According to the deformation state in skin stretch forming, an experiment was investigated to determine the critical strain, which make the slip line occur, and the strain criteria under different strain paths are obtained. The uniaxial tension tests of different specimens were carried out to determine the critical strains of different strain paths. Then, the slip line limited curve(SLC) is available from these critical strains. Two kinds of aluminum alloys, 2024-T3 and 2524-T3, were studied, and two SLCs are gained. The application of the SLC to an airplane skin stretch forming simulation was investigated, and the results show that the SLC can be used to control the slip lines occurring in practice.展开更多
目的研究动态牵张应变下人牙周膜细胞(HPDLCs)细胞骨架的变化。方法体外培养HPDLCs,利用动态牵张应变细胞加载装置对HPDLCs分别加载1%、10%和20%的牵张应变,每种应变分别加载7个时间段(0.5、1、2、4、6、12、24 h),应用激光共聚焦显微...目的研究动态牵张应变下人牙周膜细胞(HPDLCs)细胞骨架的变化。方法体外培养HPDLCs,利用动态牵张应变细胞加载装置对HPDLCs分别加载1%、10%和20%的牵张应变,每种应变分别加载7个时间段(0.5、1、2、4、6、12、24 h),应用激光共聚焦显微镜观察HPDLCs细胞骨架的形态结构;收集图像并运用Image-Pro Plus 4.5.0.29软件进行分析,测定HPDLCs的面积、长度与宽度比(长宽比)以及细胞骨架蛋白F-actin的积分荧光强度。结果激光共聚焦显微镜观察发现:随着加载牵张应变的作用时间延长和应变值提高,HPDLCs细胞逐渐呈现栅栏状相互平行排列趋势,且排列方向垂直于牵张力方向,胞体被拉长。图像分析结果显示:加载动态牵张应变后,HPDLCs的细胞面积、长宽比及F-actin的表达量均发生相应的变化。结论动态牵张应变可引起HPDLCs细胞骨架的变化,并且与施加应变的大小和应变作用时间有关。展开更多
文摘Context and Objective: Hamstring strain is a common injury in football and it causes a significant amount of time lost from competition and training. Since poor flexibility is thought to predispose to muscle strain, stretching is routinely recommended during warm-up routines by coaches to prevent injuries. However, available evidence suggests that pre-exercise stretching (PES), especially static stretching, has no benefit on injury rates and may even reduce performance in explosive type activities. We designed this study to assess the attitudes, beliefs and practices of football coaches regarding stretching in the prevention of hamstring strains. Design: A cross-sectional survey. Setting: Mauritius Football Association (MFA). Participants: 26 football coaches registered with the MFA. Intervention: Questionnaires were distributed to football coaches of the MFA via sports officers. Questionnaires were then collected two weeks after distribution. Main Outcome Measures: Attitudes, beliefs and practices of football coaches regarding stretching in the prevention of ham-string strains. Results: MFA coaches held generally positive attitudes and beliefs towards stretching. 88% of coaches felt that PES is beneficial and 93% believed that PES prevents hamstring strains. The majority of coaches recommended stretching after warming up (81%) and after the training session (93%). 76% of coaches also advised stretching outside the training sessions. 96% of coaches used static stretching to stretch the hamstrings. The hamstrings were stretched on average for 4 times at each training session and the mean duration of a static stretch was 12 seconds. Conclusions: Nearly all coaches believed that PES prevents hamstring strains although evidence is limited. Some of the coaches’ beliefs and practices were not in line with current recommendations. Coaches reported that their stretching practices would be most likely influenced by scientific research. Thus there is an urgent need to devise awareness and training programmes in this area.
文摘The loading-unloading-reloading process could affect the tensile deformation of metals with the combined function of stress relaxation and work hardening, which has been reported in multiple experiments. Nevertheless, the effects of different unloading positions and unloading times have not been investigated. In this study, unloading-reloading tests on three materials (AL6061, HSLA and Q195) were conducted. The stress exhibits a rapid rise momentarily upon reloading and stabilizes afterward while the post stress-strain curve deviates up or down from the monotonic tensile curve. The ductility is enhanced by the unloading-reloading process in general. Different unloading positions and unloading times have different degrees of influence on the stretching of these metals. The effect of loading conditions on a medium manganese steel was further studied. The functions to modify the post stress-strain relationship after unloading-reloading were established.
文摘极地环境以低温、冰水交替为特征,显著影响材料的腐蚀及应力腐蚀开裂(stress corrosion cracking,SCC)行为.为揭示DH40钢在极地环境下的腐蚀规律及SCC机理,采用电化学测试评估其耐腐蚀性,并结合慢应变速率拉伸试验,探讨不同腐蚀介质与加载速率对SCC敏感性的影响.通过扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscopy,SEM)观察断口形貌,从微观层面解析断裂机制.结果表明,极地典型-1℃冰水混合环境的腐蚀性低于海水环境,而DH40钢SCC敏感性随环境变化显著:海水环境最高,极地典型-1℃冰水混合环境次之,空气最低.此外,材料的SCC敏感性随应变速率呈非线性变化,在5×10^(-7)s^(-1)时达到最高,10^(-5)s^(-1)时次之,10^(-6)s^(-1)时最低.研究量化了极地环境对材料的SCC的影响,揭示了腐蚀与应力的协同作用,为极地装备材料的优化设计及服役安全评估提供理论依据.
基金Project(K0604020509) supported by Chengdu Aircraft Industrial Co. Ltd and National Foundation of Research of China
文摘According to the deformation state in skin stretch forming, an experiment was investigated to determine the critical strain, which make the slip line occur, and the strain criteria under different strain paths are obtained. The uniaxial tension tests of different specimens were carried out to determine the critical strains of different strain paths. Then, the slip line limited curve(SLC) is available from these critical strains. Two kinds of aluminum alloys, 2024-T3 and 2524-T3, were studied, and two SLCs are gained. The application of the SLC to an airplane skin stretch forming simulation was investigated, and the results show that the SLC can be used to control the slip lines occurring in practice.
文摘目的研究动态牵张应变下人牙周膜细胞(HPDLCs)细胞骨架的变化。方法体外培养HPDLCs,利用动态牵张应变细胞加载装置对HPDLCs分别加载1%、10%和20%的牵张应变,每种应变分别加载7个时间段(0.5、1、2、4、6、12、24 h),应用激光共聚焦显微镜观察HPDLCs细胞骨架的形态结构;收集图像并运用Image-Pro Plus 4.5.0.29软件进行分析,测定HPDLCs的面积、长度与宽度比(长宽比)以及细胞骨架蛋白F-actin的积分荧光强度。结果激光共聚焦显微镜观察发现:随着加载牵张应变的作用时间延长和应变值提高,HPDLCs细胞逐渐呈现栅栏状相互平行排列趋势,且排列方向垂直于牵张力方向,胞体被拉长。图像分析结果显示:加载动态牵张应变后,HPDLCs的细胞面积、长宽比及F-actin的表达量均发生相应的变化。结论动态牵张应变可引起HPDLCs细胞骨架的变化,并且与施加应变的大小和应变作用时间有关。
