This paper describes a commonly used pseudo-static method in seismic resistant design of the cross section of underground structures. Based on dynamic theory and the vibration characteristics of underground structures...This paper describes a commonly used pseudo-static method in seismic resistant design of the cross section of underground structures. Based on dynamic theory and the vibration characteristics of underground structures, the sources of errors when using this method are analyzed. The traditional seismic motion loading approach is replaced by a method in which a one-dimensional soil layer response stress is differentiated and then converted into seismic live loads. To validate the improved method, a comparison of analytical results is conducted for internal forces under earthquake shaking of a typical shallow embedded box-shaped subway station structure using four methods： the response displacement method, finite element response acceleration method, the finite element dynamic analysis method and the improved pseudo-static calculation method. It is shown that the improved finite element pseudo-static method proposed in this paper provides an effective tool for the seismic design of underground structures. The evaluation yields results close to those obtained by the finite element dynamic analysis method, and shows that the improved finite element pseudo-static method provides a higher degree of precision.展开更多
The quasi-static analysis method introduced by API RP 2P is well known and accepted as a very useful mooring analysis method. In the early design stage, this method is widely used for preliminary analysis and mooring ...The quasi-static analysis method introduced by API RP 2P is well known and accepted as a very useful mooring analysis method. In the early design stage, this method is widely used for preliminary analysis and mooring parameter selection. However, the quasi-static method of API RP 2P is developed for single-floating-body condition, i. e., only one floating body is considered in the computation procedure. Difficulties arise when it is used for the analysis of a CALM system, which is comprised of two floating bodies (tanker and buoy). This paper presents an analysis procedure for a two-floating-body system based on the quasi-static procedure of API RP 2P with some modifications reflecting special characteristics of the CALM system. Finally, the analysis results of a CALM system are given to illustrate the use of this procedure.展开更多
The paper presents the principles of a method, which in two simple stages makes possible to carry out the statically calculation of values of forces acting in the fiat static indeterminate trusses. In each stage, it i...The paper presents the principles of a method, which in two simple stages makes possible to carry out the statically calculation of values of forces acting in the fiat static indeterminate trusses. In each stage, it is considered the static determinate truss, scheme of which is obtained after remove the suitable number of members from the basic static indeterminate truss. The both intermediate statically determinate trusses are of the same clear span and they are loaded by forces of half values applied to the corresponding truss nodes. The method applies one of the typical procedures of calculation of the statically determinate trusses and then it is applied in an appropriate way the rule of superposition for obtaining the final values of forces acting in particular members of the basic truss. The values of forces calculated in this way are of a very close approximation to the force values determined in the special and complex ways being considered as the exact calculation methods. The proposed method can be useful mostly but not only for the initial structural design of such systems. The simplicity of the two-stage method justifies an assumption that it can be relatively easy and worthy to adjust to the requirements of the computer aided technology of statically calculation of the complex forms of trusses.展开更多
A rapid and efficient method for static aeroelastic analysis of a flexible slender wing when considering the structural geometric nonlinearity has been developed in this paper. A non-planar vortex lattice method herei...A rapid and efficient method for static aeroelastic analysis of a flexible slender wing when considering the structural geometric nonlinearity has been developed in this paper. A non-planar vortex lattice method herein is used to compute the non-planar aerodynamics of flexible wings with large deformation. The finite element method is introduced for structural nonlinear statics analysis. The surface spline method is used for structure/aerodynamics coupling. The static aeroelastic characteristics of the wind tunnel model of a flexible wing are studied by the nonlinear method presented, and the nonlinear method is also evaluated by comparing the results with those obtained from two other methods and the wind tunnel test. The results indicate that the traditional linear method of static aeroelastic analysis is not applicable for cases with large deformation because it produces results that are not realistic. However, the nonlinear methodology, which involves combining the structure finite element method with the non-planar vortex lattice method, could be used to solve the aeroelastic deformation with considerable accuracy, which is in fair agreement with the test results. Moreover, the nonlinear finite element method could consider complex structures. The non-planar vortex lattice method has advantages in both the computational accuracy and efficiency. Consequently, the nonlinear method presented is suitable for the rapid and efficient analysis requirements of engineering practice. It could be used in the preliminary stage and also in the detailed stage of aircraft design.展开更多
Methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (C02) surface emissions from Polesgo's landfill (Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso) were measured using the static chamber technique in 2017 and 2018. The Polesgo's landfill was compos...Methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (C02) surface emissions from Polesgo's landfill (Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso) were measured using the static chamber technique in 2017 and 2018. The Polesgo's landfill was composed of four zones: Phase I, II, Phase III, and SP. The surface of Phase I was fully covered and its conditions are better for surface emission measurements. As results concerning the Phase I zone, the geospatial means flux rates of CH4 (657 mg m-2 h l in 2017 and 1210 mg m 2 h_, in 2018, respectively) are measured higher than the tolerable value reported in literature. The emitted CH4 or C 02 have permitted to locate higher surface emissions which are related to the cover state. The calculated gas collection efficiency (27.4% in 2017 and 23.0% in 2018) is low compared to those reported for landfills integrating landfill gas (LFG) extraction system. The carbon footprint calculations (24,966 tC02-eq 2017 and 40,025 tC02-eq in 2018, respectively) shown that Polesgo's landfill is a significant source of greenhouse gases (GHG) and its important potential for organic recovery can contribute to reduce the carbon footprint.展开更多
Wind loading is one of the most important loads for controlling the design of large-span roof structures. Equivalent static wind loads, which can generally aim at determining a specific response, are widely used by st...Wind loading is one of the most important loads for controlling the design of large-span roof structures. Equivalent static wind loads, which can generally aim at determining a specific response, are widely used by structural designers. A method for equivalent static wind loads applicable to multi-responses is proposed in this paper. A modified load- response-correlation （LRC） method corresponding to a particular peak response is presented, and the similarity algorithm implemented for the group response is described. The main idea of the algorithm is that two responses can be put into one group if the value of one response is close to that of the other response, when the structure is subjected to equivalent static wind loads aiming at the other response. Based on the modified LRC, the grouping response method is put forward to construct equivalent static wind loading. This technique can simultaneously reproduce peak responses for some grouped responses. To verify its computational accuracy, the method is applied to an actual large-span roof structure. Calculation results show that when the similarity of responses in the same group is high, equivalent static wind loads with high accuracy and reasonable magnitude of equivalent static wind distribution can be achieved.展开更多
Based on the method of reverberation ray matrix（MRRM）, a reverberation matrix for planar framed structures composed of anisotropic Timoshenko（T） beam members containing completely hinged joints is developed for st...Based on the method of reverberation ray matrix（MRRM）, a reverberation matrix for planar framed structures composed of anisotropic Timoshenko（T） beam members containing completely hinged joints is developed for static analysis of such structures.In the MRRM for dynamic analysis, amplitudes of arriving and departing waves for joints are chosen as unknown quantities. However, for the present case of static analysis, displacements and rotational angles at the ends of each beam member are directly considered as unknown quantities. The expressions for stiffness matrices for anisotropic beam members are developed. A corresponding reverberation matrix is derived analytically for exact and unified determination on the displacements and internal forces at both ends of each member and arbitrary cross sectional locations in the structure. Numerical examples are given and compared with the finite element method（FEM） results to validate the present model. The characteristic parameter analysis is performed to demonstrate accuracy of the present model with the T beam theory in contrast with errors in the usual model based on the Euler-Bernoulli（EB） beam theory. The resulting reverberation matrix can be used for exact calculation of anisotropic framed structures as well as for parameter analysis of geometrical and material properties of the framed structures.展开更多
Many researchers have developed new calculation methods to analyze seismic slope stability problems, but the conventional pseudo-static method is still widely used in engineering design due to its simplicity. Based on...Many researchers have developed new calculation methods to analyze seismic slope stability problems, but the conventional pseudo-static method is still widely used in engineering design due to its simplicity. Based on the Technical Code for Building Slope Engineering（GB 50330-2013） of China and the Guidelines for Evaluating and Mitigating Seismic Hazards in California（SP117）, a comparative study on the pseudo-static method was performed. The results indicate that the largest difference between these two design codes lies in determination of the seismic equivalence reduction factor( f;). The GB 50330-2013 code specifies a single value for f;of 0.25. In SP117, numerous factors,such as magnitude and distance, are considered in determining f;. Two case studies show that the types of slope stability status evaluated by SP117 are in agreement with those evaluated by the seismic time-history stability analysis and Newmark displacement analysis. The factors of safety evaluated by SP117 can be used in practice for safe design. However, the factors of safety evaluated by GB 50330-2013 are risky for slope seismic design.展开更多
基金China Earthquake Administration Association Fund Under Grant No. 106060 and Institute of Engineering Mechanics Director Fund
文摘This paper describes a commonly used pseudo-static method in seismic resistant design of the cross section of underground structures. Based on dynamic theory and the vibration characteristics of underground structures, the sources of errors when using this method are analyzed. The traditional seismic motion loading approach is replaced by a method in which a one-dimensional soil layer response stress is differentiated and then converted into seismic live loads. To validate the improved method, a comparison of analytical results is conducted for internal forces under earthquake shaking of a typical shallow embedded box-shaped subway station structure using four methods： the response displacement method, finite element response acceleration method, the finite element dynamic analysis method and the improved pseudo-static calculation method. It is shown that the improved finite element pseudo-static method proposed in this paper provides an effective tool for the seismic design of underground structures. The evaluation yields results close to those obtained by the finite element dynamic analysis method, and shows that the improved finite element pseudo-static method provides a higher degree of precision.
文摘The quasi-static analysis method introduced by API RP 2P is well known and accepted as a very useful mooring analysis method. In the early design stage, this method is widely used for preliminary analysis and mooring parameter selection. However, the quasi-static method of API RP 2P is developed for single-floating-body condition, i. e., only one floating body is considered in the computation procedure. Difficulties arise when it is used for the analysis of a CALM system, which is comprised of two floating bodies (tanker and buoy). This paper presents an analysis procedure for a two-floating-body system based on the quasi-static procedure of API RP 2P with some modifications reflecting special characteristics of the CALM system. Finally, the analysis results of a CALM system are given to illustrate the use of this procedure.
文摘The paper presents the principles of a method, which in two simple stages makes possible to carry out the statically calculation of values of forces acting in the fiat static indeterminate trusses. In each stage, it is considered the static determinate truss, scheme of which is obtained after remove the suitable number of members from the basic static indeterminate truss. The both intermediate statically determinate trusses are of the same clear span and they are loaded by forces of half values applied to the corresponding truss nodes. The method applies one of the typical procedures of calculation of the statically determinate trusses and then it is applied in an appropriate way the rule of superposition for obtaining the final values of forces acting in particular members of the basic truss. The values of forces calculated in this way are of a very close approximation to the force values determined in the special and complex ways being considered as the exact calculation methods. The proposed method can be useful mostly but not only for the initial structural design of such systems. The simplicity of the two-stage method justifies an assumption that it can be relatively easy and worthy to adjust to the requirements of the computer aided technology of statically calculation of the complex forms of trusses.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11172025,91116005)Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China(No.20091102110015)
文摘A rapid and efficient method for static aeroelastic analysis of a flexible slender wing when considering the structural geometric nonlinearity has been developed in this paper. A non-planar vortex lattice method herein is used to compute the non-planar aerodynamics of flexible wings with large deformation. The finite element method is introduced for structural nonlinear statics analysis. The surface spline method is used for structure/aerodynamics coupling. The static aeroelastic characteristics of the wind tunnel model of a flexible wing are studied by the nonlinear method presented, and the nonlinear method is also evaluated by comparing the results with those obtained from two other methods and the wind tunnel test. The results indicate that the traditional linear method of static aeroelastic analysis is not applicable for cases with large deformation because it produces results that are not realistic. However, the nonlinear methodology, which involves combining the structure finite element method with the non-planar vortex lattice method, could be used to solve the aeroelastic deformation with considerable accuracy, which is in fair agreement with the test results. Moreover, the nonlinear finite element method could consider complex structures. The non-planar vortex lattice method has advantages in both the computational accuracy and efficiency. Consequently, the nonlinear method presented is suitable for the rapid and efficient analysis requirements of engineering practice. It could be used in the preliminary stage and also in the detailed stage of aircraft design.
文摘Methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (C02) surface emissions from Polesgo's landfill (Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso) were measured using the static chamber technique in 2017 and 2018. The Polesgo's landfill was composed of four zones: Phase I, II, Phase III, and SP. The surface of Phase I was fully covered and its conditions are better for surface emission measurements. As results concerning the Phase I zone, the geospatial means flux rates of CH4 (657 mg m-2 h l in 2017 and 1210 mg m 2 h_, in 2018, respectively) are measured higher than the tolerable value reported in literature. The emitted CH4 or C 02 have permitted to locate higher surface emissions which are related to the cover state. The calculated gas collection efficiency (27.4% in 2017 and 23.0% in 2018) is low compared to those reported for landfills integrating landfill gas (LFG) extraction system. The carbon footprint calculations (24,966 tC02-eq 2017 and 40,025 tC02-eq in 2018, respectively) shown that Polesgo's landfill is a significant source of greenhouse gases (GHG) and its important potential for organic recovery can contribute to reduce the carbon footprint.
基金Ministry of Science and Technology of China Under Grant No.SLDRCE10-B-04the National Natural Science Foundation Under Grant No.50621062
文摘Wind loading is one of the most important loads for controlling the design of large-span roof structures. Equivalent static wind loads, which can generally aim at determining a specific response, are widely used by structural designers. A method for equivalent static wind loads applicable to multi-responses is proposed in this paper. A modified load- response-correlation （LRC） method corresponding to a particular peak response is presented, and the similarity algorithm implemented for the group response is described. The main idea of the algorithm is that two responses can be put into one group if the value of one response is close to that of the other response, when the structure is subjected to equivalent static wind loads aiming at the other response. Based on the modified LRC, the grouping response method is put forward to construct equivalent static wind loading. This technique can simultaneously reproduce peak responses for some grouped responses. To verify its computational accuracy, the method is applied to an actual large-span roof structure. Calculation results show that when the similarity of responses in the same group is high, equivalent static wind loads with high accuracy and reasonable magnitude of equivalent static wind distribution can be achieved.
基金Project supported by the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in Universities(NCET)by the Ministry of Education of China(No.NCET-04-0373)
文摘Based on the method of reverberation ray matrix（MRRM）, a reverberation matrix for planar framed structures composed of anisotropic Timoshenko（T） beam members containing completely hinged joints is developed for static analysis of such structures.In the MRRM for dynamic analysis, amplitudes of arriving and departing waves for joints are chosen as unknown quantities. However, for the present case of static analysis, displacements and rotational angles at the ends of each beam member are directly considered as unknown quantities. The expressions for stiffness matrices for anisotropic beam members are developed. A corresponding reverberation matrix is derived analytically for exact and unified determination on the displacements and internal forces at both ends of each member and arbitrary cross sectional locations in the structure. Numerical examples are given and compared with the finite element method（FEM） results to validate the present model. The characteristic parameter analysis is performed to demonstrate accuracy of the present model with the T beam theory in contrast with errors in the usual model based on the Euler-Bernoulli（EB） beam theory. The resulting reverberation matrix can be used for exact calculation of anisotropic framed structures as well as for parameter analysis of geometrical and material properties of the framed structures.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2017YFC0404804)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51509019)
文摘Many researchers have developed new calculation methods to analyze seismic slope stability problems, but the conventional pseudo-static method is still widely used in engineering design due to its simplicity. Based on the Technical Code for Building Slope Engineering（GB 50330-2013） of China and the Guidelines for Evaluating and Mitigating Seismic Hazards in California（SP117）, a comparative study on the pseudo-static method was performed. The results indicate that the largest difference between these two design codes lies in determination of the seismic equivalence reduction factor( f;). The GB 50330-2013 code specifies a single value for f;of 0.25. In SP117, numerous factors,such as magnitude and distance, are considered in determining f;. Two case studies show that the types of slope stability status evaluated by SP117 are in agreement with those evaluated by the seismic time-history stability analysis and Newmark displacement analysis. The factors of safety evaluated by SP117 can be used in practice for safe design. However, the factors of safety evaluated by GB 50330-2013 are risky for slope seismic design.
