Style-stigma-like structures were regenerated from stamens of Crocus sativus L. The age of the stamen explant has an obvious effect on the induction rate. Auxin NAA. has larger effect on the induction of filament styl...Style-stigma-like structures were regenerated from stamens of Crocus sativus L. The age of the stamen explant has an obvious effect on the induction rate. Auxin NAA. has larger effect on the induction of filament style-stigma-like structure. Auxin NAA of higher concentration can lead to higher induction rate. Temperature and light have different effects on the induction of style-stigma-like structure from anther's filament of C. sativus with exogenous hormones at different levels. Ultraviolet tests show that style-stigma-like structure from anther's filament of C. sativus contains crocin, safranal and picrocrocin, contents of which are obviously more than those contained in the style-stigma-like from style. Floral reversion was observed in the induction of style-stigma-like structure from petals, ovaries and styles.展开更多
Flowers that have heteromorphic stamens （heterantherous flowers） have intrigued many researchers ever since the phenomenon was discovered in the 19th century. The morphological differentiation in androecia has been ...Flowers that have heteromorphic stamens （heterantherous flowers） have intrigued many researchers ever since the phenomenon was discovered in the 19th century. The morphological differentiation in androecia has been suggested as a reflection of ＂labor division＂ in pollination in which one type of stamens attracts pollinators and satisfies their demand for pollen as food and the other satisfies the plant＇s need for safe gamete dispersal. The extent and patterns of stamen differentiation differ notably among taxa with heterantherous flowers. Seven species with heteromorphic stamens in three genera were sampled from Leguminosae and Melastomataceae, and the morphological difference of androecia, pollen content, pollen histochemistry and viability, pollen micro- morphology, as well as the main pollinators were examined and compared. Pollen number differs significantly between stamen sets of the same flower in most species investigated, and a correlation of pollen number and anther size was substantiated. Higher pollen viabilities were found in the long （pollinating） stamens of Senna alata （L.） Roxb. and S. bicapsularis （L.） Roxb. Dimorphic pollen exine ornamentation is reported here for the first time in Fordiophytonfaberi Stapf. The height of stigma and anther tips of the long stamens in natural conditions was proved to be highly correlated, supporting the hypothesis that they contact similar areas of the pollinator＇s body.展开更多
Heteranthery,the occurrence of functionally and structurally distinct stamens within a flower,represents a striking example of convergent evolution among diverse animal-pollinated lineages.Although the ecological basi...Heteranthery,the occurrence of functionally and structurally distinct stamens within a flower,represents a striking example of convergent evolution among diverse animal-pollinated lineages.Although the ecological basis of this somatic polymorphism is understood,the developmental and molecular mechanisms are largely unknown.To address this knowledge gap,we selected Monochoria elata(Pontederiaceae)as our study system due to its typical heterantherous floral structure.We constructed a chromosome-level genome assembly of M.elata,conducted transcriptomic analyses and target phytohormone metabolome analysis to explore gene networks and hormones associated with heteranthery.We focused on three key stamen characteristics—colour,spatial patterning,and filament elongation—selected for their significant roles in stamen differentiation and their relevance to the functional diversity observed in heterantherous species.Our analyses suggest that gene networks involving MelLEAFY3,MADS-box,and TCP genes regulate stamen identity,with anthocyanin influencing colour,and lignin contributing to filament elongation.Additionally,variation in jasmonic acid and abscisic acid concentration between feeding and pollinating anthers appears to contribute to their morphological divergence.Our findings highlight gene networks and hormones associated with intra-floral stamen differentiation and indicate that whole genome duplications have likely facilitated the evolution of heteranthery during divergence from other Pontederiaceae without heteranthery.展开更多
Conservation of endangered plant species requires a prerequisite basic knowledge of their taxonomy and ecology.Unfortunately in the Cordillera Central Range,several species have not been studied,even though this area ...Conservation of endangered plant species requires a prerequisite basic knowledge of their taxonomy and ecology.Unfortunately in the Cordillera Central Range,several species have not been studied,even though this area harbors a unique type of vegetation not found in other parts of the Philippines.This study documents the morpho-anatomical characteristics of Rhododendron subsessile Rendle,one of the unique and endangered fl ora in the area.The species exhibits a morphology typical of plants in high elevations,being a hardy shrub with small tough leaves,and showy pink fl owers that rival those of commercial rhododendron species.New fi ndings on the species morphology include a variable number of corolla lobes,stamens and a description of its fruits and seeds.The anatomical features of the species are reported here for the fi rst time.The plant exhibits a typical dicot anatomy with dorsiventral leaves,woody stem and root system with the usual arrangement of periderm followed by secondary phloem,vascular cambium,secondary xylem with vessel elements and pith(in the case of the stem).A unique characteristic was identifi ed as the biseriate upper epidermis of the leaf.Documenting themorphological and anatomical features of the species should prove valuable as input baseline information in formulating measures for its conservation.展开更多
Plant reproduction requires the coordinated development of both male and female reproductive organs.Jasmonic acid(JA)plays an essential role in stamen filament elongation.However,the mechanism by which the JA biosynth...Plant reproduction requires the coordinated development of both male and female reproductive organs.Jasmonic acid(JA)plays an essential role in stamen filament elongation.However,the mechanism by which the JA biosynthesis genes are regulated to promote stamen elongation remains unclear.Here,we show that the chromatin remodeling complex Imitation of Switch(ISWI)promotes stamen filament elongation by regulating JA biosynthesis.We show that AT-Rich Interacting Domain 5(ARID5)interacts with CHR11,CHR17,and RLT1,several known subunits of ISWI.Mutations in ARID5 and RLTs caused a reduced seed set due to greatly shortened stamen filaments.RNA-seq analyses reveal that the expression of key genes responsible for JA biosynthesis is significantly down-regulated in the arid5 and rlt mutants.Consistently,the JA levels are drastically decreased in both arid5 and rlt mutants.Chromatin immunoprecipitationquantitative PCR analyses further show that ARID5 is recruited to the chromatin of JA biosynthesis genes.Importantly,exogenous JA treatments can fully rescue the defects of stamen filament elongation in both arid5 and rlt mutants,leading to the partial recovery of fertility.Our results provide a clue how JA biosynthesisis positively regulated by the chromatin remodeling complex ISWI,thereby promoting stamen filament elongation in Arabidopsis.展开更多
To further study the floral organogenesis and discussing the floral origin of Phytolacca, the procedures of floral organogenesis were observed in Phytolacca esculenta and Phytolacca zhejiangensis. The results showed t...To further study the floral organogenesis and discussing the floral origin of Phytolacca, the procedures of floral organogenesis were observed in Phytolacca esculenta and Phytolacca zhejiangensis. The results showed that the floral organogenesis was consistent in Phytolacca. Their sepals were 2/5 helix, and with counter-clockwise and clockwise, usually the first sepal located at non-median of abaxial side. The first sepal of Phytolacca esculenta was initiated at non-median of adaxial side. There was no evident relationship between sepal and stamen initiating position, and the stamens initiated on ring meristem, they initiated approximately at the same time, and when the androecium member was numerous, they initiated centrifugally, the outer stamen initiated irregularly. Carpel initiated alternately with inner stamens. And the carpels connected by septum, if the septum grew more, the carpel was syncarpous at morphology, otherwise the carpel was apocarpous at morphology. So the syncarpous and the apocarpous have no successively relationship on evolution. Ovule initiated inside the carpel and opposite to carpel. Androecium, carpel and ovule initiated at ring meristem.展开更多
Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn,an important aquatic herb,is highly prized for its abundant nutritional properties.Its dried stamens,known as Nelumbinis stamen,have long been widely used as key ingredients in herbal medicines...Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn,an important aquatic herb,is highly prized for its abundant nutritional properties.Its dried stamens,known as Nelumbinis stamen,have long been widely used as key ingredients in herbal medicines,teas,other nutritional medicines and supplements.In the present study,Nelumbinis stamen extracts from diverse origins were evaluated in vitro for their activity against tyrosinase.By combining metabolomic and chemometric approaches,active markers responsible for the tyrosinase inhibitory effect were further revealed.The application of enzymatic kinetic analyses,coupled with molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations,facilitated a profound comprehension of the mechanisms underlying the inhibitory effects on tyrosinase.This study also used a single-factor optimization method to optimize the extraction protocol of five markers with anti-tyrosinase activity.Furthermore,a method using Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry(UHPLC-MS/MS)was developed for quantitative analysis,enabling the simultaneous quantification of 16 constituents in Nelumbinis stamen.The outcomes of this research identified luteolin,myricetin-3-O-galactoside,3′-O-methylquercetin-3-galactoside,quercetin and syringetin-3-glucoside as active markers,demonstrating the potential efficacy of Nelumbinis stamen in inhibiting tyrosinase activity.Concurrently,an assessment was conducted on 20 batches of commercially available Nelumbinis stamen.Due to its nutritional value,Nelumbinis stamen possesses prospective applications in the field of nutraceuticals and dietary supplements.The integration of metabolomics and chemometrics provided an effective way to quickly screen active markers in Nelumbinis stamen and conduct quality assessment.Consequently,this study offered a comprehensive strategy for the quality evaluation of Nelumbinis stamen and provided a scientific foundation for its utilization in health foods.展开更多
As some of the earliest evolving flowering plants,waterlilies offer unique insights into angiosperm evolu-tion.Giant Amazonian waterlilies(genus Victoria)are of particular interest due to their production of the world...As some of the earliest evolving flowering plants,waterlilies offer unique insights into angiosperm evolu-tion.Giant Amazonian waterlilies(genus Victoria)are of particular interest due to their production of the world’s largest floating leaves and gigantic flowers that entrap pollinating beetles.Here,we report chromo-some-level genome assemblies of Victoria cruziana and three related waterlilies:Euryale ferox,Nymphaea mexicana,and Brasenia schreberi.We found an ancient whole-genome duplication event specific to the Nymphaeales.We reveal major gene duplication and loss events throughout the evolution of angiosperms,with substantial implications for flower development and the biosynthesis of floral volatile organic com-pounds(FVOCs)in waterlilies.Importantly,we report a unique division of labor in the stamen function of V.cruziana linked to beetle attraction by FVOCs.This is related to the ultra-high expression of VicSABATHa along with Vicchitinase,possibly linked to protection from damage by trapped beetles.Overexpression of VicSABATHa in tobacco leaves reveals a capacity to produce volatile fatty acids,confirming its role in their catalytic synthesis.Overall,these findings provide novel insights into the evolution and adaptations of waterlilies and flowering plants in general.展开更多
Angiosperms integrate a multitude of endogenous and environmental signals to control floral development,thereby ensuring reproductive success.Here,we report the identification of AGAMOUS AND TERMINAL FLOWER(AGTFL),a n...Angiosperms integrate a multitude of endogenous and environmental signals to control floral development,thereby ensuring reproductive success.Here,we report the identification of AGAMOUS AND TERMINAL FLOWER(AGTFL),a novel regulator of floral development in Medicago truncatula.Mutation of AGTFL led to the transformation of carpels and stamens into numerous sepals and petals and altered primary inflorescence identity.AGTFL encodes a nucleus-localized proteincontaining a putative Myb/SANT-like DNA-binding domain and a PKc kinase domain.Molecular and genetic analyses revealed that AGTFL regulates the transcription of MtAGs and MtTFL1 to control floral organ identity and inflorescence development.展开更多
Proper stamen development is essential for plants to achieve their life cycles. Defects in stamen development will cause male sterility. A vast array of research efforts have been made to understand stamen development...Proper stamen development is essential for plants to achieve their life cycles. Defects in stamen development will cause male sterility. A vast array of research efforts have been made to understand stamen developmental processes and reg- ulatory mechanisms over the past decades. It is so far reported that phytohormones, including jasmonate, auxin, gibberellin, brassinosteroid, and cytokinin, play essential roles in regulation of stamen development. This review will briefly summarize the molecular basis for coordinated regulation of stamen development by jasmonate, auxin, and gibberellin in Arabidopsis.展开更多
Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase （GPAT） mediates the initial synthetic step for the formation of glycer- olipids, which act as the major components of biological membranes and the principal stored forms of energ...Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase （GPAT） mediates the initial synthetic step for the formation of glycer- olipids, which act as the major components of biological membranes and the principal stored forms of energy. GPAT6 is a member of the Arabidopsis GPAT family, which is crucial for cutin biosynthesis in sepals and petals. In this work, a func- tional analysis of GPAT6 in anther development and plant fertility was performed. GPAT6 was highly expressed in the tapetum and microspores during anther development. The knockout mutant, gpat6, caused a massive reduction in seed production. This report shows that the ablation of GPAT6 caused defective tapetum development with reduced endoplas- mic reticulum （ER） profiles in the tapetum, which largely led to the abortion of pollen grains and defective pollen wall formation. In addition, pollen germination and pollen tube elongation were affected in the mutant plants. Furthermore, the double mutant analysis showed that GPAT6 and GPAT1 make joint effects on the release of microspores from tetrads and stamen filament elongation. This work shows that GPAT6 plays multiple roles in stamen development and fertility in Arabidopsis.展开更多
Rice （Oryza sativa） has unique floral patterns that contribute to grain yield. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the specification of floral organ identities in rice, particularly the interaction among flo...Rice （Oryza sativa） has unique floral patterns that contribute to grain yield. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the specification of floral organ identities in rice, particularly the interaction among floral homeotic genes, remains poorly understood. Here, we show that the floral homeotic gene OsMADS16 （also called SUPERWOMAN1, SPWl, a B-class gene） acts together with the rice C-class genes OsMADS3 and OsMADS58 in specifying floral organ patterning. OsMADS16 and the two C-class genes have an overlapping expression pattern in the third whorl founder cells. Compared with the single mutants, both spwl-1 osmads3-4 and spwl-1 osmads58 double mutants exhibit additional whorls of glume-like organs within the flower, particularly an extra whorl of six glume-like structures formed at the position of the wild-type stamens. These ectopic glume-like structures were shown to have palea identity through cellular observation and in situ hybridization analysis using marker genes. Our results suggest that B- and C-class genes play a key role in suppressing indeterminate growth within the floral meristem, particularly whorl-3 primordia. We also hypothesize that, in contrast to previous assumptions, the specialized spikelet organ in rice, the palea, is the counterpart of the sepal in eudicots, and the lemma is homologous to the bract.展开更多
Gibberellin （GA） and jasmonate （JA） are two types of phytohormones that play important roles during stamen development. For example, Arabidopsis plants deficient in either of GA or JA develop short stamens. An app...Gibberellin （GA） and jasmonate （JA） are two types of phytohormones that play important roles during stamen development. For example, Arabidopsis plants deficient in either of GA or JA develop short stamens. An apparent question to ask is whether GA action and JA action during stamen filament development are independent of each other or are in a hierarchy. Recent studies showed that GA modulates the expression of genes essential for JA biosynthesis to promote JA production and high levels of JA will induce the expression of three MYB genes MYB21, MYB24 and MYB57. These three MYB genes are crucial factors for the normal development of stamen filament in Arabidopsis.展开更多
Stamen is a unique plant organ wherein germ cells or microsporocytes that commit to meiosis are initiated from somatic cells during its early developmental process. While genes determining stamen identity are known ac...Stamen is a unique plant organ wherein germ cells or microsporocytes that commit to meiosis are initiated from somatic cells during its early developmental process. While genes determining stamen identity are known according to the ABC model of floral development, little information is available on how these genes affect germ cell initiation. By using the Affymetrix GeneChip Rice Genome Array to assess 51 279 tran- scripts, we established a dynamic gene expression profile （GEP） of the early developmental process of rice （Oryza sativa） stamen. Systematic analysis of the GEP data revealed novel expression patterns of some developmentally important genes including meiosis-, tapetum-, and phytohormone-related genes. Following the finding that a substantial amount of nuclear genes encoding photosynthetic proteins are ex- pressed at the low levels in early rice stamen, through the ChlP-seq analysis we found that a C-class MADS box protein, OsMADS58, binds many nuclear-encoded genes participated in photosystem and light reac- tions and the expression levels of most of them are increased when expression of OsMADS58 is downre- gulated in the osmads58 mutant. Furthermore, more pro-chloroplasts are observed and increased signals of reactive oxygen species are detected in the osmads58 mutant anthers. These findings implicate a novel link between stamen identity determination and hypoxia status establishment.展开更多
文摘Style-stigma-like structures were regenerated from stamens of Crocus sativus L. The age of the stamen explant has an obvious effect on the induction rate. Auxin NAA. has larger effect on the induction of filament style-stigma-like structure. Auxin NAA of higher concentration can lead to higher induction rate. Temperature and light have different effects on the induction of style-stigma-like structure from anther's filament of C. sativus with exogenous hormones at different levels. Ultraviolet tests show that style-stigma-like structure from anther's filament of C. sativus contains crocin, safranal and picrocrocin, contents of which are obviously more than those contained in the style-stigma-like from style. Floral reversion was observed in the induction of style-stigma-like structure from petals, ovaries and styles.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (30570314)the Knowledge Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No.KSCX2-YW-Z-027)
文摘Flowers that have heteromorphic stamens （heterantherous flowers） have intrigued many researchers ever since the phenomenon was discovered in the 19th century. The morphological differentiation in androecia has been suggested as a reflection of ＂labor division＂ in pollination in which one type of stamens attracts pollinators and satisfies their demand for pollen as food and the other satisfies the plant＇s need for safe gamete dispersal. The extent and patterns of stamen differentiation differ notably among taxa with heterantherous flowers. Seven species with heteromorphic stamens in three genera were sampled from Leguminosae and Melastomataceae, and the morphological difference of androecia, pollen content, pollen histochemistry and viability, pollen micro- morphology, as well as the main pollinators were examined and compared. Pollen number differs significantly between stamen sets of the same flower in most species investigated, and a correlation of pollen number and anther size was substantiated. Higher pollen viabilities were found in the long （pollinating） stamens of Senna alata （L.） Roxb. and S. bicapsularis （L.） Roxb. Dimorphic pollen exine ornamentation is reported here for the first time in Fordiophytonfaberi Stapf. The height of stigma and anther tips of the long stamens in natural conditions was proved to be highly correlated, supporting the hypothesis that they contact similar areas of the pollinator＇s body.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32100186)the Selfdetermined Project of the State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops,Chinese Academy of Sciences,China(PDSC2023-5)+1 种基金the Special Research Assistant Project,Chinese Academy of Sciences(E2291M01)a Discovery Grant from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.
文摘Heteranthery,the occurrence of functionally and structurally distinct stamens within a flower,represents a striking example of convergent evolution among diverse animal-pollinated lineages.Although the ecological basis of this somatic polymorphism is understood,the developmental and molecular mechanisms are largely unknown.To address this knowledge gap,we selected Monochoria elata(Pontederiaceae)as our study system due to its typical heterantherous floral structure.We constructed a chromosome-level genome assembly of M.elata,conducted transcriptomic analyses and target phytohormone metabolome analysis to explore gene networks and hormones associated with heteranthery.We focused on three key stamen characteristics—colour,spatial patterning,and filament elongation—selected for their significant roles in stamen differentiation and their relevance to the functional diversity observed in heterantherous species.Our analyses suggest that gene networks involving MelLEAFY3,MADS-box,and TCP genes regulate stamen identity,with anthocyanin influencing colour,and lignin contributing to filament elongation.Additionally,variation in jasmonic acid and abscisic acid concentration between feeding and pollinating anthers appears to contribute to their morphological divergence.Our findings highlight gene networks and hormones associated with intra-floral stamen differentiation and indicate that whole genome duplications have likely facilitated the evolution of heteranthery during divergence from other Pontederiaceae without heteranthery.
基金the Benguet State University though the Offi ce of the Vice-President for Research and Extension headed by Dr.Carlito P.Laurean.
文摘Conservation of endangered plant species requires a prerequisite basic knowledge of their taxonomy and ecology.Unfortunately in the Cordillera Central Range,several species have not been studied,even though this area harbors a unique type of vegetation not found in other parts of the Philippines.This study documents the morpho-anatomical characteristics of Rhododendron subsessile Rendle,one of the unique and endangered fl ora in the area.The species exhibits a morphology typical of plants in high elevations,being a hardy shrub with small tough leaves,and showy pink fl owers that rival those of commercial rhododendron species.New fi ndings on the species morphology include a variable number of corolla lobes,stamens and a description of its fruits and seeds.The anatomical features of the species are reported here for the fi rst time.The plant exhibits a typical dicot anatomy with dorsiventral leaves,woody stem and root system with the usual arrangement of periderm followed by secondary phloem,vascular cambium,secondary xylem with vessel elements and pith(in the case of the stem).A unique characteristic was identifi ed as the biseriate upper epidermis of the leaf.Documenting themorphological and anatomical features of the species should prove valuable as input baseline information in formulating measures for its conservation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31830045,32025005)。
文摘Plant reproduction requires the coordinated development of both male and female reproductive organs.Jasmonic acid(JA)plays an essential role in stamen filament elongation.However,the mechanism by which the JA biosynthesis genes are regulated to promote stamen elongation remains unclear.Here,we show that the chromatin remodeling complex Imitation of Switch(ISWI)promotes stamen filament elongation by regulating JA biosynthesis.We show that AT-Rich Interacting Domain 5(ARID5)interacts with CHR11,CHR17,and RLT1,several known subunits of ISWI.Mutations in ARID5 and RLTs caused a reduced seed set due to greatly shortened stamen filaments.RNA-seq analyses reveal that the expression of key genes responsible for JA biosynthesis is significantly down-regulated in the arid5 and rlt mutants.Consistently,the JA levels are drastically decreased in both arid5 and rlt mutants.Chromatin immunoprecipitationquantitative PCR analyses further show that ARID5 is recruited to the chromatin of JA biosynthesis genes.Importantly,exogenous JA treatments can fully rescue the defects of stamen filament elongation in both arid5 and rlt mutants,leading to the partial recovery of fertility.Our results provide a clue how JA biosynthesisis positively regulated by the chromatin remodeling complex ISWI,thereby promoting stamen filament elongation in Arabidopsis.
文摘To further study the floral organogenesis and discussing the floral origin of Phytolacca, the procedures of floral organogenesis were observed in Phytolacca esculenta and Phytolacca zhejiangensis. The results showed that the floral organogenesis was consistent in Phytolacca. Their sepals were 2/5 helix, and with counter-clockwise and clockwise, usually the first sepal located at non-median of abaxial side. The first sepal of Phytolacca esculenta was initiated at non-median of adaxial side. There was no evident relationship between sepal and stamen initiating position, and the stamens initiated on ring meristem, they initiated approximately at the same time, and when the androecium member was numerous, they initiated centrifugally, the outer stamen initiated irregularly. Carpel initiated alternately with inner stamens. And the carpels connected by septum, if the septum grew more, the carpel was syncarpous at morphology, otherwise the carpel was apocarpous at morphology. So the syncarpous and the apocarpous have no successively relationship on evolution. Ovule initiated inside the carpel and opposite to carpel. Androecium, carpel and ovule initiated at ring meristem.
基金supported by the Special Project for Technological Innovation in New Productive Forces of Modern Chinese Medicines(24ZXZKSY00010)Science and Technology Program of Tianjin in China(24ZXZSSS00350).
文摘Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn,an important aquatic herb,is highly prized for its abundant nutritional properties.Its dried stamens,known as Nelumbinis stamen,have long been widely used as key ingredients in herbal medicines,teas,other nutritional medicines and supplements.In the present study,Nelumbinis stamen extracts from diverse origins were evaluated in vitro for their activity against tyrosinase.By combining metabolomic and chemometric approaches,active markers responsible for the tyrosinase inhibitory effect were further revealed.The application of enzymatic kinetic analyses,coupled with molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations,facilitated a profound comprehension of the mechanisms underlying the inhibitory effects on tyrosinase.This study also used a single-factor optimization method to optimize the extraction protocol of five markers with anti-tyrosinase activity.Furthermore,a method using Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry(UHPLC-MS/MS)was developed for quantitative analysis,enabling the simultaneous quantification of 16 constituents in Nelumbinis stamen.The outcomes of this research identified luteolin,myricetin-3-O-galactoside,3′-O-methylquercetin-3-galactoside,quercetin and syringetin-3-glucoside as active markers,demonstrating the potential efficacy of Nelumbinis stamen in inhibiting tyrosinase activity.Concurrently,an assessment was conducted on 20 batches of commercially available Nelumbinis stamen.Due to its nutritional value,Nelumbinis stamen possesses prospective applications in the field of nutraceuticals and dietary supplements.The integration of metabolomics and chemometrics provided an effective way to quickly screen active markers in Nelumbinis stamen and conduct quality assessment.Consequently,this study offered a comprehensive strategy for the quality evaluation of Nelumbinis stamen and provided a scientific foundation for its utilization in health foods.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32272750 and 31970246)the Scientific and Technological Talents and Platform Program of Yunnan Province(Academician Expert Workstation,202305AF150165)the"Pioneer"and"Leading Goose"R&D Program of Zhejiang(2023C02028).
文摘As some of the earliest evolving flowering plants,waterlilies offer unique insights into angiosperm evolu-tion.Giant Amazonian waterlilies(genus Victoria)are of particular interest due to their production of the world’s largest floating leaves and gigantic flowers that entrap pollinating beetles.Here,we report chromo-some-level genome assemblies of Victoria cruziana and three related waterlilies:Euryale ferox,Nymphaea mexicana,and Brasenia schreberi.We found an ancient whole-genome duplication event specific to the Nymphaeales.We reveal major gene duplication and loss events throughout the evolution of angiosperms,with substantial implications for flower development and the biosynthesis of floral volatile organic com-pounds(FVOCs)in waterlilies.Importantly,we report a unique division of labor in the stamen function of V.cruziana linked to beetle attraction by FVOCs.This is related to the ultra-high expression of VicSABATHa along with Vicchitinase,possibly linked to protection from damage by trapped beetles.Overexpression of VicSABATHa in tobacco leaves reveals a capacity to produce volatile fatty acids,confirming its role in their catalytic synthesis.Overall,these findings provide novel insights into the evolution and adaptations of waterlilies and flowering plants in general.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31770347, 31570309, and 31870284)the Scientific ResearchProject for Major Achievements of The Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program (ASTIP)(No.CAAS-ZDXT2019004)+2 种基金Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission (lj201812)supported by the National Science Foundation, USA (DBI 0703285 and IOS-1127155)Noble Research Institute, LLC
文摘Angiosperms integrate a multitude of endogenous and environmental signals to control floral development,thereby ensuring reproductive success.Here,we report the identification of AGAMOUS AND TERMINAL FLOWER(AGTFL),a novel regulator of floral development in Medicago truncatula.Mutation of AGTFL led to the transformation of carpels and stamens into numerous sepals and petals and altered primary inflorescence identity.AGTFL encodes a nucleus-localized proteincontaining a putative Myb/SANT-like DNA-binding domain and a PKc kinase domain.Molecular and genetic analyses revealed that AGTFL regulates the transcription of MtAGs and MtTFL1 to control floral organ identity and inflorescence development.
基金The research is supported by the National Science Foundation of China，the Ministry of Scierce and Techno ogy
文摘Proper stamen development is essential for plants to achieve their life cycles. Defects in stamen development will cause male sterility. A vast array of research efforts have been made to understand stamen developmental processes and reg- ulatory mechanisms over the past decades. It is so far reported that phytohormones, including jasmonate, auxin, gibberellin, brassinosteroid, and cytokinin, play essential roles in regulation of stamen development. This review will briefly summarize the molecular basis for coordinated regulation of stamen development by jasmonate, auxin, and gibberellin in Arabidopsis.
基金This work was supported by grants from the National Science Foundation of China，the National Basic Research Program of China，by the Leading Academic Discipline Project of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission
文摘Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase （GPAT） mediates the initial synthetic step for the formation of glycer- olipids, which act as the major components of biological membranes and the principal stored forms of energy. GPAT6 is a member of the Arabidopsis GPAT family, which is crucial for cutin biosynthesis in sepals and petals. In this work, a func- tional analysis of GPAT6 in anther development and plant fertility was performed. GPAT6 was highly expressed in the tapetum and microspores during anther development. The knockout mutant, gpat6, caused a massive reduction in seed production. This report shows that the ablation of GPAT6 caused defective tapetum development with reduced endoplas- mic reticulum （ER） profiles in the tapetum, which largely led to the abortion of pollen grains and defective pollen wall formation. In addition, pollen germination and pollen tube elongation were affected in the mutant plants. Furthermore, the double mutant analysis showed that GPAT6 and GPAT1 make joint effects on the release of microspores from tetrads and stamen filament elongation. This work shows that GPAT6 plays multiple roles in stamen development and fertility in Arabidopsis.
基金This work was supported by funds from the National Natural Science Foundation of China （31230051 31110103915）+6 种基金 National Key Basic Research Developments Program, Ministry of Science and Technology, China （2013CB126902） 863 Hitech Project, Ministry of Science and Technology,China （2011AA10A101 2012AA10A302） the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality （10JC1406400 10DZ2294100 11JC1404900） and National Transgenic Major Program （2011ZX08009-003-003）. Ludovico Dreni is supported by the BIOGESTECA program financed by the Lombardy region.The authors gratefully acknowledge Drs Hajime Sakai and Yasuo Nagato for providing spwl-1, Dr Venkatesan Sundaresan for providing osmads58, Zhijing Luo and Mingjiao Chen for mutant screening and generation, and Alessandro Merisio for the assistance in in situ analysis. No conflict of interest declared.
文摘Rice （Oryza sativa） has unique floral patterns that contribute to grain yield. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the specification of floral organ identities in rice, particularly the interaction among floral homeotic genes, remains poorly understood. Here, we show that the floral homeotic gene OsMADS16 （also called SUPERWOMAN1, SPWl, a B-class gene） acts together with the rice C-class genes OsMADS3 and OsMADS58 in specifying floral organ patterning. OsMADS16 and the two C-class genes have an overlapping expression pattern in the third whorl founder cells. Compared with the single mutants, both spwl-1 osmads3-4 and spwl-1 osmads58 double mutants exhibit additional whorls of glume-like organs within the flower, particularly an extra whorl of six glume-like structures formed at the position of the wild-type stamens. These ectopic glume-like structures were shown to have palea identity through cellular observation and in situ hybridization analysis using marker genes. Our results suggest that B- and C-class genes play a key role in suppressing indeterminate growth within the floral meristem, particularly whorl-3 primordia. We also hypothesize that, in contrast to previous assumptions, the specialized spikelet organ in rice, the palea, is the counterpart of the sepal in eudicots, and the lemma is homologous to the bract.
文摘Gibberellin （GA） and jasmonate （JA） are two types of phytohormones that play important roles during stamen development. For example, Arabidopsis plants deficient in either of GA or JA develop short stamens. An apparent question to ask is whether GA action and JA action during stamen filament development are independent of each other or are in a hierarchy. Recent studies showed that GA modulates the expression of genes essential for JA biosynthesis to promote JA production and high levels of JA will induce the expression of three MYB genes MYB21, MYB24 and MYB57. These three MYB genes are crucial factors for the normal development of stamen filament in Arabidopsis.
文摘Stamen is a unique plant organ wherein germ cells or microsporocytes that commit to meiosis are initiated from somatic cells during its early developmental process. While genes determining stamen identity are known according to the ABC model of floral development, little information is available on how these genes affect germ cell initiation. By using the Affymetrix GeneChip Rice Genome Array to assess 51 279 tran- scripts, we established a dynamic gene expression profile （GEP） of the early developmental process of rice （Oryza sativa） stamen. Systematic analysis of the GEP data revealed novel expression patterns of some developmentally important genes including meiosis-, tapetum-, and phytohormone-related genes. Following the finding that a substantial amount of nuclear genes encoding photosynthetic proteins are ex- pressed at the low levels in early rice stamen, through the ChlP-seq analysis we found that a C-class MADS box protein, OsMADS58, binds many nuclear-encoded genes participated in photosystem and light reac- tions and the expression levels of most of them are increased when expression of OsMADS58 is downre- gulated in the osmads58 mutant. Furthermore, more pro-chloroplasts are observed and increased signals of reactive oxygen species are detected in the osmads58 mutant anthers. These findings implicate a novel link between stamen identity determination and hypoxia status establishment.
