Dinosaur discoveries from India have been known since 1844, while dinosaur discoveries from Pakistan have appeared recently since 2000. 3 large and 2 small theropod dinosaurs are known from Pakistan, while 11 large an...Dinosaur discoveries from India have been known since 1844, while dinosaur discoveries from Pakistan have appeared recently since 2000. 3 large and 2 small theropod dinosaurs are known from Pakistan, while 11 large and 4 small theropods are known from India. Pakistani land uncovered many footprints and trackways of Jurassic small and large theropods, Jurassic ankylosaur and Cretaceous hadrosaur ornithischian dinosaurs, while Indian land uncovered a footprint of small and a footprint of large theropod and 1 footprint of stegosaur. Pakistan uncovered a Jurassic bone taxon of ankylosaur ornithischian based on heavily armored synapomorphies. Recently, Pakistan yielded 1 bone taxon and 1 ichno taxon of pterosaurs, while Indian land yielded 1 bone taxon of pterosaur. Pakistani land uncovered 14 bone taxa (and 2 ichno taxa) of herbivorous sauropod dinosaurs, 5 bone taxa (and 2 ichnotaxa) of carnivorous theropod dinosaurs, 1 bone taxon of ankylosaur and 2 (ichnotaxa) of ornithischian (ankylosaur and hadrosaurs) dinosaurs, 1 bone taxon (and 1 ichno taxon) of pterosaurs, 1 plesiosaur, 7 crocodiles, 1 snake, 1 bird, 11 mammals, 3 fishes, 7 invertebrates and 1 plant. This study fills a significant gap in the literature by bringing together paleontological records from an understudied geographical location, enhancing the global understanding of dinosaur paleobiogeography. Pakistan hosts Precambrian to recent sediments igneous and metamorphic rocks. Pakistan is rich in mineral resources/rocks, but it needs more attention for its development to fulfill local requirements and earn foreign exchange.展开更多
The study of sequence stratigraphy often focuses on shallow marine and shelf-edge regions,while research on deep-sea stratigraphic sequences remains relatively weak.This study,based on highresolution 3D seismic data a...The study of sequence stratigraphy often focuses on shallow marine and shelf-edge regions,while research on deep-sea stratigraphic sequences remains relatively weak.This study,based on highresolution 3D seismic data and drilling information,utilized sequence stratigraphy and seismic sedimentology as guidelines,and employed seismic interpretation methods to performed a division of deepsea stratigraphic sequences within the Romney 3D seismic survey area in the deep-water Taranaki Basin,New Zealand.Furthermore,it analyzed the characteristics of typical depositional systems and their associated controlling factors.The findings are as follows:(1)Based on seismic reflection termination relationships and seismic facies characteristics,four second-order sequence boundaries and nine thirdorder sequence boundaries were identified,resulting in the delineation of three second-order sequences and twelve third-order sequences in the basin.(2)Five seismic facies were recognized,corresponding to five typical sedimentary bodies:mass transport deposits(MTDs),deep-water channel,levee deposits,deltaic deposits,and pelagic deposits.However,due to the relatively thin sedimentary thickness of carbonate sediments,the seismic facies characteristics of carbonate sediments cannot be discerned in seismic data,but can be identified based on well data.Deltaic sediments mainly developed during the rift stage of the basin,while carbonate sediments formed during the transition from a passive to an active margin.Deep-water channel and levee deposits and MTDs emerged during the active margin stage,while pelagic deposits are ubiquitous in marine environments.(3)The uplift of New Zealand's interior and climate-driven erosion caused the resurgence of clastic sediments,which began to be transported to the deep sea,the seafloor topography would directly affect the movement path of sediment gravity flow,and sediment supply can affect the development and evolution of sedimentary systems.(4)Event deposits boundaries,such as erosional scour surfaces formed by channels and unconformities created by MTDs,can serve as boundaries for the division of deep-water stratigraphic sequences.This study proposes a method for delineating deep-water stratigraphic sequences using event deposits,particularly suitable under conditions where the influence of relative sea-level changes on deep-water deposits is relatively weak.This research not only enhances the understanding of deep-water depositional sequences but also provides a reference for studies on the evolution of deep-water deposition and its controlling factors in research areas with similar geological backgrounds worldwide.展开更多
This research uses both three-dimensional(3D)modeling and geologic well control to piece back together the architectural parts of the Late Cretaceous formations.The goal is to figure out the sizes,directions,locations...This research uses both three-dimensional(3D)modeling and geologic well control to piece back together the architectural parts of the Late Cretaceous formations.The goal is to figure out the sizes,directions,locations,and controls of the layers of the fluvial sandstone reservoirs.Sequence stratigraphy is essential for 3D reservoir modeling and petroleum geology understanding in the Bahga oilfield.The purpose of this work is to create a static model that shows the layers and facies distribution in the reservoir interval.We will use data from nine well logs and 22 seismic lines calibrated by the Abu Roash G Member reservoir core intervals to accomplish this.The petrophysical study discovered three parts in the Abu Roash G Member reservoir rock:channel fill that is affected by tides,channel fill that is dominated by tides(intertidal sands),and channel top with lenticular bedded sandstone.The model's findings point to the existence of an NNW-oriented sand body,which could be a prime location to produce hydrocarbons.The original oil in place(OOIP)is about 3,438,279 Stock Tank Barrels(STB),and the oil reserve reaches up to 1,031,484(STB).Sequence stratigraphic analysis using seismic and well log information(SB)reveals that the Upper Cretaceous AR/G reservoir of the Bahga field is characterized by third-and fourth-order stratigraphic sequences,which are constrained by three Maximum Flooding Surfaces(MFS)and two Sequence Boundaries.The integration of the derived geological model and sequence stratigraphic results can lower future extraction risk by identifying the locations and trends of the geologic facies with the necessary petrophysical properties for the hydrocarbon accumulations.展开更多
A Oilfield is the most representative mid to deep oil field in the Bohai Sea, with the main oil bearing intervals being the upper and middle Shahejie-3 sections of the Paleogene Shahejie Formation. By combining well s...A Oilfield is the most representative mid to deep oil field in the Bohai Sea, with the main oil bearing intervals being the upper and middle Shahejie-3 sections of the Paleogene Shahejie Formation. By combining well seismic analysis, the middle section of Shahejie-3 is divided into high-level system tract and forced lake retreat system tract, corresponding to the II oil formation and I oil formation, respectively. Using sequence stratigraphy methods, based on seismic profiles and drilling lithological cycles, the high stand system tract is divided into 5 stages of delta progradation. The first and second stages are high angle S-type progradation with large sedimentary thickness, the third stage is oblique progradation, and the fourth and fifth stages are S-oblique composite progradation;By combining seismic data, we characterized the large-scale (8 small-scale) progradation bodies of 5 periods, clarified the distribution characteristics of reservoir planes, and laid the foundation for the later exploration of oilfield potential.展开更多
文摘Dinosaur discoveries from India have been known since 1844, while dinosaur discoveries from Pakistan have appeared recently since 2000. 3 large and 2 small theropod dinosaurs are known from Pakistan, while 11 large and 4 small theropods are known from India. Pakistani land uncovered many footprints and trackways of Jurassic small and large theropods, Jurassic ankylosaur and Cretaceous hadrosaur ornithischian dinosaurs, while Indian land uncovered a footprint of small and a footprint of large theropod and 1 footprint of stegosaur. Pakistan uncovered a Jurassic bone taxon of ankylosaur ornithischian based on heavily armored synapomorphies. Recently, Pakistan yielded 1 bone taxon and 1 ichno taxon of pterosaurs, while Indian land yielded 1 bone taxon of pterosaur. Pakistani land uncovered 14 bone taxa (and 2 ichno taxa) of herbivorous sauropod dinosaurs, 5 bone taxa (and 2 ichnotaxa) of carnivorous theropod dinosaurs, 1 bone taxon of ankylosaur and 2 (ichnotaxa) of ornithischian (ankylosaur and hadrosaurs) dinosaurs, 1 bone taxon (and 1 ichno taxon) of pterosaurs, 1 plesiosaur, 7 crocodiles, 1 snake, 1 bird, 11 mammals, 3 fishes, 7 invertebrates and 1 plant. This study fills a significant gap in the literature by bringing together paleontological records from an understudied geographical location, enhancing the global understanding of dinosaur paleobiogeography. Pakistan hosts Precambrian to recent sediments igneous and metamorphic rocks. Pakistan is rich in mineral resources/rocks, but it needs more attention for its development to fulfill local requirements and earn foreign exchange.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42077410 and 41872112).We acknowledge the insights and efforts of journal editor(Jie Hao)and three anonymous reviewers that improved the quality of the manuscript.
文摘The study of sequence stratigraphy often focuses on shallow marine and shelf-edge regions,while research on deep-sea stratigraphic sequences remains relatively weak.This study,based on highresolution 3D seismic data and drilling information,utilized sequence stratigraphy and seismic sedimentology as guidelines,and employed seismic interpretation methods to performed a division of deepsea stratigraphic sequences within the Romney 3D seismic survey area in the deep-water Taranaki Basin,New Zealand.Furthermore,it analyzed the characteristics of typical depositional systems and their associated controlling factors.The findings are as follows:(1)Based on seismic reflection termination relationships and seismic facies characteristics,four second-order sequence boundaries and nine thirdorder sequence boundaries were identified,resulting in the delineation of three second-order sequences and twelve third-order sequences in the basin.(2)Five seismic facies were recognized,corresponding to five typical sedimentary bodies:mass transport deposits(MTDs),deep-water channel,levee deposits,deltaic deposits,and pelagic deposits.However,due to the relatively thin sedimentary thickness of carbonate sediments,the seismic facies characteristics of carbonate sediments cannot be discerned in seismic data,but can be identified based on well data.Deltaic sediments mainly developed during the rift stage of the basin,while carbonate sediments formed during the transition from a passive to an active margin.Deep-water channel and levee deposits and MTDs emerged during the active margin stage,while pelagic deposits are ubiquitous in marine environments.(3)The uplift of New Zealand's interior and climate-driven erosion caused the resurgence of clastic sediments,which began to be transported to the deep sea,the seafloor topography would directly affect the movement path of sediment gravity flow,and sediment supply can affect the development and evolution of sedimentary systems.(4)Event deposits boundaries,such as erosional scour surfaces formed by channels and unconformities created by MTDs,can serve as boundaries for the division of deep-water stratigraphic sequences.This study proposes a method for delineating deep-water stratigraphic sequences using event deposits,particularly suitable under conditions where the influence of relative sea-level changes on deep-water deposits is relatively weak.This research not only enhances the understanding of deep-water depositional sequences but also provides a reference for studies on the evolution of deep-water deposition and its controlling factors in research areas with similar geological backgrounds worldwide.
文摘This research uses both three-dimensional(3D)modeling and geologic well control to piece back together the architectural parts of the Late Cretaceous formations.The goal is to figure out the sizes,directions,locations,and controls of the layers of the fluvial sandstone reservoirs.Sequence stratigraphy is essential for 3D reservoir modeling and petroleum geology understanding in the Bahga oilfield.The purpose of this work is to create a static model that shows the layers and facies distribution in the reservoir interval.We will use data from nine well logs and 22 seismic lines calibrated by the Abu Roash G Member reservoir core intervals to accomplish this.The petrophysical study discovered three parts in the Abu Roash G Member reservoir rock:channel fill that is affected by tides,channel fill that is dominated by tides(intertidal sands),and channel top with lenticular bedded sandstone.The model's findings point to the existence of an NNW-oriented sand body,which could be a prime location to produce hydrocarbons.The original oil in place(OOIP)is about 3,438,279 Stock Tank Barrels(STB),and the oil reserve reaches up to 1,031,484(STB).Sequence stratigraphic analysis using seismic and well log information(SB)reveals that the Upper Cretaceous AR/G reservoir of the Bahga field is characterized by third-and fourth-order stratigraphic sequences,which are constrained by three Maximum Flooding Surfaces(MFS)and two Sequence Boundaries.The integration of the derived geological model and sequence stratigraphic results can lower future extraction risk by identifying the locations and trends of the geologic facies with the necessary petrophysical properties for the hydrocarbon accumulations.
文摘A Oilfield is the most representative mid to deep oil field in the Bohai Sea, with the main oil bearing intervals being the upper and middle Shahejie-3 sections of the Paleogene Shahejie Formation. By combining well seismic analysis, the middle section of Shahejie-3 is divided into high-level system tract and forced lake retreat system tract, corresponding to the II oil formation and I oil formation, respectively. Using sequence stratigraphy methods, based on seismic profiles and drilling lithological cycles, the high stand system tract is divided into 5 stages of delta progradation. The first and second stages are high angle S-type progradation with large sedimentary thickness, the third stage is oblique progradation, and the fourth and fifth stages are S-oblique composite progradation;By combining seismic data, we characterized the large-scale (8 small-scale) progradation bodies of 5 periods, clarified the distribution characteristics of reservoir planes, and laid the foundation for the later exploration of oilfield potential.
