The accurate characterization of thermoelectric properties at low temperatures is crucial for the development of high-performance thermoelectric cooling devices. While measurement errors of thermoelectric properties a...The accurate characterization of thermoelectric properties at low temperatures is crucial for the development of high-performance thermoelectric cooling devices. While measurement errors of thermoelectric properties at temperatures above room temperature have been extensively discussed, there is a lack of standard measurement protocols and error analyses for low-temperature transport properties. In this study, we present a measurement system capable of characterizing all three key thermoelectric parameters, i.e., Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity, and thermal conductivity, for a single sample across a temperature range of 10 K to 300 K. We investigated six representative commercial Bi_(2)Te_(3)-based samples(three N-type and three P-type). Using an error propagation model, we systematically analyzed the measurement uncertainties of the three intrinsic parameters and the resulting thermoelectric figure of merit. Our findings reveal that measurement uncertainties for both N-type and P-type Bi_(2)Te_(3)-based materials can be effectively maintained below 5% in the temperature range of 40 K to 300 K. However, the uncertainties increase to over 10% at lower temperatures, primarily due to the relatively smaller values of electrical resistivity and Seebeck coefficients in this regime. This work establishes foundational data for Bi_(2)Te_(3)-based thermoelectric materials and provides a framework for broader investigations of advanced low-temperature thermoelectrics.展开更多
Understanding the interaction between biological structures and nanoscale technologies,dubbed the nano-bio interface,is required for successful development of safe and efficient nanomedicine products.The lack of a uni...Understanding the interaction between biological structures and nanoscale technologies,dubbed the nano-bio interface,is required for successful development of safe and efficient nanomedicine products.The lack of a universal reporting system and decentralized methodologies for nanomaterial characterization have resulted in a low degree of reliability and reproducibility in the nanomedicine literature.As such,there is a strong need to establish a characterization system to support the reproducibility of nanoscience data particularly for studies seeking clinical translation.Here,we discuss the existing key standards for addressing robust characterization of nanomaterials based on their intended use in medical devices or as pharmaceuticals.We also discuss the challenges surrounding implementation of such standard protocols and their implication for translation of nanotechnology into clinical practice.We,however,emphasize that practical implementation of standard protocols in experimental laboratories requires long-term planning through integration of stakeholders including institutions and funding agencies.展开更多
Ammonia synthesis by electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction(EC-NRR)has gained momentum in recent years fueled by its potential to operate at ambient conditions,unlike the highly energyintensive yet long-standing...Ammonia synthesis by electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction(EC-NRR)has gained momentum in recent years fueled by its potential to operate at ambient conditions,unlike the highly energyintensive yet long-standing Haber-Bosch process.However,the large disparity of the yields and Faradic efficiencies reported for EC-NRR raises serious concerns about the reliability of the experimental results.In this perspective,we elaborate on the potential sources of error when assessing EC-NRR and update the testing protocols to circumvent them,and more importantly,we pose a general call for consensus on ammonia production analysis and reporting to lay the solid foundations that this burgeoning field requires to thrive.展开更多
Currently,standard protocols for body imaging and corresponding image processing pipelines in population-based cohort studies are unavailable,limiting the applications of body imaging.Based on the China Phenobank Proj...Currently,standard protocols for body imaging and corresponding image processing pipelines in population-based cohort studies are unavailable,limiting the applications of body imaging.Based on the China Phenobank Project(CHPP),the present study described a body imaging protocol for multiple organs,including cardiac structures,liver,spleen,pancreas,kidneys,lung,prostate,and uterus,and the corresponding image processing pipelines promoted its development.Briefly,the body imaging protocol comprised a 40-min cardiac magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)scan,a 5-min computed tomography(CT)scan,a 20-min abdominal MRI scan,and a 10-min pelvic MRI scan.The recommended image processing pipeline utilized deep learning segmentation models to facilitate the analysis of large amount of data.This study aimed to provide a reference for planning studies based on the CHPP platform.展开更多
Imaging-derived phenotypes(IDPs)have been increasingly used in population-based cohort studies in recent years.As widely reported,magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)is an important imaging modality for assessing the anato...Imaging-derived phenotypes(IDPs)have been increasingly used in population-based cohort studies in recent years.As widely reported,magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)is an important imaging modality for assessing the anatomical structure and function of the brain with high resolution and excellent soft-tissue contrast.The purpose of this article was to describe the imaging protocol of the brain MRI in the China Phenobank Project(CHPP).Each participant underwent a 30-min brain MRI scan as part of a 2-h whole-body imaging protocol in CHPP.The brain imaging sequences included T1-magnetization that prepared rapid gradient echo,T2 fuid-attenuated inversion-recovery,magnetic resonance angiography,difusion MRI,and resting-state functional MRI.The detailed descriptions of image acquisition,interpretation,and post-processing were provided in this article.The measured IDPs included volumes of brain subregions,cerebral vessel geometrical parameters,microstructural tracts,and function connectivity metrics.展开更多
Wastewater-based epidemiology has emerged as a transformative surveillance tool for estimating substance consumption and monitoring disease prevalence,particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic.It enables the populatio...Wastewater-based epidemiology has emerged as a transformative surveillance tool for estimating substance consumption and monitoring disease prevalence,particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic.It enables the population-level monitoring of illicit drug use,pathogen prevalence,and environmental pollutant exposure.In this perspective,we summarize the key challenges specific to the Chinese context:(1)Sampling inconsistencies,necessitating standardized 24-hour composite protocols with high-frequency autosamplers(≤15 min/event)to improve the representativeness of samples.展开更多
To compare current methods of pretreatment/determination for plant foliar pH,we proposed a method for longperiod sample preservation with little interference with the stability of foliar pH.Four hundred leaf samples f...To compare current methods of pretreatment/determination for plant foliar pH,we proposed a method for longperiod sample preservation with little interference with the stability of foliar pH.Four hundred leaf samples from 20 species were collected and four methods of pH determination were used:refrigerated(stored at 4°C for 4 days),frozen(stored at−16°C for 4 days),oven-dried and fresh green-leaf pH(control).To explore the effects of different leaf:water mixing ratio on the pH determination results,we measured oven-dried green-leaf pH by leaf:water volume ratio of 1:8 and mass ratio of 1:10,and measured frozen senesced-leaf pH by mass ratio of 1:10 and 1:15.The standard major axis regression was used to analyze the relationship and the conversion equation between the measured pH with different methods.Foliar pH of refrigerated and frozen green leaves did not signifcantly differ from that of fresh green-leaf,but drying always overrated fresh green-leaf pH.During the feld sampling,cryopreservation with a portable refrigerator was an advisable choice to get a precise pH.For long-duration feld sampling,freezing was the optimal choice,and refrigeration is the best choice for the shorttime preservation.The different leaf:water mixing ratio signifcantly infuenced the measured foliar pH.High dilution reduced the proton concentration and increased the measured pH.Our fndings provide the conversion relationships between the existing pretreatment and measurement methods,and establish a connection among pH determined by different methods.Our study can facilitate foliar pH measurement,thus contributing to understanding of this interesting plant functional trait.展开更多
This paper discusses the architecture. protocol standards, and the design strategy of network systemsin the CIM environment. The first part describes problems in standardizing communication protocols, analyses communi...This paper discusses the architecture. protocol standards, and the design strategy of network systemsin the CIM environment. The first part describes problems in standardizing communication protocols, analyses communication attributes in the CIM environment. and explains our strategies. The second part presents the design ofthe CIMS/ERC network system and its traffic statistics.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 52172259)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant Nos. 2021YFA0718700 and 2022YFB3803900)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Inner Mongolia Normal University (Grant No. 2022JBTD008)。
文摘The accurate characterization of thermoelectric properties at low temperatures is crucial for the development of high-performance thermoelectric cooling devices. While measurement errors of thermoelectric properties at temperatures above room temperature have been extensively discussed, there is a lack of standard measurement protocols and error analyses for low-temperature transport properties. In this study, we present a measurement system capable of characterizing all three key thermoelectric parameters, i.e., Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity, and thermal conductivity, for a single sample across a temperature range of 10 K to 300 K. We investigated six representative commercial Bi_(2)Te_(3)-based samples(three N-type and three P-type). Using an error propagation model, we systematically analyzed the measurement uncertainties of the three intrinsic parameters and the resulting thermoelectric figure of merit. Our findings reveal that measurement uncertainties for both N-type and P-type Bi_(2)Te_(3)-based materials can be effectively maintained below 5% in the temperature range of 40 K to 300 K. However, the uncertainties increase to over 10% at lower temperatures, primarily due to the relatively smaller values of electrical resistivity and Seebeck coefficients in this regime. This work establishes foundational data for Bi_(2)Te_(3)-based thermoelectric materials and provides a framework for broader investigations of advanced low-temperature thermoelectrics.
基金support from the U.S. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (Grant DK131417) (MM)support of a Burroughs Wellcome Fund Career Award at the Scientific Interface (CASI) (MPL)+11 种基金a Dreyfus foundation award (MPL)the Philomathia foundation (MPL)an NIH MIRA award R35GM128922 (MPL)an NIH R21 NIDA award 1R03DA052810 (MPL)an NSF CAREER award 2046159 (MPL)an NSF CBET award 1733575 (to MPL)a CZI imaging award (MPL)a Sloan Foundation Award (MPL)a USDA BBT EAGER award (MPL)a Moore Foundation Award (MPL)a DOE office of Science grant DE-SC0020366 (MPL)support from a Fulbright fellowship (NNM)。
文摘Understanding the interaction between biological structures and nanoscale technologies,dubbed the nano-bio interface,is required for successful development of safe and efficient nanomedicine products.The lack of a universal reporting system and decentralized methodologies for nanomaterial characterization have resulted in a low degree of reliability and reproducibility in the nanomedicine literature.As such,there is a strong need to establish a characterization system to support the reproducibility of nanoscience data particularly for studies seeking clinical translation.Here,we discuss the existing key standards for addressing robust characterization of nanomaterials based on their intended use in medical devices or as pharmaceuticals.We also discuss the challenges surrounding implementation of such standard protocols and their implication for translation of nanotechnology into clinical practice.We,however,emphasize that practical implementation of standard protocols in experimental laboratories requires long-term planning through integration of stakeholders including institutions and funding agencies.
基金the Chinese Thousand Talents Program for Young Professionalsthe startup funding from Nankai Universitythe“111”project(Grant No.B16027)。
文摘Ammonia synthesis by electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction(EC-NRR)has gained momentum in recent years fueled by its potential to operate at ambient conditions,unlike the highly energyintensive yet long-standing Haber-Bosch process.However,the large disparity of the yields and Faradic efficiencies reported for EC-NRR raises serious concerns about the reliability of the experimental results.In this perspective,we elaborate on the potential sources of error when assessing EC-NRR and update the testing protocols to circumvent them,and more importantly,we pose a general call for consensus on ammonia production analysis and reporting to lay the solid foundations that this burgeoning field requires to thrive.
基金funded by the Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project(No.2017SHZDZX01).
文摘Currently,standard protocols for body imaging and corresponding image processing pipelines in population-based cohort studies are unavailable,limiting the applications of body imaging.Based on the China Phenobank Project(CHPP),the present study described a body imaging protocol for multiple organs,including cardiac structures,liver,spleen,pancreas,kidneys,lung,prostate,and uterus,and the corresponding image processing pipelines promoted its development.Briefly,the body imaging protocol comprised a 40-min cardiac magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)scan,a 5-min computed tomography(CT)scan,a 20-min abdominal MRI scan,and a 10-min pelvic MRI scan.The recommended image processing pipeline utilized deep learning segmentation models to facilitate the analysis of large amount of data.This study aimed to provide a reference for planning studies based on the CHPP platform.
基金the Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project(No.2017SHZDZX01).
文摘Imaging-derived phenotypes(IDPs)have been increasingly used in population-based cohort studies in recent years.As widely reported,magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)is an important imaging modality for assessing the anatomical structure and function of the brain with high resolution and excellent soft-tissue contrast.The purpose of this article was to describe the imaging protocol of the brain MRI in the China Phenobank Project(CHPP).Each participant underwent a 30-min brain MRI scan as part of a 2-h whole-body imaging protocol in CHPP.The brain imaging sequences included T1-magnetization that prepared rapid gradient echo,T2 fuid-attenuated inversion-recovery,magnetic resonance angiography,difusion MRI,and resting-state functional MRI.The detailed descriptions of image acquisition,interpretation,and post-processing were provided in this article.The measured IDPs included volumes of brain subregions,cerebral vessel geometrical parameters,microstructural tracts,and function connectivity metrics.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant no.42307534)Discovery Project(DP220101790)+1 种基金The University of Queensland ScholarshipAustralian Research Council Discovery Project(DP220101790).
文摘Wastewater-based epidemiology has emerged as a transformative surveillance tool for estimating substance consumption and monitoring disease prevalence,particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic.It enables the population-level monitoring of illicit drug use,pathogen prevalence,and environmental pollutant exposure.In this perspective,we summarize the key challenges specific to the Chinese context:(1)Sampling inconsistencies,necessitating standardized 24-hour composite protocols with high-frequency autosamplers(≤15 min/event)to improve the representativeness of samples.
基金supported by the‘Strategic Priority Research Program’of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA26040202)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32001165)supported by Chinese Universities Scientifc Fund(2021TC117).
文摘To compare current methods of pretreatment/determination for plant foliar pH,we proposed a method for longperiod sample preservation with little interference with the stability of foliar pH.Four hundred leaf samples from 20 species were collected and four methods of pH determination were used:refrigerated(stored at 4°C for 4 days),frozen(stored at−16°C for 4 days),oven-dried and fresh green-leaf pH(control).To explore the effects of different leaf:water mixing ratio on the pH determination results,we measured oven-dried green-leaf pH by leaf:water volume ratio of 1:8 and mass ratio of 1:10,and measured frozen senesced-leaf pH by mass ratio of 1:10 and 1:15.The standard major axis regression was used to analyze the relationship and the conversion equation between the measured pH with different methods.Foliar pH of refrigerated and frozen green leaves did not signifcantly differ from that of fresh green-leaf,but drying always overrated fresh green-leaf pH.During the feld sampling,cryopreservation with a portable refrigerator was an advisable choice to get a precise pH.For long-duration feld sampling,freezing was the optimal choice,and refrigeration is the best choice for the shorttime preservation.The different leaf:water mixing ratio signifcantly infuenced the measured foliar pH.High dilution reduced the proton concentration and increased the measured pH.Our fndings provide the conversion relationships between the existing pretreatment and measurement methods,and establish a connection among pH determined by different methods.Our study can facilitate foliar pH measurement,thus contributing to understanding of this interesting plant functional trait.
文摘This paper discusses the architecture. protocol standards, and the design strategy of network systemsin the CIM environment. The first part describes problems in standardizing communication protocols, analyses communication attributes in the CIM environment. and explains our strategies. The second part presents the design ofthe CIMS/ERC network system and its traffic statistics.
