This study investigates the cloud macro-and micro-physical characteristics in the convective and stratiform regions and their different responses to the seeding for mixed convective-stratiform clouds that occurred in ...This study investigates the cloud macro-and micro-physical characteristics in the convective and stratiform regions and their different responses to the seeding for mixed convective-stratiform clouds that occurred in Shandong province on 21 May 2018,based on the observations from the aircraft,the Suomi National Polar-Orbiting Partnership(NPP)satellite,and the high-resolution Himawari-8(H8)satellite.The aircraft observations show that convection was deeper and radar echoes were significantly enhanced with higher tops in response to seeding in the convective region.This is linked with the conversion of supercooled liquid droplets to ice crystals with released latent heat,resulting in strengthened updrafts,enhanced radar echoes,higher cloud tops,and more and larger precipitation particles.In contrast,in the stratiform cloud region,after the Silver Iodide(AgI)seeding,the radar echoes become significantly weaker at heights close to the seeding layer,with the echo tops lowered by 1.4–1.7 km.In addition,a hollow structure appears at the height of 6.2–7.8 km with a depth of about 1.6 km and a diameter of about 5.5 km,and features such as icing seeding tracks appear.These suggest that the transformation between droplets and ice particles was accelerated by the seeding in the stratiform part.The NPP and H8 satellites also show that convective activity was stronger in the convective region after seeding;while in the stratiform region,a cloud seeding track with a width of 1–3 km appears 10 km downstream of the seeding layer 15 minutes after the AgI seeding,which moves along the wind direction as width increases.展开更多
Based on the satellite retrieval methodology, the spectral characteristics and cloud microphysical properties were analyzed that included brightness temperatures of Channels 4 and 5, and their brightness temperature d...Based on the satellite retrieval methodology, the spectral characteristics and cloud microphysical properties were analyzed that included brightness temperatures of Channels 4 and 5, and their brightness temperature difference （BTD）, the particle effective radius of seeded cloud track caused by an operational cloud seeding and the microphysical effects of cloud seeding were revealed by the comparisons of their differences inside and outside the seeded track. The cloud track was actually a cloud channel reaching 1.5-km deep and 14-km wide lasting for more than 80 min. The effective radius of ambient clouds was 10-15 μm, while that within the cloud track ranged from 15 to 26 μm. The ambient clouds were composed of supercooled droplets, and the composition of the cloud within the seeding track was ice. With respect to the rather stable reflectance of two ambient sides around the track, the visible spectral reflectance in the cloud track varied at least 10%, and reached a maximum of 35%, the reflectance of 3.7 μm in the seeded track relatively decreased at least 10%. As cloud seeding advanced, the width and depth were gradually increased. Simultaneously the cloud top temperature within the track became progressively warmer with respect to the ambient clouds, and the maximum temperature differences reached 4.2 and 3.9℃ at the first seeding position for Channels 4 and 5. In addition, the BTD in the track also increased steadily to a maximum of 1.4℃, compared with 0.2-0.4℃ of the ambient clouds. The evidence that the seeded cloud became thinner comes from the visible image showing a channel, the warming of the cloud tops, and the increase of BTD in the seeded track. The seeded cloud became thinner mainly because the cloud top descended and it lost water to precipitation throughout its depth. For this cloud seeding case, the glaciation became apparent at cloud tops about 22 min after seeding. The formation of a cloud track in the supercooled stratiform clouds was mainly because that the seeded cloud volume glaciated into ice hydrometeors that precipitated and so lowered cloud top height. A thin line of new water clouds formed in the middle of the seeded track between 38 and 63 min after seeding, probably as a result of rising motion induced by the released latent heat of freezing. These clouds disappeared in the earlier segments of the seeded track, which suggested that the maturation of the seeding track was associated with its narrowing and eventual dissipation due to expansion of the tops of the ambient clouds from the sides inward.展开更多
To analyze the effects of gas cannons on clouds and precipitation,multisource observational data,including those from National Centers for Environmental Prediction(NCEP)reanalysis,Hangzhou and Huzhou new-generation we...To analyze the effects of gas cannons on clouds and precipitation,multisource observational data,including those from National Centers for Environmental Prediction(NCEP)reanalysis,Hangzhou and Huzhou new-generation weather radars,laser disdrometer,ground-based automatic weather station,wind profiler radar,and Lin'an C-band dualpolarization radar,were adopted in this study.Based on the variational dual-Doppler wind retrieval method and the polarimetric variables obtained by the dual-polarization radar,we analyzed the microphysical processes and the variations in the macro-and microphysical quantities in clouds from the perspective of the synoptic background before precipitation enhancement,the polarization echo characteristics before,during and after enhancement,and the evolution of the fine three-dimensional kinematic structure and the microphysical structure.The results show that the precipitation enhancement operation promoted the development of radar echoes and prolonged their duration,and both the horizontal and vertical wind speeds increased.The dual-polarization radar echo showed that the diameter of the precipitation particles increased,and the concentration of raindrops increased after precipitation enhancement.The raindrops were lifted to a height corresponding to 0 to-20℃due to vertical updrafts.Based on the disdrometer data during precipitation enhancement,the concentration of small raindrops(lgN_(w))showed a significant increase,and the mass-weighted diameter D_(m)value decreased,indicating that the precipitation enhancement operation played a certain“lubricating”effect.After the precipitation enhancement,the concentration of raindrops did not change much compared with that during the enhancement process,while the Dm increased,corresponding to an increase in rain intensity.The results suggest the positive effect of gas cannons on precipitation enhancement.展开更多
基于耦合了CAMS(Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences)云微物理方案的WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting Model)中尺度模式,针对2024年3月24日丹江口流域一次受中纬度西风槽东移与低层暖湿输送控制的积层混合云降水过程,系...基于耦合了CAMS(Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences)云微物理方案的WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting Model)中尺度模式,针对2024年3月24日丹江口流域一次受中纬度西风槽东移与低层暖湿输送控制的积层混合云降水过程,系统模拟了人工冰晶播撒对云微物理过程及降水的影响。结果表明,此次降水过程呈现暖云与冷云降水机制共存的特征:降水初期至旺盛期以暖云碰并主导,19:00(北京时间)后以霰粒子融化过程主导。目标云系云顶高度超过12 km,4~6 km层过冷水含量约0.01~0.3 g/kg,自然冰晶浓度较低,结合上升气流成为理想催化区。在冷暖云降水机制协同作用下播撒人工冰晶(SC1)发现,催化后影响区地面降水呈现先减少后增加的变化。催化后30分钟内,冰晶凝华增长后碰并雪晶,雪晶增加,但增多的雪晶没有下落到暖区融化成雨滴,反而云滴和霰的减少导致了雨滴碰并云滴和霰融化成雨滴减少,最终地面降水减少。催化后50分钟至3 h,下游区域霰收集雪晶和霰融化过程增强,为暖区上层提供初始大雨滴,导致雨滴碰并云滴过程也增强,最终冷暖云降水过程都增强导致地面降水增加,整个评估区内3 h累积增雨量为2.438×10^(5)t。敏感性试验表明,过量播撒冰晶会因水汽消耗削弱霰的源项,导致霰融化减弱,增雨量减少;单一高度层的敏感性试验表明,云中5.2 km即-7℃温度层催化增雨效果最优。因此,协同优化积层混合云催化的播撒剂量与高度等,可显著提升降水效率,为丹江口流域云水资源调控提供科学依据。展开更多
利用中尺度模式模拟结果和卫星、雷达、飞机、地面雨量站等观测资料,对2012年9月21日河北一次西风槽降水层状云系的宏微观结构和增雨条件进行了分析。结果表明:此次西风槽降水过程的影响系统为500 h Pa低槽和700 h Pa切变线,地面并没有...利用中尺度模式模拟结果和卫星、雷达、飞机、地面雨量站等观测资料,对2012年9月21日河北一次西风槽降水层状云系的宏微观结构和增雨条件进行了分析。结果表明:此次西风槽降水过程的影响系统为500 h Pa低槽和700 h Pa切变线,地面并没有伴随冷锋系统;西风槽云系不同部位具有不同云层性质和垂直结构特征,前端为高层冷云,云顶温度为-35℃,云体由冰相粒子和过冷水组成,没有暖云,有少量冷云降水;槽线附近云系为冷暖混合云,云顶温度为-20℃,云体最为密实,地面降水较强;槽后云系为低层液态水云,云顶温度为-5℃,有少量暖云降水;云水分布对应上升运动和高饱和区,高饱和区越深厚、上升运动越强,产生的云水值越大;利用模式过冷水含量、上升运动区、冰晶浓度、温度和逐时雨强对冷云催化增雨作业条件进行分析,槽线附近云系过冷水含量较多,存在强可播区,播撒高度为3.8~6.5 km,最适宜冷云播撒增雨作业。展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Project(Grant No.2019YFA0606803,2016YFA0601704)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41925022)+1 种基金the Innovation and Development Project of China Meteorological Administration(CXFZ2022J036)the Science and Technology Development Fund of Hubei Meteorological Bureau(Grant No.2017Y06,2017Y07,2016Y06,2019Y10).
文摘This study investigates the cloud macro-and micro-physical characteristics in the convective and stratiform regions and their different responses to the seeding for mixed convective-stratiform clouds that occurred in Shandong province on 21 May 2018,based on the observations from the aircraft,the Suomi National Polar-Orbiting Partnership(NPP)satellite,and the high-resolution Himawari-8(H8)satellite.The aircraft observations show that convection was deeper and radar echoes were significantly enhanced with higher tops in response to seeding in the convective region.This is linked with the conversion of supercooled liquid droplets to ice crystals with released latent heat,resulting in strengthened updrafts,enhanced radar echoes,higher cloud tops,and more and larger precipitation particles.In contrast,in the stratiform cloud region,after the Silver Iodide(AgI)seeding,the radar echoes become significantly weaker at heights close to the seeding layer,with the echo tops lowered by 1.4–1.7 km.In addition,a hollow structure appears at the height of 6.2–7.8 km with a depth of about 1.6 km and a diameter of about 5.5 km,and features such as icing seeding tracks appear.These suggest that the transformation between droplets and ice particles was accelerated by the seeding in the stratiform part.The NPP and H8 satellites also show that convective activity was stronger in the convective region after seeding;while in the stratiform region,a cloud seeding track with a width of 1–3 km appears 10 km downstream of the seeding layer 15 minutes after the AgI seeding,which moves along the wind direction as width increases.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 40575004the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology (Grant 2005DIB3J099).
文摘Based on the satellite retrieval methodology, the spectral characteristics and cloud microphysical properties were analyzed that included brightness temperatures of Channels 4 and 5, and their brightness temperature difference （BTD）, the particle effective radius of seeded cloud track caused by an operational cloud seeding and the microphysical effects of cloud seeding were revealed by the comparisons of their differences inside and outside the seeded track. The cloud track was actually a cloud channel reaching 1.5-km deep and 14-km wide lasting for more than 80 min. The effective radius of ambient clouds was 10-15 μm, while that within the cloud track ranged from 15 to 26 μm. The ambient clouds were composed of supercooled droplets, and the composition of the cloud within the seeding track was ice. With respect to the rather stable reflectance of two ambient sides around the track, the visible spectral reflectance in the cloud track varied at least 10%, and reached a maximum of 35%, the reflectance of 3.7 μm in the seeded track relatively decreased at least 10%. As cloud seeding advanced, the width and depth were gradually increased. Simultaneously the cloud top temperature within the track became progressively warmer with respect to the ambient clouds, and the maximum temperature differences reached 4.2 and 3.9℃ at the first seeding position for Channels 4 and 5. In addition, the BTD in the track also increased steadily to a maximum of 1.4℃, compared with 0.2-0.4℃ of the ambient clouds. The evidence that the seeded cloud became thinner comes from the visible image showing a channel, the warming of the cloud tops, and the increase of BTD in the seeded track. The seeded cloud became thinner mainly because the cloud top descended and it lost water to precipitation throughout its depth. For this cloud seeding case, the glaciation became apparent at cloud tops about 22 min after seeding. The formation of a cloud track in the supercooled stratiform clouds was mainly because that the seeded cloud volume glaciated into ice hydrometeors that precipitated and so lowered cloud top height. A thin line of new water clouds formed in the middle of the seeded track between 38 and 63 min after seeding, probably as a result of rising motion induced by the released latent heat of freezing. These clouds disappeared in the earlier segments of the seeded track, which suggested that the maturation of the seeding track was associated with its narrowing and eventual dissipation due to expansion of the tops of the ambient clouds from the sides inward.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(41675029)Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(KYCX18_0998)+1 种基金Science and Technology Program of Huzhou(2021GZ14,2020GZ31)Science and Technology(Key)Program of Zhejiang Meteorological Service(2021ZD27)。
文摘To analyze the effects of gas cannons on clouds and precipitation,multisource observational data,including those from National Centers for Environmental Prediction(NCEP)reanalysis,Hangzhou and Huzhou new-generation weather radars,laser disdrometer,ground-based automatic weather station,wind profiler radar,and Lin'an C-band dualpolarization radar,were adopted in this study.Based on the variational dual-Doppler wind retrieval method and the polarimetric variables obtained by the dual-polarization radar,we analyzed the microphysical processes and the variations in the macro-and microphysical quantities in clouds from the perspective of the synoptic background before precipitation enhancement,the polarization echo characteristics before,during and after enhancement,and the evolution of the fine three-dimensional kinematic structure and the microphysical structure.The results show that the precipitation enhancement operation promoted the development of radar echoes and prolonged their duration,and both the horizontal and vertical wind speeds increased.The dual-polarization radar echo showed that the diameter of the precipitation particles increased,and the concentration of raindrops increased after precipitation enhancement.The raindrops were lifted to a height corresponding to 0 to-20℃due to vertical updrafts.Based on the disdrometer data during precipitation enhancement,the concentration of small raindrops(lgN_(w))showed a significant increase,and the mass-weighted diameter D_(m)value decreased,indicating that the precipitation enhancement operation played a certain“lubricating”effect.After the precipitation enhancement,the concentration of raindrops did not change much compared with that during the enhancement process,while the Dm increased,corresponding to an increase in rain intensity.The results suggest the positive effect of gas cannons on precipitation enhancement.
文摘基于耦合了CAMS(Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences)云微物理方案的WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting Model)中尺度模式,针对2024年3月24日丹江口流域一次受中纬度西风槽东移与低层暖湿输送控制的积层混合云降水过程,系统模拟了人工冰晶播撒对云微物理过程及降水的影响。结果表明,此次降水过程呈现暖云与冷云降水机制共存的特征:降水初期至旺盛期以暖云碰并主导,19:00(北京时间)后以霰粒子融化过程主导。目标云系云顶高度超过12 km,4~6 km层过冷水含量约0.01~0.3 g/kg,自然冰晶浓度较低,结合上升气流成为理想催化区。在冷暖云降水机制协同作用下播撒人工冰晶(SC1)发现,催化后影响区地面降水呈现先减少后增加的变化。催化后30分钟内,冰晶凝华增长后碰并雪晶,雪晶增加,但增多的雪晶没有下落到暖区融化成雨滴,反而云滴和霰的减少导致了雨滴碰并云滴和霰融化成雨滴减少,最终地面降水减少。催化后50分钟至3 h,下游区域霰收集雪晶和霰融化过程增强,为暖区上层提供初始大雨滴,导致雨滴碰并云滴过程也增强,最终冷暖云降水过程都增强导致地面降水增加,整个评估区内3 h累积增雨量为2.438×10^(5)t。敏感性试验表明,过量播撒冰晶会因水汽消耗削弱霰的源项,导致霰融化减弱,增雨量减少;单一高度层的敏感性试验表明,云中5.2 km即-7℃温度层催化增雨效果最优。因此,协同优化积层混合云催化的播撒剂量与高度等,可显著提升降水效率,为丹江口流域云水资源调控提供科学依据。
文摘利用中尺度模式模拟结果和卫星、雷达、飞机、地面雨量站等观测资料,对2012年9月21日河北一次西风槽降水层状云系的宏微观结构和增雨条件进行了分析。结果表明:此次西风槽降水过程的影响系统为500 h Pa低槽和700 h Pa切变线,地面并没有伴随冷锋系统;西风槽云系不同部位具有不同云层性质和垂直结构特征,前端为高层冷云,云顶温度为-35℃,云体由冰相粒子和过冷水组成,没有暖云,有少量冷云降水;槽线附近云系为冷暖混合云,云顶温度为-20℃,云体最为密实,地面降水较强;槽后云系为低层液态水云,云顶温度为-5℃,有少量暖云降水;云水分布对应上升运动和高饱和区,高饱和区越深厚、上升运动越强,产生的云水值越大;利用模式过冷水含量、上升运动区、冰晶浓度、温度和逐时雨强对冷云催化增雨作业条件进行分析,槽线附近云系过冷水含量较多,存在强可播区,播撒高度为3.8~6.5 km,最适宜冷云播撒增雨作业。
