This study examines the “V + Dào” construction as a state change event through the lens of the Event Integration Hypothesis. It focuses on how these constructions represent state changes, exploring distinctions...This study examines the “V + Dào” construction as a state change event through the lens of the Event Integration Hypothesis. It focuses on how these constructions represent state changes, exploring distinctions between “change” and “stasis”. Using a corpus-based approach, the analysis covers the semantic and syntactic features of “V + Dào” constructions and their event integration patterns. The findings highlight the distribution of agency, animacy, and support relations in state change events, emphasizing the complex interaction of internal and external event integrations and their correlation with the conceptual primitives of change and transition. This study offers insights into the lexicalization and grammaticalization processes of the “V + Dào” construction, and potentially the broader verb-complement constructions in Mandarin.展开更多
We examine possible funding sources for constructing Climate Change Haven Communities on a global basis. Areas of the planet that have the potential to house persons migrating to “safe havens” in their own or other ...We examine possible funding sources for constructing Climate Change Haven Communities on a global basis. Areas of the planet that have the potential to house persons migrating to “safe havens” in their own or other countries will require the rapid construction of communities capable of supporting them, their families, businesses and farms. However, different political-economic conditions are found across the areas which can serve as locations for these Climate Change Haven Communities. We develop funding and construction strategies for the United States (free-market capitalism), France and Spain (European Union supported economies), and Taiwan region (state-directed economy). The proposals for the Taiwan region should also be applicable to the rest of China.展开更多
Collaboration of interannual variabilities and the climate mean state determines the type of E1 Nifio. Recent studies highlight the impact of a La Nifia-like mean state change, which acts to suppress the convection an...Collaboration of interannual variabilities and the climate mean state determines the type of E1 Nifio. Recent studies highlight the impact of a La Nifia-like mean state change, which acts to suppress the convection and low-level convergence over the central Pacific, on the predominance of central Pacific （CP） E1 Nifio in the most recent decade. However, how interannual variabilities affect the climate mean state has been less thoroughly investigated. Using a linear shallow-water model, the ef- fect of decadal changes of air-sea interaction on the two types of El Nifio and the climate mean state over the tropical Pacific is examined. It is demonstrated that the predominance of the eastem Pacific （EP） and CP E1 Nino is dominated mainly by relationships between anomalous wind stresses and sea surface temperature （SST）. Furthermore, changes between air-sea interactions from 1980-98 to 1999-2011 prompted the generation of the La Ninalike pattern, which is similar to the background change in the most recent decade.展开更多
The change of state of one map in the network of nonlocal coupled logistic maps at the transition of coherence is studied. With the increase of coupling strength, the network dynamics transits from the incoherent stat...The change of state of one map in the network of nonlocal coupled logistic maps at the transition of coherence is studied. With the increase of coupling strength, the network dynamics transits from the incoherent state into the coherent state. In the process, the iteration of the map first changes from chaos to period state, then from periodic to chaotic state again. For the periodic doubling bifurcations, similar to an isolated map, the largest Lyapunov exponent tends to zero from a negative value. However, the states of coupled maps exhibit complex behavior rather than converge to a few fixed values. The behavior brings a new chimera state of coupled logistic maps. The bifurcation diagram is identical to the phase order of maps iterations. For the bifurcation between 1-band and multi-band chaos, the symmetry of chaotic bands emerges and the transition of the order of iteration direction occurs.展开更多
How many NGOs were there in the climate change field in the United States？ Who were they？ And what was the relationship between them？ In the United States,climate change was only a branch of environmental issues at...How many NGOs were there in the climate change field in the United States？ Who were they？ And what was the relationship between them？ In the United States,climate change was only a branch of environmental issues at the beginning; therefore there were no specific quantitative statistics and network analysis of NGOs in climate change. Diversity was an important feature of NGOs in American climate change fields,and it showed a complex organizational ecology through varieties of networks and interaction among organizations. In order to make a difference in climate field,Chinese NGOs firstly needed to improve and enhance their own abilities.展开更多
China＇s Xinhua News Agency calls it the ＂biggest government reshuffle in years＂ in what is seen as a dra matic continuation of the previous seven rounds of cabinet restructuring that began in 1982.
Change detection(CD)plays a crucial role in numerous fields,where both convolutional neural networks(CNNs)and Transformers have demonstrated exceptional performance in CD tasks.However,CNNs suffer from limited recepti...Change detection(CD)plays a crucial role in numerous fields,where both convolutional neural networks(CNNs)and Transformers have demonstrated exceptional performance in CD tasks.However,CNNs suffer from limited receptive fields,hindering their ability to capture global features,while Transformers are constrained by high computational complexity.Recently,Mamba architecture,which is based on state space models(SSMs),has shown powerful global modeling capabilities while achieving linear computational complexity.Although some researchers have incorporated Mamba into CD tasks,the existing Mamba⁃based remote sensing CD methods struggle to effectively perceive the inherent locality of changed regions when flattening and scanning remote sensing images,leading to limitations in extracting change features.To address these issues,we propose a novel Mamba⁃based CD method termed difference feature fusion Mamba model(DFFMamba)by mitigating the loss of feature locality caused by traditional Mamba⁃style scanning.Specifically,two distinct difference feature extraction modules are designed:Difference Mamba(DMamba)and local difference Mamba(LDMamba),where DMamba extracts difference features by calculating the difference in coefficient matrices between the state⁃space equations of the bi⁃temporal features.Building upon DMamba,LDMamba combines a locally adaptive state⁃space scanning(LASS)strategy to enhance feature locality so as to accurately extract difference features.Additionally,a fusion Mamba(FMamba)module is proposed,which employs a spatial⁃channel token modeling SSM(SCTMS)unit to integrate multi⁃dimensional spatio⁃temporal interactions of change features,thereby capturing their dependencies across both spatial and channel dimensions.To verify the effectiveness of the proposed DFFMamba,extensive experiments are conducted on three datasets of WHU⁃CD,LEVIR⁃CD,and CLCD.The results demonstrate that DFFMamba significantly outperforms state⁃of⁃the⁃art CD methods,achieving intersection over union(IoU)scores of 90.67%,85.04%,and 66.56%on the three datasets,respectively.展开更多
The polarization properties of light are widely applied in imaging,communications,materials analy⁃sis,and life sciences.Various methods have been developed that can measure the polarization information of a target.How...The polarization properties of light are widely applied in imaging,communications,materials analy⁃sis,and life sciences.Various methods have been developed that can measure the polarization information of a target.However,conventional polarization detection systems are often bulky and complex,limiting their poten⁃tial for broader applications.To address the challenges of miniaturization,integrated polarization detectors have been extensively explored in recent years,achieving significant advancements in performance and functionality.In this review,we focus mainly on integrated polarization detectors with innovative features,including infinitely high polarization discrimination,ultrahigh sensitivity to polarization state change,full Stokes parameters measure⁃ment,and simultaneous perception of polarization and other key properties of light.Lastly,we discuss the oppor⁃tunities and challenges for the future development of integrated polarization photodetectors.展开更多
This work investigates the boreal-summer intraseasonal variability(ISV)of the precipitation over the lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin(LYRB)during 1979–2016,based on daily Climate Prediction Center global prec...This work investigates the boreal-summer intraseasonal variability(ISV)of the precipitation over the lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin(LYRB)during 1979–2016,based on daily Climate Prediction Center global precipitation data.The ISV of the summer monsoon rainfall over the LYRB is mainly dominated by the lower-frequency 12–20-day variability and the higher-frequency 8–12-day variability.The lower-frequency variability is found to be related to the northwestwardpropagating quasi-biweekly oscillation(QBWO)over the western North Pacific spanning the South China Sea(SCS)and Philippine Sea,while the higher-frequency variability is related to the southeastward propagating midlatitude wave train(MLWT).Moreover,not each active QBWO(MLWT)in the SCS(East Asia)can generate ISV components of the precipitation anomaly over the LYRB.The QBWO can change the rainfall significantly with the modulation of mean state precipitation,while the quasi-11-day mode mainly depends on the intensity of the MLWT rather than the mean precipitation change.These findings should enrich our understanding of the ISV of the East Asian summer monsoon and improve its predictability.展开更多
Methods of the comprehensive evaluation have been studied for many years. However, the change speed of evaluated objects was rarely considered by the existing evaluation methods. An evaluation matrix is proposed to re...Methods of the comprehensive evaluation have been studied for many years. However, the change speed of evaluated objects was rarely considered by the existing evaluation methods. An evaluation matrix is proposed to remedy this deficiency. Firstly, the change speed state （CSS） of the evaluated objects is analyzed based on double inspiriting control lines （DICLs）, and a matrix of the CSS is constructed. Then, 72 elements in the matrix are analyzed, and formulas describing each CSS are given. The efficiency of the proposed evaluation matrix is proved when the CSS merges with the change speed trend （CST） in the dynamic comprehensive evaluation. Finally, a computing example shows that the proposed evaluation matrix is feasible in the dynamic comprehensive evaluation with the speed feature.展开更多
Change-of-state events all involve complex event structures,but still differ in their levels of complexity.In Old Chinese,all types of change-of-state events could be expressed by individual characters,but as Chinese ...Change-of-state events all involve complex event structures,but still differ in their levels of complexity.In Old Chinese,all types of change-of-state events could be expressed by individual characters,but as Chinese evolved,many change-of-state expressions must resort to verbal compounds.By looking at the change-of-state expressions in different historical periods,this study finds that while the meaning of each character becomes increasingly atomic,the use of verbal compounds has been expanding The most dramatic expansion is seen in the expression of the gradient change of state,followed by the punctual change of state,but is not observed in the durative change-of-state expressions.Consistent with the principle of iconicity,“the durative change-the punctual change-the gradient change”represents a continuum of complexity in human conceptualization,with incremental mental distance between the action and the result state.This finding is also widely supported by cross-linguistic data.展开更多
For pseudocapacitive electrode materials(PseEMs),despite much progress having been made in achieving both high power density and high energy density,a general strategy to guide the enhancement of intrinsic capacitive ...For pseudocapacitive electrode materials(PseEMs),despite much progress having been made in achieving both high power density and high energy density,a general strategy to guide the enhancement of intrinsic capacitive properties of PseEMs remains lacking.Here,we demonstrate a universal chargecompensating strategy to improve the charge-storage capability of PseEMs intrinsically:ⅰ) in the electrolyte with anion as charge carriers(such as OH-),reducing the multivalent cations of PseEMs into lower valences could create more reversible low-to-high valence redox cou ples to promote the intercalation of the anions;ⅱ) in the electrolytes with cation as charge carriers(such as H^(+),Li^(+),Na^(+)),oxidizing the multivalent cations of PseEMs into higher valences could introduce more reversible high-to-low valence redox couples to promote the intercalation of the cations.And we demonstrated that the improved intrinsic charge-storage capability for PseEMs originates from the increased Faradaic charge storage sites.展开更多
With a NP hard problem given, we may find a equivalent physical world. The rule of the changing of the physical states is simply the algorithm for solving the original NP hard problem .It is the most natural algorithm...With a NP hard problem given, we may find a equivalent physical world. The rule of the changing of the physical states is simply the algorithm for solving the original NP hard problem .It is the most natural algorithm for solving NP hard problems. In this paper we deal with a famous example , the well known NP hard problem——Circles Packing. It shows that our algorithm is dramatically very efficient. We are inspired that, the concrete physics algorithm will always be very efficient for NP hard problem.展开更多
Precambrian cratons are archives of several precious metallic deposits that significantly contribute to our planet’s resources and habitability and also provide key information on plate tectonics on Earth. The North ...Precambrian cratons are archives of several precious metallic deposits that significantly contribute to our planet’s resources and habitability and also provide key information on plate tectonics on Earth. The North China Craton (NCC) preserves important records of Neoarchean to Paleoproterozoic tectonic processes and associated episodes of metallogenic pulses that generated five major types of mineral deposits including banded iron formations (BIFs), volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) Cu–Pb–Zn deposits, orogenic Au deposits, magmatic sulfide Cu-Ni deposits and porphyry Cu deposits. These deposits are distributed in Neoarchean granite-greenstone belts and Paleoproterozoic orogenic belts, and show dominant mineralization ages of 2.6–2.5 Ga and two subordinate age groups of 2.7–2.6 Ga and 2.3–1.95 Ga. The Neoarchean metallogenic events generated BIFs, VMSs, Au and magmatic sulfide Cu-Ni deposits and the tectonic framework correlates with the microblock amalgamation and plate subduction possibly also aided by mantle plumes. The BIFs representing the dominant mineral deposits in Neoarchean are mainly Algoma-type with few examples of Superior-type. Meta-basaltic rocks associated with the Algoma-type BIF deposits in the granite-greenstone belts of the NCC display highly variable trace element compositions and LREE-depleted and LREE-enriched. The REE distribution patterns and high field-strength element characteristics of meta-basaltic rocks suggest the formation of BIF and VMS deposits in mid-ocean ridge, island arc and back-arc settings. The formation of VMS, Au and magmatic Cu-Ni deposits correspond to plate subduction and collision in a convergent continental margin setting during the late Neoarchean. The Paleoproterozoic deposits are represented by BIFs and porphyry Cu deposits. The Paleoproterozoic BIFs and meta-basaltic rocks correspond to magmatic-hydrothermal activities in passive continental margin or island arc settings, whereas the porphyry Cu deposits were formed in an extensional environment, corresponding to the Paleoproterozoic subduction-rifting events in the Trans-North China Orogen. The variation of δ^(56)Fe, Ce anomalies and Y/Ho ratios in BIFs from Neoarchean to Paleoproterozoic indicate the initial increase of oxygen in late Neoarchean and the change of ambient marine environment from anoxic to oxic during the Great Oxidation Event. The multi-stage Neoarchean to Paleoproterozoic metallogenic systems of the NCC were intrinsically linked to the plate subduction along with arc-plume interaction and rifting-subduction-collision activities. The contemporaneous increasing in weathering of exposed continental crust due to plate subduction potentially controlled the atmosphere-hydrosphere oxidation state and formation of BIF deposits in the NCC.展开更多
Remote sensing methods are commonly used to assess and monitor ecosystem conditions in drylands,but accurate classification and detection of ecological state change are challenging due to sparse vegetation cover,high ...Remote sensing methods are commonly used to assess and monitor ecosystem conditions in drylands,but accurate classification and detection of ecological state change are challenging due to sparse vegetation cover,high spatial heterogeneity,and high interannual variability in production.We evaluated whether phenological metrics are effective for distinguishing dryland ecological states using imagery from near-surface camera(PhenoCam)and satellite(Harmonized Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2,hereafter HLS)sources,and how effectiveness varied across wet and dry rainfall years.We analyzed time series over 92 site-years at a site in southern New Mexico undergoing transitions from grassland to shrubland on different soil types.Rainfall was a driver of phenological response across all ecological states,with wet years correlating with later start of season,later peak,higher peak greenness,and shorter growing season.This rainfall response was strongest in shrub-invaded grasslands on sandy soils.PhenoCam estimated significantly earlier start of season than HLS for shrublands on gravelly soils and earlier end of season than HLS for shrub-invaded grasslands on sandy soils.We propose integrating seasonal metrics from high-frequency PhenoCam time series with satellite assessments to improve monitoring efforts in drylands,use phenological differences across variable rainfall years to measure differences in ecosystem function among states,and use the timing and strength of peak greenness of key plant functional groups(grasses in our study site)as an indicator of ecological state change.展开更多
文摘This study examines the “V + Dào” construction as a state change event through the lens of the Event Integration Hypothesis. It focuses on how these constructions represent state changes, exploring distinctions between “change” and “stasis”. Using a corpus-based approach, the analysis covers the semantic and syntactic features of “V + Dào” constructions and their event integration patterns. The findings highlight the distribution of agency, animacy, and support relations in state change events, emphasizing the complex interaction of internal and external event integrations and their correlation with the conceptual primitives of change and transition. This study offers insights into the lexicalization and grammaticalization processes of the “V + Dào” construction, and potentially the broader verb-complement constructions in Mandarin.
文摘We examine possible funding sources for constructing Climate Change Haven Communities on a global basis. Areas of the planet that have the potential to house persons migrating to “safe havens” in their own or other countries will require the rapid construction of communities capable of supporting them, their families, businesses and farms. However, different political-economic conditions are found across the areas which can serve as locations for these Climate Change Haven Communities. We develop funding and construction strategies for the United States (free-market capitalism), France and Spain (European Union supported economies), and Taiwan region (state-directed economy). The proposals for the Taiwan region should also be applicable to the rest of China.
基金supported by the National Program for Support of Top-notch Young Professionals,the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant Nos. 2012CB955202 and 2012CB417404)"Western Pacific Ocean System: Structure, Dynamics, and Consequences" of the Chinese Academy Sciences (WPOS+1 种基金 Grant No. XDA10010405)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41176014)
文摘Collaboration of interannual variabilities and the climate mean state determines the type of E1 Nifio. Recent studies highlight the impact of a La Nifia-like mean state change, which acts to suppress the convection and low-level convergence over the central Pacific, on the predominance of central Pacific （CP） E1 Nifio in the most recent decade. However, how interannual variabilities affect the climate mean state has been less thoroughly investigated. Using a linear shallow-water model, the ef- fect of decadal changes of air-sea interaction on the two types of El Nifio and the climate mean state over the tropical Pacific is examined. It is demonstrated that the predominance of the eastem Pacific （EP） and CP E1 Nino is dominated mainly by relationships between anomalous wind stresses and sea surface temperature （SST）. Furthermore, changes between air-sea interactions from 1980-98 to 1999-2011 prompted the generation of the La Ninalike pattern, which is similar to the background change in the most recent decade.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos 10875076,11305098 and 11147020the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under Grant No GK201302008the Interdisciplinary Incubation Project of Shaanxi Normal University under Grant No 5
文摘The change of state of one map in the network of nonlocal coupled logistic maps at the transition of coherence is studied. With the increase of coupling strength, the network dynamics transits from the incoherent state into the coherent state. In the process, the iteration of the map first changes from chaos to period state, then from periodic to chaotic state again. For the periodic doubling bifurcations, similar to an isolated map, the largest Lyapunov exponent tends to zero from a negative value. However, the states of coupled maps exhibit complex behavior rather than converge to a few fixed values. The behavior brings a new chimera state of coupled logistic maps. The bifurcation diagram is identical to the phase order of maps iterations. For the bifurcation between 1-band and multi-band chaos, the symmetry of chaotic bands emerges and the transition of the order of iteration direction occurs.
基金Supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(SKZZX2013054)
文摘How many NGOs were there in the climate change field in the United States？ Who were they？ And what was the relationship between them？ In the United States,climate change was only a branch of environmental issues at the beginning; therefore there were no specific quantitative statistics and network analysis of NGOs in climate change. Diversity was an important feature of NGOs in American climate change fields,and it showed a complex organizational ecology through varieties of networks and interaction among organizations. In order to make a difference in climate field,Chinese NGOs firstly needed to improve and enhance their own abilities.
文摘China＇s Xinhua News Agency calls it the ＂biggest government reshuffle in years＂ in what is seen as a dra matic continuation of the previous seven rounds of cabinet restructuring that began in 1982.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42371449,41801386).
文摘Change detection(CD)plays a crucial role in numerous fields,where both convolutional neural networks(CNNs)and Transformers have demonstrated exceptional performance in CD tasks.However,CNNs suffer from limited receptive fields,hindering their ability to capture global features,while Transformers are constrained by high computational complexity.Recently,Mamba architecture,which is based on state space models(SSMs),has shown powerful global modeling capabilities while achieving linear computational complexity.Although some researchers have incorporated Mamba into CD tasks,the existing Mamba⁃based remote sensing CD methods struggle to effectively perceive the inherent locality of changed regions when flattening and scanning remote sensing images,leading to limitations in extracting change features.To address these issues,we propose a novel Mamba⁃based CD method termed difference feature fusion Mamba model(DFFMamba)by mitigating the loss of feature locality caused by traditional Mamba⁃style scanning.Specifically,two distinct difference feature extraction modules are designed:Difference Mamba(DMamba)and local difference Mamba(LDMamba),where DMamba extracts difference features by calculating the difference in coefficient matrices between the state⁃space equations of the bi⁃temporal features.Building upon DMamba,LDMamba combines a locally adaptive state⁃space scanning(LASS)strategy to enhance feature locality so as to accurately extract difference features.Additionally,a fusion Mamba(FMamba)module is proposed,which employs a spatial⁃channel token modeling SSM(SCTMS)unit to integrate multi⁃dimensional spatio⁃temporal interactions of change features,thereby capturing their dependencies across both spatial and channel dimensions.To verify the effectiveness of the proposed DFFMamba,extensive experiments are conducted on three datasets of WHU⁃CD,LEVIR⁃CD,and CLCD.The results demonstrate that DFFMamba significantly outperforms state⁃of⁃the⁃art CD methods,achieving intersection over union(IoU)scores of 90.67%,85.04%,and 66.56%on the three datasets,respectively.
基金Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFA1404602)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB0580000)+3 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U23B2045,62305362)the Program of Shanghai Academic/Technology Research Leader(22XD1424400)the Fund of SITP Innovation Foundation(CX-461 and CX-522)Special Project to Seize the Commanding Heights of Science and Technology of Chinese Academy of Sciences,subtopic(GJ0090406-6).
文摘The polarization properties of light are widely applied in imaging,communications,materials analy⁃sis,and life sciences.Various methods have been developed that can measure the polarization information of a target.However,conventional polarization detection systems are often bulky and complex,limiting their poten⁃tial for broader applications.To address the challenges of miniaturization,integrated polarization detectors have been extensively explored in recent years,achieving significant advancements in performance and functionality.In this review,we focus mainly on integrated polarization detectors with innovative features,including infinitely high polarization discrimination,ultrahigh sensitivity to polarization state change,full Stokes parameters measure⁃ment,and simultaneous perception of polarization and other key properties of light.Lastly,we discuss the oppor⁃tunities and challenges for the future development of integrated polarization photodetectors.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant number 41420104002]the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province[grant numbers BK20150907 and 14KJA170002].
文摘This work investigates the boreal-summer intraseasonal variability(ISV)of the precipitation over the lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin(LYRB)during 1979–2016,based on daily Climate Prediction Center global precipitation data.The ISV of the summer monsoon rainfall over the LYRB is mainly dominated by the lower-frequency 12–20-day variability and the higher-frequency 8–12-day variability.The lower-frequency variability is found to be related to the northwestwardpropagating quasi-biweekly oscillation(QBWO)over the western North Pacific spanning the South China Sea(SCS)and Philippine Sea,while the higher-frequency variability is related to the southeastward propagating midlatitude wave train(MLWT).Moreover,not each active QBWO(MLWT)in the SCS(East Asia)can generate ISV components of the precipitation anomaly over the LYRB.The QBWO can change the rainfall significantly with the modulation of mean state precipitation,while the quasi-11-day mode mainly depends on the intensity of the MLWT rather than the mean precipitation change.These findings should enrich our understanding of the ISV of the East Asian summer monsoon and improve its predictability.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (7127217671302028)+1 种基金the Fundamental Scientific Research Funds for the Central Universities (HEUCF110914)the Heilongjiang Postdoctoral Fund (3236310094)
文摘Methods of the comprehensive evaluation have been studied for many years. However, the change speed of evaluated objects was rarely considered by the existing evaluation methods. An evaluation matrix is proposed to remedy this deficiency. Firstly, the change speed state （CSS） of the evaluated objects is analyzed based on double inspiriting control lines （DICLs）, and a matrix of the CSS is constructed. Then, 72 elements in the matrix are analyzed, and formulas describing each CSS are given. The efficiency of the proposed evaluation matrix is proved when the CSS merges with the change speed trend （CST） in the dynamic comprehensive evaluation. Finally, a computing example shows that the proposed evaluation matrix is feasible in the dynamic comprehensive evaluation with the speed feature.
基金supported by the National Social Science Fund of China (Grant No. 20FYYB043)。
文摘Change-of-state events all involve complex event structures,but still differ in their levels of complexity.In Old Chinese,all types of change-of-state events could be expressed by individual characters,but as Chinese evolved,many change-of-state expressions must resort to verbal compounds.By looking at the change-of-state expressions in different historical periods,this study finds that while the meaning of each character becomes increasingly atomic,the use of verbal compounds has been expanding The most dramatic expansion is seen in the expression of the gradient change of state,followed by the punctual change of state,but is not observed in the durative change-of-state expressions.Consistent with the principle of iconicity,“the durative change-the punctual change-the gradient change”represents a continuum of complexity in human conceptualization,with incremental mental distance between the action and the result state.This finding is also widely supported by cross-linguistic data.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51972146,52072150)。
文摘For pseudocapacitive electrode materials(PseEMs),despite much progress having been made in achieving both high power density and high energy density,a general strategy to guide the enhancement of intrinsic capacitive properties of PseEMs remains lacking.Here,we demonstrate a universal chargecompensating strategy to improve the charge-storage capability of PseEMs intrinsically:ⅰ) in the electrolyte with anion as charge carriers(such as OH-),reducing the multivalent cations of PseEMs into lower valences could create more reversible low-to-high valence redox cou ples to promote the intercalation of the anions;ⅱ) in the electrolytes with cation as charge carriers(such as H^(+),Li^(+),Na^(+)),oxidizing the multivalent cations of PseEMs into higher valences could introduce more reversible high-to-low valence redox couples to promote the intercalation of the cations.And we demonstrated that the improved intrinsic charge-storage capability for PseEMs originates from the increased Faradaic charge storage sites.
基金86 3National High-Tech Program of China(86 3-30 6 -0 5 -0 3-1) National Natural Science Foundation of China(193310 5 0 ) Chi
文摘With a NP hard problem given, we may find a equivalent physical world. The rule of the changing of the physical states is simply the algorithm for solving the original NP hard problem .It is the most natural algorithm for solving NP hard problems. In this paper we deal with a famous example , the well known NP hard problem——Circles Packing. It shows that our algorithm is dramatically very efficient. We are inspired that, the concrete physics algorithm will always be very efficient for NP hard problem.
基金supported by the“Deep-time Digital Earth”Science and Technology Leading Talents Team Funds for the Central Universities(2652023001)Geological Survey project of China Geological Survey(DD20243265)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(590223001).
文摘Precambrian cratons are archives of several precious metallic deposits that significantly contribute to our planet’s resources and habitability and also provide key information on plate tectonics on Earth. The North China Craton (NCC) preserves important records of Neoarchean to Paleoproterozoic tectonic processes and associated episodes of metallogenic pulses that generated five major types of mineral deposits including banded iron formations (BIFs), volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) Cu–Pb–Zn deposits, orogenic Au deposits, magmatic sulfide Cu-Ni deposits and porphyry Cu deposits. These deposits are distributed in Neoarchean granite-greenstone belts and Paleoproterozoic orogenic belts, and show dominant mineralization ages of 2.6–2.5 Ga and two subordinate age groups of 2.7–2.6 Ga and 2.3–1.95 Ga. The Neoarchean metallogenic events generated BIFs, VMSs, Au and magmatic sulfide Cu-Ni deposits and the tectonic framework correlates with the microblock amalgamation and plate subduction possibly also aided by mantle plumes. The BIFs representing the dominant mineral deposits in Neoarchean are mainly Algoma-type with few examples of Superior-type. Meta-basaltic rocks associated with the Algoma-type BIF deposits in the granite-greenstone belts of the NCC display highly variable trace element compositions and LREE-depleted and LREE-enriched. The REE distribution patterns and high field-strength element characteristics of meta-basaltic rocks suggest the formation of BIF and VMS deposits in mid-ocean ridge, island arc and back-arc settings. The formation of VMS, Au and magmatic Cu-Ni deposits correspond to plate subduction and collision in a convergent continental margin setting during the late Neoarchean. The Paleoproterozoic deposits are represented by BIFs and porphyry Cu deposits. The Paleoproterozoic BIFs and meta-basaltic rocks correspond to magmatic-hydrothermal activities in passive continental margin or island arc settings, whereas the porphyry Cu deposits were formed in an extensional environment, corresponding to the Paleoproterozoic subduction-rifting events in the Trans-North China Orogen. The variation of δ^(56)Fe, Ce anomalies and Y/Ho ratios in BIFs from Neoarchean to Paleoproterozoic indicate the initial increase of oxygen in late Neoarchean and the change of ambient marine environment from anoxic to oxic during the Great Oxidation Event. The multi-stage Neoarchean to Paleoproterozoic metallogenic systems of the NCC were intrinsically linked to the plate subduction along with arc-plume interaction and rifting-subduction-collision activities. The contemporaneous increasing in weathering of exposed continental crust due to plate subduction potentially controlled the atmosphere-hydrosphere oxidation state and formation of BIF deposits in the NCC.
基金supported by appropriated funds to the United States Department of Agriculture(USDA)Agricultural Research Service(ARS)JER project 3050-11210-009-00D and the Jornada Basin Long-Term Ecological Research Program DEB-1832194 and is a contribution from the Long-Term Agroecosystem Research(LTAR)networksupport of PhenoCam Network.The development of PhenoCam has been funded by the Northeastern States Research Cooperative,NSF’s Macrosystems Biology program(awards EF-1065029 and EF-1702697)+3 种基金U.S.Department of Energy’s(DOE’s)Regional and Global Climate Modeling program(award DE-SC0016011)the LTAR network,which is supported by the USDA-ARS(Cooperative agreement 59-3050-2-002)supported by a postdoctoral fellowship funded by the USDA Agricultural Research Service’s SCINet Program and AI Center of Excellence(ARS project numbers 0201-88888-003-000D and 0201-88888-002-000D)administered by the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education(ORISE)through an interagency agreement between the DOE and the USDA.ORISE is managed by ORAU under DOE contract number DE-SC0014664.
文摘Remote sensing methods are commonly used to assess and monitor ecosystem conditions in drylands,but accurate classification and detection of ecological state change are challenging due to sparse vegetation cover,high spatial heterogeneity,and high interannual variability in production.We evaluated whether phenological metrics are effective for distinguishing dryland ecological states using imagery from near-surface camera(PhenoCam)and satellite(Harmonized Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2,hereafter HLS)sources,and how effectiveness varied across wet and dry rainfall years.We analyzed time series over 92 site-years at a site in southern New Mexico undergoing transitions from grassland to shrubland on different soil types.Rainfall was a driver of phenological response across all ecological states,with wet years correlating with later start of season,later peak,higher peak greenness,and shorter growing season.This rainfall response was strongest in shrub-invaded grasslands on sandy soils.PhenoCam estimated significantly earlier start of season than HLS for shrublands on gravelly soils and earlier end of season than HLS for shrub-invaded grasslands on sandy soils.We propose integrating seasonal metrics from high-frequency PhenoCam time series with satellite assessments to improve monitoring efforts in drylands,use phenological differences across variable rainfall years to measure differences in ecosystem function among states,and use the timing and strength of peak greenness of key plant functional groups(grasses in our study site)as an indicator of ecological state change.
