Photovoltaic metal halide perovskite solar cells(PSCs) convert light to electricity more efficiently than crystalline silicon cells, and the cost of materials used to make them is lower than that of silicon cells.Conv...Photovoltaic metal halide perovskite solar cells(PSCs) convert light to electricity more efficiently than crystalline silicon cells, and the cost of materials used to make them is lower than that of silicon cells.Conversion efficiency is not a core issue affecting the application of perovskite solar cells in special scenarios.At present, stability is the major technical encounters that hinders its further commercial development. Microstrain in PSCs is currently a significant factor responsible for the device's instability. Strain-induced ion migration is widely believed to accelerate perovskite degradation even when external stimuli are excluded.Undoubtedly, it is imperative to study strain to enhance the stability of PSCs. This paper reviews recent developments to understand strain's origin and effect mechanisms on performance of PSCs, including ion migration,failure behavior, defect formation, and its effect on photoelectric properties, stability, and reliability.Additionally, several well-known strain management strategies are systematically introduced based on the strain effect mechanism and strain engineering on the film, providing more clues for further preparation with increased stability. The manipulation of external physical strain applied from films to entire devices has been extensively studied. Furthermore, recommendations for future research directions and chemical approaches have been provided. It is emphasized that strain engineering plays a crucial role in improving the efficiency and longevity of PSCs. Tensile strain causes rapid degradation, while moderate compressive strain and external strain control could improve properties and stability. Efforts should focus on controlling compressive strain to mitigate residual tensile strain and introducing it in a controlled manner. Future research endeavors may focus on exploring these pathways to improve the efficiency and lifespan of PSCs.展开更多
Due to the demand for environmental protection,developing eco-friendly piezoelectric applica-tions/materials is an inevitable trend.The market share of lead-free materials is growing steadily every year.Among typical ...Due to the demand for environmental protection,developing eco-friendly piezoelectric applica-tions/materials is an inevitable trend.The market share of lead-free materials is growing steadily every year.Among typical lead-free systems,Bi_(0.5)Na_(0.5)TiO_(3)(BNT)has attracted wide attention due to its supe-rior strain property(e.g.,dynamic piezoelectric coefficient d33*of most modified-BNT ceramics exceeds 600 pm/V,which is higher than commercial soft PZT ceramics PIC151).The excellent strain performance in BNT-based materials is thought to arise from the relaxor-ferroelectric transition,and currently,the mainstream strain regulation method is chemical modifying.So far,amounts of effective dopants have been investigated,while the intrinsic strain regulation mechanism is still ambiguous(e.g.,how do dopants work?).Therefore,we review the intrinsic strain regulation mechanism,and strain origination and reg-ulation methods are also investigated to comprehend the regulation mechanism.Significantly,the strain origination and regulation mechanism are investigated from different dimensions(e.g.,macro perspective and micro perspective),which is vacant in previous reports.From the macro view,the particular tai-lored relaxor-ferroelectric crossover is the critical key for the giant electro-strain,while from the micro view,the electro-strain is dominated by the cracked ferroelectric order and relaxor-ferroelectric transi-tion,resulting from the broken Bi-O bonds due to the local field effect.Exploring the strain origination and regulation mechanism of BNT-based ceramics is of great importance to exclude the blind researching mode and rationally design the experimental scheme.展开更多
The internal mechanism of organizational learning and knowledge increase is very similar to the mechanism of biotic ferment, so we creatively use Knowledge Convening ＆ Fermenting Model （KCFM） to explain the origina...The internal mechanism of organizational learning and knowledge increase is very similar to the mechanism of biotic ferment, so we creatively use Knowledge Convening ＆ Fermenting Model （KCFM） to explain the origination and mechanism of knowledge increase, espec）ally clarifying that the original substance is the key factor to cause organizational learning and knowledge innovation, We also thoroughly analyze the helix process for knowledge bacterial strain to impel knowledge increase.展开更多
以解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain)JC-1为出发菌株,采用常压室温等离子体诱变系统(Atmospheric and room temperature plasma,ARTP)进行诱变,根据刚果红透明圈大小以及96孔板高通量筛选法筛选出产纤维素酶活力高的...以解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain)JC-1为出发菌株,采用常压室温等离子体诱变系统(Atmospheric and room temperature plasma,ARTP)进行诱变,根据刚果红透明圈大小以及96孔板高通量筛选法筛选出产纤维素酶活力高的突变菌株。选育出一株遗传稳定性良好的突变菌株,命名为T-16菌株。结果表明:该菌株产纤维素酶活力达到1.759 U/m L,比出发菌株提高了41.8%。对突变菌株T-16进行发酵特性研究,发现突变菌株T-16比出发菌株产酶时间提前了8 h。展开更多
This article introduces the function and manipulations of acupoint Chengshan(BL57) and presents six proven cases of stiff neck,acute lumbar muscle sprain,hemorrhoids,dysmenorrheal,shoulder periarthritis and gastrocnem...This article introduces the function and manipulations of acupoint Chengshan(BL57) and presents six proven cases of stiff neck,acute lumbar muscle sprain,hemorrhoids,dysmenorrheal,shoulder periarthritis and gastrocnemius strain,so as to claim that point Chengshan(BL57) has a wide function and can be used effectively and safely.展开更多
基金Project of National Natural Science Foundation (52262035)Key Research Program of Education Department of Gansu Province (GSSYLXM-03)+2 种基金Hong Liu excellent youth project of Lanzhou University of technologyMajor Science and Technology Project of Gansu Province(22ZD6GA008)Jin chang Technology Program(2022GY003)。
文摘Photovoltaic metal halide perovskite solar cells(PSCs) convert light to electricity more efficiently than crystalline silicon cells, and the cost of materials used to make them is lower than that of silicon cells.Conversion efficiency is not a core issue affecting the application of perovskite solar cells in special scenarios.At present, stability is the major technical encounters that hinders its further commercial development. Microstrain in PSCs is currently a significant factor responsible for the device's instability. Strain-induced ion migration is widely believed to accelerate perovskite degradation even when external stimuli are excluded.Undoubtedly, it is imperative to study strain to enhance the stability of PSCs. This paper reviews recent developments to understand strain's origin and effect mechanisms on performance of PSCs, including ion migration,failure behavior, defect formation, and its effect on photoelectric properties, stability, and reliability.Additionally, several well-known strain management strategies are systematically introduced based on the strain effect mechanism and strain engineering on the film, providing more clues for further preparation with increased stability. The manipulation of external physical strain applied from films to entire devices has been extensively studied. Furthermore, recommendations for future research directions and chemical approaches have been provided. It is emphasized that strain engineering plays a crucial role in improving the efficiency and longevity of PSCs. Tensile strain causes rapid degradation, while moderate compressive strain and external strain control could improve properties and stability. Efforts should focus on controlling compressive strain to mitigate residual tensile strain and introducing it in a controlled manner. Future research endeavors may focus on exploring these pathways to improve the efficiency and lifespan of PSCs.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China (No.51972215).
文摘Due to the demand for environmental protection,developing eco-friendly piezoelectric applica-tions/materials is an inevitable trend.The market share of lead-free materials is growing steadily every year.Among typical lead-free systems,Bi_(0.5)Na_(0.5)TiO_(3)(BNT)has attracted wide attention due to its supe-rior strain property(e.g.,dynamic piezoelectric coefficient d33*of most modified-BNT ceramics exceeds 600 pm/V,which is higher than commercial soft PZT ceramics PIC151).The excellent strain performance in BNT-based materials is thought to arise from the relaxor-ferroelectric transition,and currently,the mainstream strain regulation method is chemical modifying.So far,amounts of effective dopants have been investigated,while the intrinsic strain regulation mechanism is still ambiguous(e.g.,how do dopants work?).Therefore,we review the intrinsic strain regulation mechanism,and strain origination and reg-ulation methods are also investigated to comprehend the regulation mechanism.Significantly,the strain origination and regulation mechanism are investigated from different dimensions(e.g.,macro perspective and micro perspective),which is vacant in previous reports.From the macro view,the particular tai-lored relaxor-ferroelectric crossover is the critical key for the giant electro-strain,while from the micro view,the electro-strain is dominated by the cracked ferroelectric order and relaxor-ferroelectric transi-tion,resulting from the broken Bi-O bonds due to the local field effect.Exploring the strain origination and regulation mechanism of BNT-based ceramics is of great importance to exclude the blind researching mode and rationally design the experimental scheme.
基金This paper is supported by National Nature Science Foundation of China （NSFC） and Ph.D. research fund.
文摘The internal mechanism of organizational learning and knowledge increase is very similar to the mechanism of biotic ferment, so we creatively use Knowledge Convening ＆ Fermenting Model （KCFM） to explain the origination and mechanism of knowledge increase, espec）ally clarifying that the original substance is the key factor to cause organizational learning and knowledge innovation, We also thoroughly analyze the helix process for knowledge bacterial strain to impel knowledge increase.
文摘以解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain)JC-1为出发菌株,采用常压室温等离子体诱变系统(Atmospheric and room temperature plasma,ARTP)进行诱变,根据刚果红透明圈大小以及96孔板高通量筛选法筛选出产纤维素酶活力高的突变菌株。选育出一株遗传稳定性良好的突变菌株,命名为T-16菌株。结果表明:该菌株产纤维素酶活力达到1.759 U/m L,比出发菌株提高了41.8%。对突变菌株T-16进行发酵特性研究,发现突变菌株T-16比出发菌株产酶时间提前了8 h。
文摘This article introduces the function and manipulations of acupoint Chengshan(BL57) and presents six proven cases of stiff neck,acute lumbar muscle sprain,hemorrhoids,dysmenorrheal,shoulder periarthritis and gastrocnemius strain,so as to claim that point Chengshan(BL57) has a wide function and can be used effectively and safely.
