The next-generation optical network is a service oriented network,which could be delivered by utilizing the generalized multiprotocol label switching(GMPLS) based control plane to realize lots of intelligent features ...The next-generation optical network is a service oriented network,which could be delivered by utilizing the generalized multiprotocol label switching(GMPLS) based control plane to realize lots of intelligent features such as rapid provisioning,automated protection and restoration(P&R),efficient resource allocation,and support for different quality of service(QoS) requirements.In this paper,we propose a novel stateful PCE-cloud(SPC)based architecture of GMPLS optical networks for cloud services.The cloud computing technologies(e.g.virtualization and parallel computing) are applied to the construction of SPC for improving the reliability and maximizing resource utilization.The functions of SPC and GMPLS based control plane are expanded according to the features of cloud services for different QoS requirements.The architecture and detailed description of the components of SPC are provided.Different potential cooperation relationships between public stateful PCE cloud(PSPC) and region stateful PCE cloud(RSPC) are investigated.Moreover,we present the policy-enabled and constraint-based routing scheme base on the cooperation of PSPC and RSPC.Simulation results for verifying the performance of routing and control plane reliability are analyzed.展开更多
Memristive stateful logic is one of the most promising candidates to implement an in-memory computing system that computes within the storage unit.It can eliminate the costs for the data movement in the traditional vo...Memristive stateful logic is one of the most promising candidates to implement an in-memory computing system that computes within the storage unit.It can eliminate the costs for the data movement in the traditional von Neumann system.However,the instability in the memristors is inevitable due to the limitation of the current fabrication technology,which incurs a great challenge for the reliability of the memristive stateful logic.In this paper,the implication of device instability on the reliability of the logic event is simulated.The mathematical relationship between logic reliability and redundancy has been deduced.By combining the mathematical relationship with the vector-matrix multiplication in a memristive crossbar array,the logic error correction scheme with high throughput has been proposed.Moreover,a universal design paradigm has been put forward for complex logic.And the circuit schematic and the flow of the scheme have been raised.Finally,a 1-bit full adder(FA)based on the NOR logic and NOT logic is simulated and the mathematical evaluation is performed.It demonstrates the scheme can improve the reliability of the logic significantly.And compared with other four error corrections,the scheme which can be suitable for all kinds of R–R logics and V–R logics has the best universality and throughput.Compared with the other two approaches which also need additional complementary metal–oxide semiconductor(CMOS)circuits,it needs fewer transistors and cycles for the error correction.展开更多
To improve the efficiency and coverage of stateful network protocol fuzzing, this paper proposes a new method, using a rule-based state machine and a stateful rule tree to guide the generation of fuzz testing data. Th...To improve the efficiency and coverage of stateful network protocol fuzzing, this paper proposes a new method, using a rule-based state machine and a stateful rule tree to guide the generation of fuzz testing data. The method first builds a rule-based state machine model as a formal description of the states of a network protocol. This removes safety paths, to cut down the scale of the state space. Then it uses a stateful rule tree to describe the relationship between states and messages, and then remove useless items from it. According to the message sequence obtained by the analysis of paths using the stateful rule tree and the protocol specification, an abstract data model of test case generation is defined. The fuzz testing data is produced by various generation algorithms through filling data in the fields of the data model. Using the rule-based state machine and the stateful rule tree, the quantity of test data can be reduced. Experimental results indicate that our method can discover the same vulnerabilities as traditional approaches, using less test data, while optimizing test data generation and improving test efficiency.展开更多
Network protocol software is usually characterized by complicated functions and a vast state space.In this type of program,a massive number of stateful variables that are used to represent the evolution of the states ...Network protocol software is usually characterized by complicated functions and a vast state space.In this type of program,a massive number of stateful variables that are used to represent the evolution of the states and store some information about the sessions are prone to potentialflaws caused by violations of protocol specification requirements and program logic.Discovering such variables is significant in discovering and exploiting vulnerabilities in protocol software,and still needs massive manual verifications.In this paper,we propose a novel method that could automatically discover the use of stateful variables in network protocol software.The core idea is that a stateful variable features information of the communication entities and the software states,so it will exist in the form of a global or static variable during program execution.Based on recording and replaying a protocol program’s execution,varieties of variables in the life cycle can be tracked with the technique of dynamic instrument.We draw up some rules from multiple dimensions by taking full advantage of the existing vulnerability knowledge to determine whether the data stored in critical memory areas have stateful characteristics.We also implement a prototype system that can discover stateful variables automatically and then perform it on nine programs in Pro FuzzBench and two complex real-world software programs.With the help of available open-source code,the evaluation results show that the average true positive rate(TPR)can reach 82%and the average precision can be approximately up to 96%.展开更多
Stem cell proliferation is tightly regulated in developing and adult tissues through the coordinated action of cell-intrinsic and extracellular signals.Although many extracellular cues were identified,the cell-intrins...Stem cell proliferation is tightly regulated in developing and adult tissues through the coordinated action of cell-intrinsic and extracellular signals.Although many extracellular cues were identified,the cell-intrinsic mechanisms underlying the decision of a stem cell to proliferate,enter a dormant quiescent state or differentiate into a specific cell type remains incompletely understood.展开更多
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is linked to memory formation in the adult brain,with new neurons in the hippocampus exhibiting greater plasticity during their immature stages compared to mature neurons.Abnormal adult ...Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is linked to memory formation in the adult brain,with new neurons in the hippocampus exhibiting greater plasticity during their immature stages compared to mature neurons.Abnormal adult hippocampal neurogenesis is closely associated with cognitive impairment in central nervous system diseases.Targeting and regulating adult hippocampal neurogenesis have been shown to improve cognitive deficits.This review aims to expand the current understanding and prospects of targeting neurogenesis in the treatment of cognitive impairment.Recent research indicates the presence of abnormalities in AHN in several diseases associated with cognitive impairment,including cerebrovascular diseases,Alzheimer's disease,aging-related conditions,and issues related to anesthesia and surgery.The role of these abnormalities in the cognitive deficits caused by these diseases has been widely recognized,and targeting AHN is considered a promising approach for treating cognitive impairment.However,the underlying mechanisms of this role are not yet fully understood,and the effectiveness of targeting abnormal adult hippocampal neurogenesis for treatment remains limited,with a need for further development of treatment methods and detection techniques.By reviewing recent studies,we classify the potential mechanisms of adult hippocampal neurogenesis abnormalities into four categories:immunity,energy metabolism,aging,and pathological states.In immunity-related mechanisms,abnormalities in meningeal,brain,and peripheral immunity can disrupt normal adult hippocampal neurogenesis.Lipid metabolism and mitochondrial function disorders are significant energy metabolism factors that lead to abnormal adult hippocampal neurogenesis.During aging,the inflammatory state of the neurogenic niche and the expression of aging-related microRNAs contribute to reduced adult hippocampal neurogenesis and cognitive impairment in older adult patients.Pathological states of the body and emotional disorders may also result in abnormal adult hippocampal neurogenesis.Among the current strategies used to enhance this form of neurogenesis,physical therapies such as exercise,transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation,and enriched environments have proven effective.Dietary interventions,including energy intake restriction and nutrient optimization,have shown efficacy in both basic research and clinical trials.However,drug treatments,such as antidepressants and stem cell therapy,are primarily reported in basic research,with limited clinical application.The relationship between abnormal adult hippocampal neurogenesis and cognitive impairment has garnered widespread attention,and targeting the former may be an important strategy for treating the latter.However,the mechanisms underlying abnormal adult hippocampal neurogenesis remain unclear,and treatments are lacking.This highlights the need for greater focus on translating research findings into clinical practice.展开更多
Aging is considered the main risk factor for the development of several diseases,including the leading neurodegenerative disorders.While the cellular features of aging are complex and multifaceted,neuronal senescence ...Aging is considered the main risk factor for the development of several diseases,including the leading neurodegenerative disorders.While the cellular features of aging are complex and multifaceted,neuronal senescence has emerged as a major contributor and driver of this process in the mammalian cell.Cellular senescence is a programmed response to stress and irreparable damage,which drives the cell into an apoptosis-resistant,non-proliferative state.Senescent cells can also deleteriously affect neighboring,non-senescent cells.Senescence is a complex and multifaceted process associated with a wide range of cellular events,including the secretion of pro-inflammatory molecules and the arrest of the cell cycle.展开更多
With the growing advancement of wireless communication technologies,WiFi-based human sensing has gained increasing attention as a non-intrusive and device-free solution.Among the available signal types,Channel State I...With the growing advancement of wireless communication technologies,WiFi-based human sensing has gained increasing attention as a non-intrusive and device-free solution.Among the available signal types,Channel State Information(CSI)offers fine-grained temporal,frequency,and spatial insights into multipath propagation,making it a crucial data source for human-centric sensing.Recently,the integration of deep learning has significantly improved the robustness and automation of feature extraction from CSI in complex environments.This paper provides a comprehensive review of deep learning-enhanced human sensing based on CSI.We first outline mainstream CSI acquisition tools and their hardware specifications,then provide a detailed discussion of preprocessing methods such as denoising,time–frequency transformation,data segmentation,and augmentation.Subsequently,we categorize deep learning approaches according to sensing tasks—namely detection,localization,and recognition—and highlight representative models across application scenarios.Finally,we examine key challenges including domain generalization,multi-user interference,and limited data availability,and we propose future research directions involving lightweight model deployment,multimodal data fusion,and semantic-level sensing.展开更多
Network protocols are divided into stateless and stateful. Stateful network protocols have complex communication interactions and state transitions. However, the existing network protocol fuzzing does not support stat...Network protocols are divided into stateless and stateful. Stateful network protocols have complex communication interactions and state transitions. However, the existing network protocol fuzzing does not support state transitions very well. This paper focuses on this issue and proposes the Semi-valid Fuzzing for the Stateful Network Protocol （SFSNP）. The SFSNP analyzes protocol interactions and builds an extended finite state machine with a path marker for the network protocol; then it obtains test sequences of the extended finite state machine, and further performs the mutation operation using the semi-valid algorithm for each state transition in the test sequences; finally, it obtains fuzzing sequences. Moreover, because different test sequences may have the same state transitions, the SFSNP uses the state transition marking algorithm to reduce redundant test cases. By using the stateful rule tree of the protocol, the SFSNP extracts the constraints in the protocol specifications to construct semi-valid fuzz testing cases within the sub-protocol domain, and finally forms fuzzing sequences. Experimental results indicate that the SFSNP is reasonably effective at reducing the quantity of generated test cases and improving the quality of fuzz testing cases. The SFSNP can reduce redundancy and shorten testing time.展开更多
Patients with complete spinal cord injury retain the potential for volitional muscle activity in muscles located below the spinal injury level.However,because of prolonged inactivity,initial attempts to activate these...Patients with complete spinal cord injury retain the potential for volitional muscle activity in muscles located below the spinal injury level.However,because of prolonged inactivity,initial attempts to activate these muscles may not effectively engage any of the remaining neurons in the descending pathway.A previous study unexpectedly found that a brief clinical round of passive activity significantly increased volitional muscle activation,as measured by surface electromyography.In this study,we further explored the effect of passive activity on surface electromyographic signals during volitional control tasks among individuals with complete spinal cord injury.Eleven patients with chronic complete thoracic spinal cord injury were recruited.Surface electromyography data from eight major leg muscles were acquired and compared before and after the passive activity protocol.The results indicated that the passive activity led to an increased number of activated volitional muscles and an increased frequency of activation.Although the cumulative root mean square of surface electromyography amplitude for volitional control of movement showed a slight increase after passive activity,the difference was not statistically significant.These findings suggest that brief passive activity may enhance the ability to initiate volitional muscle activity during surface electromyography tasks and underscore the potential of passive activity for improving residual motor control among patients with motor complete spinal cord injury.展开更多
Precisely estimating the state of health(SOH)of lithium-ion batteries is essential for battery management systems(BMS),as it plays a key role in ensuring the safe and reliable operation of battery systems.However,curr...Precisely estimating the state of health(SOH)of lithium-ion batteries is essential for battery management systems(BMS),as it plays a key role in ensuring the safe and reliable operation of battery systems.However,current SOH estimation methods often overlook the valuable temperature information that can effectively characterize battery aging during capacity degradation.Additionally,the Elman neural network,which is commonly employed for SOH estimation,exhibits several drawbacks,including slow training speed,a tendency to become trapped in local minima,and the initialization of weights and thresholds using pseudo-random numbers,leading to unstable model performance.To address these issues,this study addresses the challenge of precise and effective SOH detection by proposing a method for estimating the SOH of lithium-ion batteries based on differential thermal voltammetry(DTV)and an SSA-Elman neural network.Firstly,two health features(HFs)considering temperature factors and battery voltage are extracted fromthe differential thermal voltammetry curves and incremental capacity curves.Next,the Sparrow Search Algorithm(SSA)is employed to optimize the initial weights and thresholds of the Elman neural network,forming the SSA-Elman neural network model.To validate the performance,various neural networks,including the proposed SSA-Elman network,are tested using the Oxford battery aging dataset.The experimental results demonstrate that the method developed in this study achieves superior accuracy and robustness,with a mean absolute error(MAE)of less than 0.9%and a rootmean square error(RMSE)below 1.4%.展开更多
Accurately estimating the State of Health(SOH)and Remaining Useful Life(RUL)of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)is crucial for the continuous and stable operation of battery management systems.However,due to the complex int...Accurately estimating the State of Health(SOH)and Remaining Useful Life(RUL)of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)is crucial for the continuous and stable operation of battery management systems.However,due to the complex internal chemical systems of LIBs and the nonlinear degradation of their performance,direct measurement of SOH and RUL is challenging.To address these issues,the Twin Support Vector Machine(TWSVM)method is proposed to predict SOH and RUL.Initially,the constant current charging time of the lithium battery is extracted as a health indicator(HI),decomposed using Variational Modal Decomposition(VMD),and feature correlations are computed using Importance of Random Forest Features(RF)to maximize the extraction of critical factors influencing battery performance degradation.Furthermore,to enhance the global search capability of the Convolution Optimization Algorithm(COA),improvements are made using Good Point Set theory and the Differential Evolution method.The Improved Convolution Optimization Algorithm(ICOA)is employed to optimize TWSVM parameters for constructing SOH and RUL prediction models.Finally,the proposed models are validated using NASA and CALCE lithium-ion battery datasets.Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed models achieve an RMSE not exceeding 0.007 and an MAPE not exceeding 0.0082 for SOH and RUL prediction,with a relative error in RUL prediction within the range of[-1.8%,2%].Compared to other models,the proposed model not only exhibits superior fitting capability but also demonstrates robust performance.展开更多
In the practice of healthcare,patient-reported outcomes(PROs)and PRO measures(PROMs)are used as an attempt to observe the changes in complex clinical situations.They guide us in making decisions based on the evidence ...In the practice of healthcare,patient-reported outcomes(PROs)and PRO measures(PROMs)are used as an attempt to observe the changes in complex clinical situations.They guide us in making decisions based on the evidence regarding patient care by recording the change in outcomes for a particular treatment to a given condition and finally to understand whether a patient will benefit from a particular treatment and to quantify the treatment effect.For any PROM to be usable in health care,we need it to be reliable,encapsulating the points of interest with the potential to detect any real change.Using structured outcome measures routinely in clinical practice helps the physician to understand the functional limitation of a patient that would otherwise not be clear in an office interview,and this allows the physician and patient to have a meaningful conver-sation as well as a customized plan for each patient.Having mentioned the rationale and the benefits of PROMs,understanding the quantification process is crucial before embarking on management decisions.A better interpretation of change needs to identify the treatment effect based on clinical relevance for a given condition.There are a multiple set of measurement indices to serve this effect and most of them are used interchangeably without clear demarcation on their differences.This article details the various quantification metrics used to evaluate the treatment effect using PROMs,their limitations and the scope of usage and implementation in clinical practice.展开更多
In both Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)and modern medicine,they agree that the integrity and healthy structure of the vascular endothelium are essential for normal hemodynamics.Damage to the vascular endothelium can...In both Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)and modern medicine,they agree that the integrity and healthy structure of the vascular endothelium are essential for normal hemodynamics.Damage to the vascular endothelium can quickly activate the extrinsic coagulation pathway by triggering the tissue factor(TF)and lead to coagulation.This damage,along with a loss of anticoagulant properties through antithrombinⅢ(ATⅢ),TF pathway inhibitors,and the protein C system,can result in a hypercoagulable state and even thrombosis.Hypercoagulability is not only a common feature of many cancers but also an important factor promoting tumor development and metastasis,which corresponds to the TCM theory of“blood stasis leading to tumors.”The pharmacological effects of heparin and aspirin have similarities with TCM's“activating blood circulation and removing blood stasis”theory in improving blood circulation,treating related diseases,and their anti-inflammatory effects.展开更多
An internal state variable(ISV)model was established according to the experimental results of hot plane strain compression(PSC)to predict the microstructure evolution during hot spinning of ZK61 alloy.The effects of t...An internal state variable(ISV)model was established according to the experimental results of hot plane strain compression(PSC)to predict the microstructure evolution during hot spinning of ZK61 alloy.The effects of the internal variables were considered in this ISV model,and the parameters were optimized by genetic algorithm.After validation,the ISV model was used to simulate the evolution of grain size(GS)and dynamic recrystallization(DRX)fraction during hot spinning via Abaqus and its subroutine Vumat.By comparing the simulated results with the experimental results,the application of the ISV model was proven to be reliable.Meanwhile,the strength of the thin-walled spun ZK61 tube increased from 303 to 334 MPa due to grain refinement by DRX and texture strengthening.Besides,some ultrafine grains(0.5μm)that played an important role in mechanical properties were formed due to the proliferation,movement,and entanglement of dislocations during the spinning process.展开更多
BACKGROUND Empathetic psychological care improves mood and enhances the quality of life in critically ill patients.AIM To study the impact of combining 222-nm ultraviolet(UV)disinfection with empathetic psychological ...BACKGROUND Empathetic psychological care improves mood and enhances the quality of life in critically ill patients.AIM To study the impact of combining 222-nm ultraviolet(UV)disinfection with empathetic psychological care on emotional states,nosocomial infection rates,and quality of life in critically ill patients.METHODS A total of 202 critically ill patients admitted to Beijing Ditan Hospital(December 2023 to May 2024)were randomly assigned to control(Ctrl,n=101)or observation groups(Obs,n=101).The Ctrl group received 222-nm UV disinfection and routine care,while the Obs group received 222-nm UV disinfection with empathetic psychological care.Emotional states[Self-Rating Anxiety Scale(SAS),Self-Rating Depression Scale(SDS)],hospital infection rates,quality of life(36-Item Short Form Health Survey),and patient satisfaction were evaluated.RESULTS At baseline,there were no significant differences in SAS and SDS scores between the groups(P>0.05).Following care,both groups demonstrated reductions in SAS and SDS scores,with the Obs group exhibiting a significantly greater reduction(P<0.05).The Obs group also experienced a significantly lower overall hospital infection rate(P<0.05).Similarly,while baseline 36-Item Short Form Health Survey scores did not differ significantly between the groups(P>0.05),post-care scores improved in both groups,with a greater improvement observed in the Obs group(P<0.05).Additionally,the Obs group reported higher patient satisfaction ratings(P<0.05).CONCLUSION The combination of 222-nm UV disinfection and empathetic psychological care improves emotional states,reduces hospital infection rates,enhances the quality of life,and increases patient satisfaction among critically ill patients.展开更多
The triple bond in N_(2)has an extremely high bond energy and is thus difficult to break.N_(2)is commonly converted into NH3 artificially via the Haber-Bosch process,and NH_(3)can be utilized to produce other nitrogen...The triple bond in N_(2)has an extremely high bond energy and is thus difficult to break.N_(2)is commonly converted into NH3 artificially via the Haber-Bosch process,and NH_(3)can be utilized to produce other nitrogen-containing chemicals.Here,we developed an electron catalyzed method to directly fix N_(2)into azos,by pushing and pulling the electron into and from the aromatic halide with the cyclic voltammetry method.The round-trip journey of electron can successfully weaken the triple bond in N_(2)through the electron pushing-induced aryl radical via a“brick trowel”transition state,and then produce the diazonium ions by pulling the electron out from the diazo radical intermediate.Different azos can be synthesized with this developed electron catalyzed approach.This approach provides a novel concept and practical route for the fixation of N_(2)at atmospheric pressure into chemical products valuable for industrial and commercial applications.展开更多
Evaluation of hydromechanical shear behavior of unsaturated soils is still a challenging issue. The time and cost needed for conducting precise experimental investigation on shear behavior of unsaturated soils have en...Evaluation of hydromechanical shear behavior of unsaturated soils is still a challenging issue. The time and cost needed for conducting precise experimental investigation on shear behavior of unsaturated soils have encouraged several investigators to develop analytical, empirical, or semi-empirical models for predicting the shear behavior of unsaturated soils. However, most of the previously proposed models are for specimens subjected to the isotropic state of stress, without considering the effect of initial shear stress. In this study, a hydromechanical constitutive model is proposed for unsaturated collapsible soils during shearing, with consideration of the effect of the initial shear stress. The model implements an effective stress-based disturbed state concept (DSC) to predict the stress-strain behavior of the soil. Accordingly, material/state variables were defined for both the start of the shearing stage and the critical state of the soil. A series of laboratory tests was performed using a fully automated unsaturated triaxial device to verify the proposed model. The experimental program included 23 suction-controlled unsaturated triaxial shear tests on reconstituted specimens of Gorgan clayey loess wetted to different levels of suctions under both isotropic and anisotropic stress states. The results show excellent agreement between the prediction by the proposed model and the experimental results.展开更多
Implementing quantum wireless multi-hop network communication is essential to improve the global quantum network system. In this paper, we employ eight-level GHZ states as quantum channels to realize multi-hop quantum...Implementing quantum wireless multi-hop network communication is essential to improve the global quantum network system. In this paper, we employ eight-level GHZ states as quantum channels to realize multi-hop quantum communication, and utilize the logical relationship between the measurements of each node to derive the unitary operation performed by the end node. The hierarchical simultaneous entanglement switching(HSES) method is adopted, resulting in a significant reduction in the consumption of classical information compared to multi-hop quantum teleportation(QT)based on general simultaneous entanglement switching(SES). In addition, the proposed protocol is simulated on the IBM Quantum Experiment platform(IBM QE). Then, the data obtained from the experiment are analyzed using quantum state tomography, which verifies the protocol's good fidelity and accuracy. Finally, by calculating fidelity, we analyze the impact of four different types of noise(phase-damping, amplitude-damping, phase-flip and bit-flip) in this protocol.展开更多
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61571061)Innovative Research Fund of Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications (2015RC16)
文摘The next-generation optical network is a service oriented network,which could be delivered by utilizing the generalized multiprotocol label switching(GMPLS) based control plane to realize lots of intelligent features such as rapid provisioning,automated protection and restoration(P&R),efficient resource allocation,and support for different quality of service(QoS) requirements.In this paper,we propose a novel stateful PCE-cloud(SPC)based architecture of GMPLS optical networks for cloud services.The cloud computing technologies(e.g.virtualization and parallel computing) are applied to the construction of SPC for improving the reliability and maximizing resource utilization.The functions of SPC and GMPLS based control plane are expanded according to the features of cloud services for different QoS requirements.The architecture and detailed description of the components of SPC are provided.Different potential cooperation relationships between public stateful PCE cloud(PSPC) and region stateful PCE cloud(RSPC) are investigated.Moreover,we present the policy-enabled and constraint-based routing scheme base on the cooperation of PSPC and RSPC.Simulation results for verifying the performance of routing and control plane reliability are analyzed.
基金Project supported by the National Key Research and Development Plan of the Ministry of Science of Technology of China (Grand Nos.2019YFB 2205100 and 2019YFB2205102)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.61974164,62074166,61804181,62004219,and 62004220)the Science Support Program of the National University of Defense and Technology (Grand No.ZK20-06)。
文摘Memristive stateful logic is one of the most promising candidates to implement an in-memory computing system that computes within the storage unit.It can eliminate the costs for the data movement in the traditional von Neumann system.However,the instability in the memristors is inevitable due to the limitation of the current fabrication technology,which incurs a great challenge for the reliability of the memristive stateful logic.In this paper,the implication of device instability on the reliability of the logic event is simulated.The mathematical relationship between logic reliability and redundancy has been deduced.By combining the mathematical relationship with the vector-matrix multiplication in a memristive crossbar array,the logic error correction scheme with high throughput has been proposed.Moreover,a universal design paradigm has been put forward for complex logic.And the circuit schematic and the flow of the scheme have been raised.Finally,a 1-bit full adder(FA)based on the NOR logic and NOT logic is simulated and the mathematical evaluation is performed.It demonstrates the scheme can improve the reliability of the logic significantly.And compared with other four error corrections,the scheme which can be suitable for all kinds of R–R logics and V–R logics has the best universality and throughput.Compared with the other two approaches which also need additional complementary metal–oxide semiconductor(CMOS)circuits,it needs fewer transistors and cycles for the error correction.
基金supported by the Key Project of National Defense Basic Research Program of China (No.B1120132031)supported by the Cultivation and Development Program for Technology Innovation Base of Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission (No.Z151100001615034)
文摘To improve the efficiency and coverage of stateful network protocol fuzzing, this paper proposes a new method, using a rule-based state machine and a stateful rule tree to guide the generation of fuzz testing data. The method first builds a rule-based state machine model as a formal description of the states of a network protocol. This removes safety paths, to cut down the scale of the state space. Then it uses a stateful rule tree to describe the relationship between states and messages, and then remove useless items from it. According to the message sequence obtained by the analysis of paths using the stateful rule tree and the protocol specification, an abstract data model of test case generation is defined. The fuzz testing data is produced by various generation algorithms through filling data in the fields of the data model. Using the rule-based state machine and the stateful rule tree, the quantity of test data can be reduced. Experimental results indicate that our method can discover the same vulnerabilities as traditional approaches, using less test data, while optimizing test data generation and improving test efficiency.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.61902416 and 61902412)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province,China(No.2019JJ50729)。
文摘Network protocol software is usually characterized by complicated functions and a vast state space.In this type of program,a massive number of stateful variables that are used to represent the evolution of the states and store some information about the sessions are prone to potentialflaws caused by violations of protocol specification requirements and program logic.Discovering such variables is significant in discovering and exploiting vulnerabilities in protocol software,and still needs massive manual verifications.In this paper,we propose a novel method that could automatically discover the use of stateful variables in network protocol software.The core idea is that a stateful variable features information of the communication entities and the software states,so it will exist in the form of a global or static variable during program execution.Based on recording and replaying a protocol program’s execution,varieties of variables in the life cycle can be tracked with the technique of dynamic instrument.We draw up some rules from multiple dimensions by taking full advantage of the existing vulnerability knowledge to determine whether the data stored in critical memory areas have stateful characteristics.We also implement a prototype system that can discover stateful variables automatically and then perform it on nine programs in Pro FuzzBench and two complex real-world software programs.With the help of available open-source code,the evaluation results show that the average true positive rate(TPR)can reach 82%and the average precision can be approximately up to 96%.
基金supported by the Argentine Agency for the Promotion of Science and Technology ANPCyT(PICT2019-1472 to GP,PICT2019-4597 to FL,PICT2020-1524 to GP,and PICT2021-00627 to FL)supported by an Independent Career Position from CONICETsupported by a postdoctoral fellowship from ANPCyT。
文摘Stem cell proliferation is tightly regulated in developing and adult tissues through the coordinated action of cell-intrinsic and extracellular signals.Although many extracellular cues were identified,the cell-intrinsic mechanisms underlying the decision of a stem cell to proliferate,enter a dormant quiescent state or differentiate into a specific cell type remains incompletely understood.
基金supported by Technological Innovation 2030-Major Projects of“Brain Science and Brain-like Research,”No.2022ZD0206200(to XG)the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82371245(to SJ),82102246(to XD),81701092(to XG)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province,No.ZR2020MH129(to SJ)Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty,No.shslczdzk03601Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Peri-operative Organ Support and Function Preservation,No.20DZ2254200。
文摘Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is linked to memory formation in the adult brain,with new neurons in the hippocampus exhibiting greater plasticity during their immature stages compared to mature neurons.Abnormal adult hippocampal neurogenesis is closely associated with cognitive impairment in central nervous system diseases.Targeting and regulating adult hippocampal neurogenesis have been shown to improve cognitive deficits.This review aims to expand the current understanding and prospects of targeting neurogenesis in the treatment of cognitive impairment.Recent research indicates the presence of abnormalities in AHN in several diseases associated with cognitive impairment,including cerebrovascular diseases,Alzheimer's disease,aging-related conditions,and issues related to anesthesia and surgery.The role of these abnormalities in the cognitive deficits caused by these diseases has been widely recognized,and targeting AHN is considered a promising approach for treating cognitive impairment.However,the underlying mechanisms of this role are not yet fully understood,and the effectiveness of targeting abnormal adult hippocampal neurogenesis for treatment remains limited,with a need for further development of treatment methods and detection techniques.By reviewing recent studies,we classify the potential mechanisms of adult hippocampal neurogenesis abnormalities into four categories:immunity,energy metabolism,aging,and pathological states.In immunity-related mechanisms,abnormalities in meningeal,brain,and peripheral immunity can disrupt normal adult hippocampal neurogenesis.Lipid metabolism and mitochondrial function disorders are significant energy metabolism factors that lead to abnormal adult hippocampal neurogenesis.During aging,the inflammatory state of the neurogenic niche and the expression of aging-related microRNAs contribute to reduced adult hippocampal neurogenesis and cognitive impairment in older adult patients.Pathological states of the body and emotional disorders may also result in abnormal adult hippocampal neurogenesis.Among the current strategies used to enhance this form of neurogenesis,physical therapies such as exercise,transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation,and enriched environments have proven effective.Dietary interventions,including energy intake restriction and nutrient optimization,have shown efficacy in both basic research and clinical trials.However,drug treatments,such as antidepressants and stem cell therapy,are primarily reported in basic research,with limited clinical application.The relationship between abnormal adult hippocampal neurogenesis and cognitive impairment has garnered widespread attention,and targeting the former may be an important strategy for treating the latter.However,the mechanisms underlying abnormal adult hippocampal neurogenesis remain unclear,and treatments are lacking.This highlights the need for greater focus on translating research findings into clinical practice.
文摘Aging is considered the main risk factor for the development of several diseases,including the leading neurodegenerative disorders.While the cellular features of aging are complex and multifaceted,neuronal senescence has emerged as a major contributor and driver of this process in the mammalian cell.Cellular senescence is a programmed response to stress and irreparable damage,which drives the cell into an apoptosis-resistant,non-proliferative state.Senescent cells can also deleteriously affect neighboring,non-senescent cells.Senescence is a complex and multifaceted process associated with a wide range of cellular events,including the secretion of pro-inflammatory molecules and the arrest of the cell cycle.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)under grant U23A20310.
文摘With the growing advancement of wireless communication technologies,WiFi-based human sensing has gained increasing attention as a non-intrusive and device-free solution.Among the available signal types,Channel State Information(CSI)offers fine-grained temporal,frequency,and spatial insights into multipath propagation,making it a crucial data source for human-centric sensing.Recently,the integration of deep learning has significantly improved the robustness and automation of feature extraction from CSI in complex environments.This paper provides a comprehensive review of deep learning-enhanced human sensing based on CSI.We first outline mainstream CSI acquisition tools and their hardware specifications,then provide a detailed discussion of preprocessing methods such as denoising,time–frequency transformation,data segmentation,and augmentation.Subsequently,we categorize deep learning approaches according to sensing tasks—namely detection,localization,and recognition—and highlight representative models across application scenarios.Finally,we examine key challenges including domain generalization,multi-user interference,and limited data availability,and we propose future research directions involving lightweight model deployment,multimodal data fusion,and semantic-level sensing.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2016YFB0800700)
文摘Network protocols are divided into stateless and stateful. Stateful network protocols have complex communication interactions and state transitions. However, the existing network protocol fuzzing does not support state transitions very well. This paper focuses on this issue and proposes the Semi-valid Fuzzing for the Stateful Network Protocol （SFSNP）. The SFSNP analyzes protocol interactions and builds an extended finite state machine with a path marker for the network protocol; then it obtains test sequences of the extended finite state machine, and further performs the mutation operation using the semi-valid algorithm for each state transition in the test sequences; finally, it obtains fuzzing sequences. Moreover, because different test sequences may have the same state transitions, the SFSNP uses the state transition marking algorithm to reduce redundant test cases. By using the stateful rule tree of the protocol, the SFSNP extracts the constraints in the protocol specifications to construct semi-valid fuzz testing cases within the sub-protocol domain, and finally forms fuzzing sequences. Experimental results indicate that the SFSNP is reasonably effective at reducing the quantity of generated test cases and improving the quality of fuzz testing cases. The SFSNP can reduce redundancy and shorten testing time.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Public Welfare Research Institute,No.2020CZ-5(to WS and GS)the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.31970970(to JSR)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,No.YWF-23-YG-QB-010(to JSR)。
文摘Patients with complete spinal cord injury retain the potential for volitional muscle activity in muscles located below the spinal injury level.However,because of prolonged inactivity,initial attempts to activate these muscles may not effectively engage any of the remaining neurons in the descending pathway.A previous study unexpectedly found that a brief clinical round of passive activity significantly increased volitional muscle activation,as measured by surface electromyography.In this study,we further explored the effect of passive activity on surface electromyographic signals during volitional control tasks among individuals with complete spinal cord injury.Eleven patients with chronic complete thoracic spinal cord injury were recruited.Surface electromyography data from eight major leg muscles were acquired and compared before and after the passive activity protocol.The results indicated that the passive activity led to an increased number of activated volitional muscles and an increased frequency of activation.Although the cumulative root mean square of surface electromyography amplitude for volitional control of movement showed a slight increase after passive activity,the difference was not statistically significant.These findings suggest that brief passive activity may enhance the ability to initiate volitional muscle activity during surface electromyography tasks and underscore the potential of passive activity for improving residual motor control among patients with motor complete spinal cord injury.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)under Grant(No.51677058).
文摘Precisely estimating the state of health(SOH)of lithium-ion batteries is essential for battery management systems(BMS),as it plays a key role in ensuring the safe and reliable operation of battery systems.However,current SOH estimation methods often overlook the valuable temperature information that can effectively characterize battery aging during capacity degradation.Additionally,the Elman neural network,which is commonly employed for SOH estimation,exhibits several drawbacks,including slow training speed,a tendency to become trapped in local minima,and the initialization of weights and thresholds using pseudo-random numbers,leading to unstable model performance.To address these issues,this study addresses the challenge of precise and effective SOH detection by proposing a method for estimating the SOH of lithium-ion batteries based on differential thermal voltammetry(DTV)and an SSA-Elman neural network.Firstly,two health features(HFs)considering temperature factors and battery voltage are extracted fromthe differential thermal voltammetry curves and incremental capacity curves.Next,the Sparrow Search Algorithm(SSA)is employed to optimize the initial weights and thresholds of the Elman neural network,forming the SSA-Elman neural network model.To validate the performance,various neural networks,including the proposed SSA-Elman network,are tested using the Oxford battery aging dataset.The experimental results demonstrate that the method developed in this study achieves superior accuracy and robustness,with a mean absolute error(MAE)of less than 0.9%and a rootmean square error(RMSE)below 1.4%.
基金funded by the Pyramid Talent Training Project of Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture under Grant GJZJ20220802。
文摘Accurately estimating the State of Health(SOH)and Remaining Useful Life(RUL)of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)is crucial for the continuous and stable operation of battery management systems.However,due to the complex internal chemical systems of LIBs and the nonlinear degradation of their performance,direct measurement of SOH and RUL is challenging.To address these issues,the Twin Support Vector Machine(TWSVM)method is proposed to predict SOH and RUL.Initially,the constant current charging time of the lithium battery is extracted as a health indicator(HI),decomposed using Variational Modal Decomposition(VMD),and feature correlations are computed using Importance of Random Forest Features(RF)to maximize the extraction of critical factors influencing battery performance degradation.Furthermore,to enhance the global search capability of the Convolution Optimization Algorithm(COA),improvements are made using Good Point Set theory and the Differential Evolution method.The Improved Convolution Optimization Algorithm(ICOA)is employed to optimize TWSVM parameters for constructing SOH and RUL prediction models.Finally,the proposed models are validated using NASA and CALCE lithium-ion battery datasets.Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed models achieve an RMSE not exceeding 0.007 and an MAPE not exceeding 0.0082 for SOH and RUL prediction,with a relative error in RUL prediction within the range of[-1.8%,2%].Compared to other models,the proposed model not only exhibits superior fitting capability but also demonstrates robust performance.
文摘In the practice of healthcare,patient-reported outcomes(PROs)and PRO measures(PROMs)are used as an attempt to observe the changes in complex clinical situations.They guide us in making decisions based on the evidence regarding patient care by recording the change in outcomes for a particular treatment to a given condition and finally to understand whether a patient will benefit from a particular treatment and to quantify the treatment effect.For any PROM to be usable in health care,we need it to be reliable,encapsulating the points of interest with the potential to detect any real change.Using structured outcome measures routinely in clinical practice helps the physician to understand the functional limitation of a patient that would otherwise not be clear in an office interview,and this allows the physician and patient to have a meaningful conver-sation as well as a customized plan for each patient.Having mentioned the rationale and the benefits of PROMs,understanding the quantification process is crucial before embarking on management decisions.A better interpretation of change needs to identify the treatment effect based on clinical relevance for a given condition.There are a multiple set of measurement indices to serve this effect and most of them are used interchangeably without clear demarcation on their differences.This article details the various quantification metrics used to evaluate the treatment effect using PROMs,their limitations and the scope of usage and implementation in clinical practice.
基金supported by the Guizhou Provincial Basic Research Program(Natural Science)Youth Guidance Project{Qian Kehe Foundation-[2024]Youth 307}。
文摘In both Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)and modern medicine,they agree that the integrity and healthy structure of the vascular endothelium are essential for normal hemodynamics.Damage to the vascular endothelium can quickly activate the extrinsic coagulation pathway by triggering the tissue factor(TF)and lead to coagulation.This damage,along with a loss of anticoagulant properties through antithrombinⅢ(ATⅢ),TF pathway inhibitors,and the protein C system,can result in a hypercoagulable state and even thrombosis.Hypercoagulability is not only a common feature of many cancers but also an important factor promoting tumor development and metastasis,which corresponds to the TCM theory of“blood stasis leading to tumors.”The pharmacological effects of heparin and aspirin have similarities with TCM's“activating blood circulation and removing blood stasis”theory in improving blood circulation,treating related diseases,and their anti-inflammatory effects.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51905123)Major Scientific and Technological Innovation Program of Shandong Province,China(Nos.2020CXGC010303,2022ZLGX04)Key R&D Programme of Shandong Province,China(No.2022JMRH0308).
文摘An internal state variable(ISV)model was established according to the experimental results of hot plane strain compression(PSC)to predict the microstructure evolution during hot spinning of ZK61 alloy.The effects of the internal variables were considered in this ISV model,and the parameters were optimized by genetic algorithm.After validation,the ISV model was used to simulate the evolution of grain size(GS)and dynamic recrystallization(DRX)fraction during hot spinning via Abaqus and its subroutine Vumat.By comparing the simulated results with the experimental results,the application of the ISV model was proven to be reliable.Meanwhile,the strength of the thin-walled spun ZK61 tube increased from 303 to 334 MPa due to grain refinement by DRX and texture strengthening.Besides,some ultrafine grains(0.5μm)that played an important role in mechanical properties were formed due to the proliferation,movement,and entanglement of dislocations during the spinning process.
基金Supported by Beijing Ditan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University“Sailing Plan”,No.DTQH-202405.
文摘BACKGROUND Empathetic psychological care improves mood and enhances the quality of life in critically ill patients.AIM To study the impact of combining 222-nm ultraviolet(UV)disinfection with empathetic psychological care on emotional states,nosocomial infection rates,and quality of life in critically ill patients.METHODS A total of 202 critically ill patients admitted to Beijing Ditan Hospital(December 2023 to May 2024)were randomly assigned to control(Ctrl,n=101)or observation groups(Obs,n=101).The Ctrl group received 222-nm UV disinfection and routine care,while the Obs group received 222-nm UV disinfection with empathetic psychological care.Emotional states[Self-Rating Anxiety Scale(SAS),Self-Rating Depression Scale(SDS)],hospital infection rates,quality of life(36-Item Short Form Health Survey),and patient satisfaction were evaluated.RESULTS At baseline,there were no significant differences in SAS and SDS scores between the groups(P>0.05).Following care,both groups demonstrated reductions in SAS and SDS scores,with the Obs group exhibiting a significantly greater reduction(P<0.05).The Obs group also experienced a significantly lower overall hospital infection rate(P<0.05).Similarly,while baseline 36-Item Short Form Health Survey scores did not differ significantly between the groups(P>0.05),post-care scores improved in both groups,with a greater improvement observed in the Obs group(P<0.05).Additionally,the Obs group reported higher patient satisfaction ratings(P<0.05).CONCLUSION The combination of 222-nm UV disinfection and empathetic psychological care improves emotional states,reduces hospital infection rates,enhances the quality of life,and increases patient satisfaction among critically ill patients.
文摘The triple bond in N_(2)has an extremely high bond energy and is thus difficult to break.N_(2)is commonly converted into NH3 artificially via the Haber-Bosch process,and NH_(3)can be utilized to produce other nitrogen-containing chemicals.Here,we developed an electron catalyzed method to directly fix N_(2)into azos,by pushing and pulling the electron into and from the aromatic halide with the cyclic voltammetry method.The round-trip journey of electron can successfully weaken the triple bond in N_(2)through the electron pushing-induced aryl radical via a“brick trowel”transition state,and then produce the diazonium ions by pulling the electron out from the diazo radical intermediate.Different azos can be synthesized with this developed electron catalyzed approach.This approach provides a novel concept and practical route for the fixation of N_(2)at atmospheric pressure into chemical products valuable for industrial and commercial applications.
文摘Evaluation of hydromechanical shear behavior of unsaturated soils is still a challenging issue. The time and cost needed for conducting precise experimental investigation on shear behavior of unsaturated soils have encouraged several investigators to develop analytical, empirical, or semi-empirical models for predicting the shear behavior of unsaturated soils. However, most of the previously proposed models are for specimens subjected to the isotropic state of stress, without considering the effect of initial shear stress. In this study, a hydromechanical constitutive model is proposed for unsaturated collapsible soils during shearing, with consideration of the effect of the initial shear stress. The model implements an effective stress-based disturbed state concept (DSC) to predict the stress-strain behavior of the soil. Accordingly, material/state variables were defined for both the start of the shearing stage and the critical state of the soil. A series of laboratory tests was performed using a fully automated unsaturated triaxial device to verify the proposed model. The experimental program included 23 suction-controlled unsaturated triaxial shear tests on reconstituted specimens of Gorgan clayey loess wetted to different levels of suctions under both isotropic and anisotropic stress states. The results show excellent agreement between the prediction by the proposed model and the experimental results.
基金Project supported by the Open Fund of Anhui Key Laboratory of Mine Intelligent Equipment and Technology (Grant No. ZKSYS202204)the Talent Introduction Fund of Anhui University of Science and Technology (Grant No. 2021yjrc34)the Scientific Research Fund of Anhui Provincial Education Department (Grant No. KJ2020A0301)。
文摘Implementing quantum wireless multi-hop network communication is essential to improve the global quantum network system. In this paper, we employ eight-level GHZ states as quantum channels to realize multi-hop quantum communication, and utilize the logical relationship between the measurements of each node to derive the unitary operation performed by the end node. The hierarchical simultaneous entanglement switching(HSES) method is adopted, resulting in a significant reduction in the consumption of classical information compared to multi-hop quantum teleportation(QT)based on general simultaneous entanglement switching(SES). In addition, the proposed protocol is simulated on the IBM Quantum Experiment platform(IBM QE). Then, the data obtained from the experiment are analyzed using quantum state tomography, which verifies the protocol's good fidelity and accuracy. Finally, by calculating fidelity, we analyze the impact of four different types of noise(phase-damping, amplitude-damping, phase-flip and bit-flip) in this protocol.
