[Objectives] Rice-Tartary buckwheat is a special type of Tartary buckwheat with easy hulling thin shell.This study was conducted to characterize the carbohydrate metabolism,quality and yield and provide a basis for fo...[Objectives] Rice-Tartary buckwheat is a special type of Tartary buckwheat with easy hulling thin shell.This study was conducted to characterize the carbohydrate metabolism,quality and yield and provide a basis for food processing and breeding of rice-Tartary buckwheat.[Methods]The local rice-Tartary buckwheat‘cv.Xiaomiqiao’(XMQ) was used to explore the characteristics of photosynthesis,starch synthesis enzyme activities,traits of yield and quality,as compared to Tartary buckwheat‘cv.Jinqiao 2’(JQ2).[Results]XMQ showed significantly lower values of net photosynthetic rate,ADPGase activity and starch synthase activity at one or more periods during grain filling than JQ2.The effective branch number and grain number per plant of XMQ were similar to that of JQ2 regardless of different years,but the 1 000-grain weight was significantly lighter that resulted in the significantly lower yield.XMQ accumulated similar contents of starch(amylose,amylopectin) and protein(glutelin,albumin,prolamin,globulin) to those of JQ2,but exhibited significantly lower flavonoid content.The values of peak viscosity and hot paste viscosity in XMQ were similar to those of JQ2,but the values of cool paste viscosity,breakdown and setback were significantly lower.In conclusion,XMQ showed low yield due to the insufficient of photosynthesis and starch synthesis.XMQ exhibited high nutritional quality as well as normal Tartary buckwheat and stored 18.88 mg/g of flavonoid,that might be consumed as daily diet.[Conclusions]The present results will provide a basis for utilization and improvement of rice-Tartary buckwheat.展开更多
In order to provide a scientific basis for the utilization of cassava alcohol fermentation mash and the high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation of cassava,compound microbial inoculum was inoculated into the cassava...In order to provide a scientific basis for the utilization of cassava alcohol fermentation mash and the high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation of cassava,compound microbial inoculum was inoculated into the cassava alcohol fermentation mash to prepare bacterial manure,which was then applied to two cassava varieties,Nanzhi 199 and SC 205 to explore the optimum application amount,application method and application concentration. The results showed that when the inoculation amount of the compound microbial inoculum was 2‰ of the mass of the mash,the requirements of industrial production of liquid bacterial manure and agricultural application can be met,saving costs. After the emergence of cassava seedlings,if they were drenched with the bacterial manure of cassava alcohol fermentation mash through roots once according to the amount of 67. 5 t/ha and irrigated with the bacterial manure once every 15 d under drought conditions,both the yield and quality of cassava can be improved significantly. The yield and starch content of Nanzhi 199 reached 26 196. 23 kg/ha and 30. 32%,36. 57% and4. 75 percentage points higher than those of CK. The yield and starch content of SC 205 reached 41 126. 06 kg/ha and 23. 74%,99. 25% and3. 19 percentage points higher than those of CK. Under the application modes of foliar spray,root irrigation and foliar spray + root irrigation,the fertilization effect was more obvious. When undiluted bacterial manure of cassava alcohol fermentation mash was applied according to the amount of 52. 5 t/( ha·time),the fertilization effect of the application mode of foliar spray + root irrigation was the best. The bacterial manure from cassava alcohol fermentation mash can be directly applied without dilution,and the fertilizer efficiency will be reduced significantly after dilution.展开更多
为明确适当减磷对马铃薯淀粉合成和产量的影响,于2018—2019年在宁夏半干旱地区海原县进行单因素随机区组设计,以当地农民习惯施磷量240 kg hm^(-2)(RP)为相对对照,设置4个减磷处理:P25(180 kg hm^(-2),减少25%)、P50(120 kg hm^(-2),减...为明确适当减磷对马铃薯淀粉合成和产量的影响,于2018—2019年在宁夏半干旱地区海原县进行单因素随机区组设计,以当地农民习惯施磷量240 kg hm^(-2)(RP)为相对对照,设置4个减磷处理:P25(180 kg hm^(-2),减少25%)、P50(120 kg hm^(-2),减少50%)、P75(60 kg hm^(-2),减少75%)、CK(0 kg hm^(-2),不施磷肥作为绝对对照),通过分析淀粉积累、相关酶活性及产量的关系,为该区域马铃薯可持续生产提供技术支撑。结果表明,适当降低施磷量可以显著提高马铃薯淀粉含量,加快积累速度,从而提高总产量。其中P50较RP支链淀粉和总淀粉含量分别增加7.64%和7.76%,淀粉积累速率最大时的积累量(W_(max))、淀粉最大积累速率(G_(max))和淀粉平均积累速率(G_(mean))分别增加8.92%、29.90%和26.23%,马铃薯淀粉产量、总干物质质量及总产量分别增加53.39%、50.92%和25.62%;腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(AGP)、尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(UGP)、可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)、颗粒型淀粉合成酶(GBSS)和淀粉分支酶(SBE)活性则分别提高29.74%、26.88%、31.42%、33.56%和18.72%。主成分分析表明,2年各处理综合得分均表现为P50>P25>RP>P75>CK。马铃薯减磷50%(施磷量为120 kg hm^(-2))对其块茎淀粉合成关键酶活性、支链淀粉、直链淀粉和总淀粉含量均有显著提升作用,对各阶段各淀粉组成的积累速率有显著改善效果并能持续优化总淀粉的积累特性,进而提高淀粉产量、总干物质积累量及总产量,综合分析得出,在宁夏半干旱区推荐马铃薯最佳经济施磷范围为120~137 kg hm^(-2),从而达到绿色高产栽培的目的。展开更多
Drip irrigation can produce high rice yields with significant water savings;therefore,it is widely used in arid area water-scarce northern China.However,high-frequency irrigation of drip irrigation with low temperatur...Drip irrigation can produce high rice yields with significant water savings;therefore,it is widely used in arid area water-scarce northern China.However,high-frequency irrigation of drip irrigation with low temperature well water leads to low root zone temperature and significantly reduce the rice yield compared to normal temperature water irrigated rice,for example,reservoir water.The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of low soil temperature on the yield reduction of drip irrigated rice in the spike differentiation stage.The experiment set the soil temperatures at 18℃,24℃and 30℃under two irrigation methods(flood and drip irrigation),respectively.The results showed that,at the 30℃soil temperature,drip irrigation increased total root length by 53%but reduced root water conductivity by 9%compared with flood irrigation.Drip irrigation also increased leaf abscisic acid and proline concentrations by 13%and 5%,respectively.These results indicated that drip irrigated rice was under mild water stress.In the 18℃soil temperature,drip irrigation reduced hydraulic conductivity by 58%,leaf water potential by 40%and leaf net photosynthesis by 25%compared with flood irrigation.The starch concentration in male gametes was also 30%less in the drip irrigation treatment than in the flood irrigation treatment at soil temperature 18℃.Therefore,the main reason for the yield reduction of drip irrigated rice was that the low temperature aggravates the physiological drought of rice and leads to the decrease of starch content in male gametes and low pollination fertilization rate.Low temperature aggravates physiological water deficit in drip irrigated rice and leads to lower starch content in male gametes and low pollination fertilization rate,which is the main reason for the reduced yield of drip irrigated rice.Overall,the results indicated that the low soil temperatures aggravated the water stress that rice was under in the drip irrigated environment,causing declines both in the starch content of male gametes and in pollination rate.Low temperature will ultimately affect the rice yield under drip irrigation.展开更多
Indica-japonica hybrid rice(Oryza sativa L.) cultivars showed high yield potential and poor tasting quality when compared with common japonica rice cultivars. Large panicle is a prominent factor of high yield for indi...Indica-japonica hybrid rice(Oryza sativa L.) cultivars showed high yield potential and poor tasting quality when compared with common japonica rice cultivars. Large panicle is a prominent factor of high yield for indica-japonica hybrid rice cultivars, and the panicle weight varies greatly among different indica-japonica hybrid rice cultivars. It is important to research on yield and grain quality of different panicle weight indica-japonica hybrid rice cultivars. In this study, two different panicle types indica-japonica hybrid cultivars were used to research on the relation of yield and grain quality. The yields of two heavy panicle weights indica-japonica hybrid cultivars were significantly higher than that of two medium panicle weight rice cultivars. The cooking and eating quality and starch properties of different panicle type cultivars were evaluated. Yongyou 6715(medium panicle) and Yongyou 1852(heavy panicle) got the relatively higher cooking and eating quality. Rice cultivars with medium panicle weight had more large starch granules and higher relative crystallinity than cultivars with heavy panicle weight. Transition temperature and retrogradation enthalpy(ΔHret) of medium panicle type cultivars were significantly higher than that of heavy panicle type cultivars. There was no significant difference in amylose content among different panicle type cultivars. Protein content of heavy panicle type cultivar was higher than that of medium panicle type cultivar, and protein content is the main factor affect cooking and eating quality in this study. The cultivar Yongyou 6715 got the highest taste value with the lowest protein content. Thus, it is suggested that the emphasis on improving rice cooking and eating quality of indica-japonica hybrid rice cultivars is how to reduce the protein content in rice grain. According to the results of this study, medium panicle type with high grain weight is the desired panicle type for high quality indica-japonica hybrid rice breeding.展开更多
Paddy rice samples were parboiled by soaking at 65℃ for 180 min and steaming at 96℃ for 2–10 min,and then dried to achieve the final moisture content of 11% ± 1%. The degree of starch gelatinization （DSG） an...Paddy rice samples were parboiled by soaking at 65℃ for 180 min and steaming at 96℃ for 2–10 min,and then dried to achieve the final moisture content of 11% ± 1%. The degree of starch gelatinization （DSG） andseveral quality attributes （head rice yield （HRY）, color value and hardness） of parboiled rice were measured.Results showed that DSG （46.8%–77.9%）, color value （18.08–19.04） and hardness （118.6–219.2 N） allincreased following steaming. In contrast, the HRY increased （64.8%–67.1%） for steaming times between 2–4min but decreased （67.1%–65.0%） for steaming times between 4–10 min. Linear relations between DSG andcolor value （R2 = 0.87）, and DSG and hardness （R2 = 0.88） were observed. The suitable DSG of parboiled riceleading to the highest HRY was found to be 62.5%, obtained following 4 min of steaming.展开更多
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(31660366)Natural Science Foundation of Guizhou Province(QKH CG[2019]4336,QKH ZC[2019]2298,QKH LH[2017]7359,QKH PT[2017]5726)。
文摘[Objectives] Rice-Tartary buckwheat is a special type of Tartary buckwheat with easy hulling thin shell.This study was conducted to characterize the carbohydrate metabolism,quality and yield and provide a basis for food processing and breeding of rice-Tartary buckwheat.[Methods]The local rice-Tartary buckwheat‘cv.Xiaomiqiao’(XMQ) was used to explore the characteristics of photosynthesis,starch synthesis enzyme activities,traits of yield and quality,as compared to Tartary buckwheat‘cv.Jinqiao 2’(JQ2).[Results]XMQ showed significantly lower values of net photosynthetic rate,ADPGase activity and starch synthase activity at one or more periods during grain filling than JQ2.The effective branch number and grain number per plant of XMQ were similar to that of JQ2 regardless of different years,but the 1 000-grain weight was significantly lighter that resulted in the significantly lower yield.XMQ accumulated similar contents of starch(amylose,amylopectin) and protein(glutelin,albumin,prolamin,globulin) to those of JQ2,but exhibited significantly lower flavonoid content.The values of peak viscosity and hot paste viscosity in XMQ were similar to those of JQ2,but the values of cool paste viscosity,breakdown and setback were significantly lower.In conclusion,XMQ showed low yield due to the insufficient of photosynthesis and starch synthesis.XMQ exhibited high nutritional quality as well as normal Tartary buckwheat and stored 18.88 mg/g of flavonoid,that might be consumed as daily diet.[Conclusions]The present results will provide a basis for utilization and improvement of rice-Tartary buckwheat.
基金Supported by Guangxi Science and Technology Plan Project(Gui Ke AA16380013)Scientific Research and Technological Development Program of Guangxi(20162106)
文摘In order to provide a scientific basis for the utilization of cassava alcohol fermentation mash and the high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation of cassava,compound microbial inoculum was inoculated into the cassava alcohol fermentation mash to prepare bacterial manure,which was then applied to two cassava varieties,Nanzhi 199 and SC 205 to explore the optimum application amount,application method and application concentration. The results showed that when the inoculation amount of the compound microbial inoculum was 2‰ of the mass of the mash,the requirements of industrial production of liquid bacterial manure and agricultural application can be met,saving costs. After the emergence of cassava seedlings,if they were drenched with the bacterial manure of cassava alcohol fermentation mash through roots once according to the amount of 67. 5 t/ha and irrigated with the bacterial manure once every 15 d under drought conditions,both the yield and quality of cassava can be improved significantly. The yield and starch content of Nanzhi 199 reached 26 196. 23 kg/ha and 30. 32%,36. 57% and4. 75 percentage points higher than those of CK. The yield and starch content of SC 205 reached 41 126. 06 kg/ha and 23. 74%,99. 25% and3. 19 percentage points higher than those of CK. Under the application modes of foliar spray,root irrigation and foliar spray + root irrigation,the fertilization effect was more obvious. When undiluted bacterial manure of cassava alcohol fermentation mash was applied according to the amount of 52. 5 t/( ha·time),the fertilization effect of the application mode of foliar spray + root irrigation was the best. The bacterial manure from cassava alcohol fermentation mash can be directly applied without dilution,and the fertilizer efficiency will be reduced significantly after dilution.
文摘为明确适当减磷对马铃薯淀粉合成和产量的影响,于2018—2019年在宁夏半干旱地区海原县进行单因素随机区组设计,以当地农民习惯施磷量240 kg hm^(-2)(RP)为相对对照,设置4个减磷处理:P25(180 kg hm^(-2),减少25%)、P50(120 kg hm^(-2),减少50%)、P75(60 kg hm^(-2),减少75%)、CK(0 kg hm^(-2),不施磷肥作为绝对对照),通过分析淀粉积累、相关酶活性及产量的关系,为该区域马铃薯可持续生产提供技术支撑。结果表明,适当降低施磷量可以显著提高马铃薯淀粉含量,加快积累速度,从而提高总产量。其中P50较RP支链淀粉和总淀粉含量分别增加7.64%和7.76%,淀粉积累速率最大时的积累量(W_(max))、淀粉最大积累速率(G_(max))和淀粉平均积累速率(G_(mean))分别增加8.92%、29.90%和26.23%,马铃薯淀粉产量、总干物质质量及总产量分别增加53.39%、50.92%和25.62%;腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(AGP)、尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(UGP)、可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)、颗粒型淀粉合成酶(GBSS)和淀粉分支酶(SBE)活性则分别提高29.74%、26.88%、31.42%、33.56%和18.72%。主成分分析表明,2年各处理综合得分均表现为P50>P25>RP>P75>CK。马铃薯减磷50%(施磷量为120 kg hm^(-2))对其块茎淀粉合成关键酶活性、支链淀粉、直链淀粉和总淀粉含量均有显著提升作用,对各阶段各淀粉组成的积累速率有显著改善效果并能持续优化总淀粉的积累特性,进而提高淀粉产量、总干物质积累量及总产量,综合分析得出,在宁夏半干旱区推荐马铃薯最佳经济施磷范围为120~137 kg hm^(-2),从而达到绿色高产栽培的目的。
基金supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(2011AA100508)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31471947,31860587)
文摘Drip irrigation can produce high rice yields with significant water savings;therefore,it is widely used in arid area water-scarce northern China.However,high-frequency irrigation of drip irrigation with low temperature well water leads to low root zone temperature and significantly reduce the rice yield compared to normal temperature water irrigated rice,for example,reservoir water.The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of low soil temperature on the yield reduction of drip irrigated rice in the spike differentiation stage.The experiment set the soil temperatures at 18℃,24℃and 30℃under two irrigation methods(flood and drip irrigation),respectively.The results showed that,at the 30℃soil temperature,drip irrigation increased total root length by 53%but reduced root water conductivity by 9%compared with flood irrigation.Drip irrigation also increased leaf abscisic acid and proline concentrations by 13%and 5%,respectively.These results indicated that drip irrigated rice was under mild water stress.In the 18℃soil temperature,drip irrigation reduced hydraulic conductivity by 58%,leaf water potential by 40%and leaf net photosynthesis by 25%compared with flood irrigation.The starch concentration in male gametes was also 30%less in the drip irrigation treatment than in the flood irrigation treatment at soil temperature 18℃.Therefore,the main reason for the yield reduction of drip irrigated rice was that the low temperature aggravates the physiological drought of rice and leads to the decrease of starch content in male gametes and low pollination fertilization rate.Low temperature aggravates physiological water deficit in drip irrigated rice and leads to lower starch content in male gametes and low pollination fertilization rate,which is the main reason for the reduced yield of drip irrigated rice.Overall,the results indicated that the low soil temperatures aggravated the water stress that rice was under in the drip irrigated environment,causing declines both in the starch content of male gametes and in pollination rate.Low temperature will ultimately affect the rice yield under drip irrigation.
基金the National Key R&D Program of China(2016YFD0300503)the National Rice Industry Technology System,China(CARS-01-27)+3 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31971841)the Key Research Program of Jiangsu Province,China(BE2016344 and BE2018355)the earmarked fund for Jiangsu Agricultural Industry Technology System,China(JATS[2018]298)the Project Funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions,China。
文摘Indica-japonica hybrid rice(Oryza sativa L.) cultivars showed high yield potential and poor tasting quality when compared with common japonica rice cultivars. Large panicle is a prominent factor of high yield for indica-japonica hybrid rice cultivars, and the panicle weight varies greatly among different indica-japonica hybrid rice cultivars. It is important to research on yield and grain quality of different panicle weight indica-japonica hybrid rice cultivars. In this study, two different panicle types indica-japonica hybrid cultivars were used to research on the relation of yield and grain quality. The yields of two heavy panicle weights indica-japonica hybrid cultivars were significantly higher than that of two medium panicle weight rice cultivars. The cooking and eating quality and starch properties of different panicle type cultivars were evaluated. Yongyou 6715(medium panicle) and Yongyou 1852(heavy panicle) got the relatively higher cooking and eating quality. Rice cultivars with medium panicle weight had more large starch granules and higher relative crystallinity than cultivars with heavy panicle weight. Transition temperature and retrogradation enthalpy(ΔHret) of medium panicle type cultivars were significantly higher than that of heavy panicle type cultivars. There was no significant difference in amylose content among different panicle type cultivars. Protein content of heavy panicle type cultivar was higher than that of medium panicle type cultivar, and protein content is the main factor affect cooking and eating quality in this study. The cultivar Yongyou 6715 got the highest taste value with the lowest protein content. Thus, it is suggested that the emphasis on improving rice cooking and eating quality of indica-japonica hybrid rice cultivars is how to reduce the protein content in rice grain. According to the results of this study, medium panicle type with high grain weight is the desired panicle type for high quality indica-japonica hybrid rice breeding.
文摘Paddy rice samples were parboiled by soaking at 65℃ for 180 min and steaming at 96℃ for 2–10 min,and then dried to achieve the final moisture content of 11% ± 1%. The degree of starch gelatinization （DSG） andseveral quality attributes （head rice yield （HRY）, color value and hardness） of parboiled rice were measured.Results showed that DSG （46.8%–77.9%）, color value （18.08–19.04） and hardness （118.6–219.2 N） allincreased following steaming. In contrast, the HRY increased （64.8%–67.1%） for steaming times between 2–4min but decreased （67.1%–65.0%） for steaming times between 4–10 min. Linear relations between DSG andcolor value （R2 = 0.87）, and DSG and hardness （R2 = 0.88） were observed. The suitable DSG of parboiled riceleading to the highest HRY was found to be 62.5%, obtained following 4 min of steaming.
