To investigate the formation mechanism of stalk mechanical strength,clarify the mechanical mechanisms underlying stalk rot resistance,and establish core mechanical indicators for evaluating stalk strength,this study u...To investigate the formation mechanism of stalk mechanical strength,clarify the mechanical mechanisms underlying stalk rot resistance,and establish core mechanical indicators for evaluating stalk strength,this study utilized six maize varieties with different levels of stalk rot resistance including ZD619,HXD88,XZY801,XY696,LS1,and ZH431 as test materials.The density,moisture content,bending strength,rind puncture strength,and elastic modulus of maize stalks at different growth stages were determined,and their intrinsic relationships with stalk rot resistance were analyzed.Our results indicated that the stalk density,moisture content,bending strength,and rind puncture strength were responsive to stalk rot resistance.However,these indicators were in significant correlations with stalk rot resistance only after the physiological maturity of maize.In particular,stalk rind puncture strength exhibited the closest correlation with stalk rot resistance at the late stage of physiological maturity.Stalk density directly affected bending strength and rind puncture strength,and it indirectly affected the elastic modulus.The elastic modulus encompassing both load and displacement can improve the reliability of stalk strength evaluation,serving as the best indicator of stalk toughness.The attenuation amplitude of the elastic modulus was always the largest whether it was caused by the aggravation of the disease,the growth stage delay,or the internode position rise,which significantly improved the sensitivity of stalk strength evaluation.The elastic modulus of maize stalks was correlated with stalk rot resistance from the silking stage to late physiological maturity stage,which not only effectively improved the accuracy of stalk strength evaluation but also was beneficial to improving the efficiency of maize variety selection.In conclusion,the elastic modulus of maize stalks can be used to evaluate the maize stalk strength truly and accurately.Especially in the region with a high stalk rot incidence,it was beneficial to improving the breeding efficiency of the maize varieties suitable for mechanical harvesting.展开更多
Pythium stalk rot(PSR)is a destructive disease of maize,severely affecting yield and grain quality.The identification of quantitative trait loci(QTL)or genes for resistance to PSR forms the basis of diseaseresistant h...Pythium stalk rot(PSR)is a destructive disease of maize,severely affecting yield and grain quality.The identification of quantitative trait loci(QTL)or genes for resistance to PSR forms the basis of diseaseresistant hybrids breeding.In this study,a major QTL,Resistance to Pythium stalk rot 1(RPSR1),was identified from a set of recombinant inbred lines derived from MS71 and POP.Using a recombinant progeny testing strategy,RPSR1 was fine-mapped in a 472 kb interval.Through candidate gene expression,gene knock-down and knock-out studies,a leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase gene,PEP RECEPTOR 2(ZmPEPR2),was assigned as a PSR resistance gene.These results provide insights into the genetic architecture of resistance to PSR in maize,which should facilitate breeding maize for resistance to stalk rot.展开更多
Gibberella stalk rot(GSR)caused by Fusarium graminearum is one of the most devastating diseases of maize,seriously impacting maize yield and quality,as well as the ability to use technology of mechanical harvesting.En...Gibberella stalk rot(GSR)caused by Fusarium graminearum is one of the most devastating diseases of maize,seriously impacting maize yield and quality,as well as the ability to use technology of mechanical harvesting.Environmental conditions including photoperiod affect crop disease resistance.However,the mechanism underlying photoperiod-regulated maize GSR resistance remains unexplored.We found in this study that GSR resistance is regulated by the ZmPIF4.1(Phytochrome-Interacting Factor4)-ZmPTI1c(Pto-Interacting 1)-ZmMYB31 module coupled with photoperiod.The functional analysis of zmpti1c mutant indicated that ZmPTI1c negatively regulates maize GSR resistance.Short day promoted the disease progression in both zmpti1c and wild-type plants.ZmPTI1c promoter contains multiple predicted cis-acting elements for light responses.Yeast one-hybrid assay(Y1H),Electrophoretic mobility shift analysis(EMSA),and Dual-luciferase(LUC)reporter assays demonstrated that ZmPIF4.1 binds to the G-box in ZmPTI1c promoter and activates its expression.Moreover,expression levels of ZmPIF4 and ZmPTI1c were significantly higher under short day than under long day.ZmPTI1c interacted with and phosphorylated ZmMYB31.GSR resistance in zmmyb31 mutant was significantly increased than in wild type,indicating that ZmMYB31 also negatively regulated GSR resistance.Furthermore,ZmMYB31 suppressed the transcriptional activation of ZmPTI1c by ZmPIF4.1.Overall,ZmPIF4.1-ZmPTI1c-ZmMYB31negatively regulates maize immunity to GSR,which is likely modulated by photoperiod.展开更多
In view of the problems that the drilling depth can not be adjusted and the amount of liquid injection can not be accurately modulated in the local test device of maize variety breeding and disease resistance,combinin...In view of the problems that the drilling depth can not be adjusted and the amount of liquid injection can not be accurately modulated in the local test device of maize variety breeding and disease resistance,combining the test technical requirements of drilling,liquid injection and sealing of the penultimate radial pitch of maize straw from the ground,a quantitative adjustable liquid injection device for maize stalk center borehole was designed.Its structure,working principle,key technical parameters and practical application effect were elaborated in detail.The field experiment demonstrated that the quantitative adjustable liquid injection device for maize stalk center borehole could meet the requirements of the local test of maize stalk rot.展开更多
Carbonaceous cathode materials were prepared by a low-cost and facile molten salt carbonization of lotus stalks in molten carbonates at 850℃for aqueous zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitors(ZHSCs).The lotus stalk-derived c...Carbonaceous cathode materials were prepared by a low-cost and facile molten salt carbonization of lotus stalks in molten carbonates at 850℃for aqueous zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitors(ZHSCs).The lotus stalk-derived carbon by carbonization of one hour displayed excellent capacitive performance benefits from the comprehensive effect of hierarchically porous structure with large SSA,more mesopores,good electrical conductivity and high heteroatom doping.Coin-type ZHSCs deliver 164.4 F·g^(-1)at 0.2 A·g^(-1)and 70.0 F·g^(-1)at 20 A·g^(-1)with capacitance retention of 42.6%assembled with carbonic cathode and Zn@Zn_(3)(PO_(4))_(2)anode using 2 M ZnSO4 solution as electrolyte.Moreover,coin-type ZHSCs deliver the maximum energy density of 65.0 Wh·kg^(-1)at 168.7 W·kg^(-1)and the maximum power density of 11.4 kW·kg^(-1)at 12.7 Wh·kg^(-1).Thanks to the multifunctional Zn_(3)(PO_(4))_(2)interphase as Zn^(2+)-transfer ionic conductor and physical barrier.Moreover,coin-type ZHSCs exhibit outstanding recyclability with capacitance retention of 97.5%and coulombic efficiency of 100%after 10000 charge-discharge cycles at 1 A·g^(-1).展开更多
[Objective] To study the correlation between the biomechanical properties of rape stalks and rape stem lodging. [Method] Through axial compression tests to the stalks of 4 different rape varieties, the change rules of...[Objective] To study the correlation between the biomechanical properties of rape stalks and rape stem lodging. [Method] Through axial compression tests to the stalks of 4 different rape varieties, the change rules of maximum stem bearing ca- pacity, maximum compressive strength, elastic modulus and moment of inertia along plant height were analyzed, as well as the effect of different varieties and water contents on the biomechanical property indices of rape stalks. [Result] The maximum loads of rape stalks presented liner decrease trend along with the increase of stem height, and all reached the maximums below the height of 50 cm. The maximum stem compressive strength and elastic modulus of the 4 varieties were increased with ascending height, but in a slow rate with small change, thus the modulus of e- lasticity could be considered as unchanged. The maximum bearing capacity, maxi- mum compressive strength and elastic modulus of dry rape stalks were higher than wet stalks, indicating that the water contents of rape stalks had significant effect on their mechanical properties. According to the actual lodging situations in filed, stalks of variety No. 1 owned the worst biomechanical properties and lodging degree, while the biomechanical properties of No. 6 and F5 were better than No. 1 and No. 9, and they also had stronger lodging-resistance. [Conclusion] The study provides parameters and bases for the design of mechanized production and mechanical deep processing of crops, and can better reveal the physical natures of organisms. The methods used in this study can also be used to screen excellent crop stalks.展开更多
[Objective] The experiment was conducted to explore the suitable planting density and nitrogen amount for summer maize in Sichuan Basin with the objective to provide technical reservation and scientific basis for high...[Objective] The experiment was conducted to explore the suitable planting density and nitrogen amount for summer maize in Sichuan Basin with the objective to provide technical reservation and scientific basis for high-yielding cultivation technique.[Method] A widely planted maize cultivar ＇Chengdan 30＇ was used as experimental material to study the effects of planting density and nitrogen amount on the stalk agronomic traits,stalk lodging-resistance mechanical characters,stalk breaking percentage and yield of maize.Experiment was arranged in a two-factor split plot design with three replicates.The planting density was the main factor with three density gradients（4.5×10^4,6.0×10^4 and 7.5×10^4 plants/hm^2） and the nitrogen amount was the second factor with two different levels of nitrogen content（300 and 375 kg/hm^2）.[Result] The stalk lodging-resistance and yield were affected by planting density significantly.The increase of planting density would result in an increase of internode length and decrease of internode diameter,dry matter weight of per unit stalk length,rind penetration strength and breaking resistance of 3rd and 4th basal internodes.When planting density increased from 6.0×10^4 plants/hm2 to 7.5×10^4 plants/hm^2,the stalk breaking percentage in the whole growing season increased by 17.17%,and the yield reduced by 17.58%.The interaction between planting density and nitrogen amount affected the stalk breaking percentage in the whole growing season and yield significantly.The treatment with planting density of 6.0×104 plants/hm^2 and nitrogen amount of 375 kg/hm^2 of pure N was an optimal combination,which may not only control the stalk breaking percentage of whole growing stage effectively,but also could obtain an optimum grain yield.[Conclusion] In Sichuan Basin,the appropriate planting density and nitrogen amount for summer maize were 6.0×10^4 plants/hm^2 and 375 kg/hm^2.展开更多
[Objective] The study aimed at reducing the economic cost in feeding Tenebrio molitor and improving the utilization ratio of corn stalks.[Method] The effects of different proportions of corn stalks on the weigh of Ten...[Objective] The study aimed at reducing the economic cost in feeding Tenebrio molitor and improving the utilization ratio of corn stalks.[Method] The effects of different proportions of corn stalks on the weigh of Tenebrio molitor and the contents of crude protein,crude fat,Ca,P,dry matter and crude ash in the half-dry matter of Tenebrio molitor had been studied in the laboratory.[Result] Compared with the recipes of all wheat bran and pure fine fodder,feeding Tenebrio molitor by applying 30%-60% of corn stalks could significantly improve the content of crude protein in the half-dry materials of Tenebrio molitor,but it was detrimental to the improvement in weight of Tenebrio molitor and the accumulation of crude fat.To be specific,the recipe V（50% of corn stalks ＋ 50% of fine fodder） was beneficial to the accumulation of dry matter and crude ash.The recipe VII（70% of corn stalks ＋ 30% of fine fodder） and the recipe VIII（70% of corn stalks treated with Guangda feed leaven ＋ 30% of fine fodder） were beneficial to the accumulation of crude protein,Ca and P.There were differences among the influences of corn stalks in different treatments on the crude protein and other nutrition indicators of Tenebrio molitor.[Conclusion] Appropriately applying corn stalks can improve the accumulation of the crude protein,crude ash,dry matter,Ca and P of Tenebrio molitor but was detrimental to the growth and development of Tenebrio molitor and the accumulation of crude fat.展开更多
[Objective] This study was to explore the effects of dilute acid hydrolysis on fermentative biohydrogen production capacity of maize stalk. [Method] Using maize stalks subjected to mechanical disintegration,steam expl...[Objective] This study was to explore the effects of dilute acid hydrolysis on fermentative biohydrogen production capacity of maize stalk. [Method] Using maize stalks subjected to mechanical disintegration,steam explosion and dilute acid hydrolysis as experimental materials,we measured and analyzed the effects of different treatments and particle size of maize stalk were analyzed. [Result] The optimal fermentative biohydrogen production was found under following parameters：pretreatment of 0.8% dilute H2SO4 following steam explosion,particle size of maize stalk of 0.425-0.850 mm,liquid-solid ratio [0.8% H2SO4 （M）：stalk （W）] of 10：1. [Conclusion] Post steam explosion,dilute 0.8% dilute H2SO4 intensified hydrolysis on maize stalk could produce fermentative biohydrogen production capacity.展开更多
[Purpose]To research upon the structure and pyrolysis of cotton stalk.[Method] In this paper thermogravimetric analysis is adopted to study pyrolysis characteristics on the longitudinal direction of cotton stalk（the ...[Purpose]To research upon the structure and pyrolysis of cotton stalk.[Method] In this paper thermogravimetric analysis is adopted to study pyrolysis characteristics on the longitudinal direction of cotton stalk（the stick and the root）and on the traverse direction（the cuticle,cortex and medulla）.[Result] Cotton stalk is a material of uneven and irregular texture,and there are great differences in the structure of all these parts on the longitudinal and traverse directions,especially in the contents of different components in each layer.The reaction in the stick and root becomes violent along with the increase in the rising rate of temperature,and carbon yield rate decreases in turn.Besides with the same rising rate of temperature,carbon yield rate of cotton stick is higher than the one of cotton root.Carbon yield rates of cuticle,cortex and medulla decrease in turn while the violence of the reaction in cuticle is less severe than in cortex and medulla.[Conclusion] It has provided theoretical basis for obtaining activated carbon technology of cotton stick.展开更多
[Objective] This study aimed to study the adsorption performance of activated carbon prepared from corn stalks. [Methed] With granular activated carbon prepared from corn stalks as research object, adsorption performa...[Objective] This study aimed to study the adsorption performance of activated carbon prepared from corn stalks. [Methed] With granular activated carbon prepared from corn stalks as research object, adsorption performance simulation test equipment was set up to investigate the adsorption performance of the prepared activated carbon for methanol by static weight method. In addition, the effects of adsorption bed structure, activated carbon particle size in adsorption bed, addition amount of graphite powder in activated carbon and modified activated carbon on systematic adsorption performance were studied. [Result] Under conditions of same activated carbon and same adsorption temperature, the adsorption performance of new adsorption bed A （installed with finned diaphragm adsorbate tubes） was signifi- cantly better than that of unmodified adsorption bed B. Compared with adsorption bed B, adsorption bed A took 5 min shorter to reach the adsorption amount of 0.22 g/g. Under the same adsorption temperature, the adsorption performance of bed loaded with different-particle size activated carbon was significantly better than that loaded with same-particle size activated carbon. The bed loaded with different-particle size activated carbon took 16 min shorter to reach the adsorption capacity of 0.22 g/g compared with the bed loaded with same-particle size activated carbon. Adding proper amount of graphite powder in activated carbon could enhance the thermal conductivity and strengthen the adsorption properties. The optimum addition amount of graphite powder was 20% of the total amount of activated carbon. Com- pared with that of the control, the adsorption performance of activated carbon soaked by weak acidic solution was significantly improved. It took 3 min shorter to reach 87.1% of the equilibrium adsorption amount. [Conclusion] This study will provide reference for optimizing structural design of adsorption bed and adsorption refrigeration system.展开更多
In order to explore the method of returning corn stalk into field, the effects of returning corn stalk direcfly into soil and applying corn stalk-composted orgar^c fertilizer into soil on the physiochemical properties...In order to explore the method of returning corn stalk into field, the effects of returning corn stalk direcfly into soil and applying corn stalk-composted orgar^c fertilizer into soil on the physiochemical properties of tobacco-growing soil were studied. The results showed that returning corn stalk into soil could reduce soil bulk density and increase soil porosity, so as to improve the water and fertilizer retention capacity of tobacco-growing soil. At the same time, returning corn stalk into soil could also increase the organic matter, available phosphorus and available potassi- um contents in tobacco-growing soil. In the early field growth stage of tobacco, soil alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content decreased slightly; but in the middle and later field growth stage, the alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content in tobacco-growing soil increased. The treatment effect of corn stalk＋urea＋fermentation bacteria and corn stalk＋urea＋BM was better than that of the control （returning corn stalk directly into soil）, indicating that the corn stalk-composted organic fertilizer had certain popular- ization value.展开更多
Corn stalk hydrothermal wastewater(CSHW)was used as a pretreatment for whole-slurry anaerobic co-digestion instead of conventional acid pretreatment.CSHW pretreatment was conducted at 20℃,35℃and 50℃for 3,6 and 9 h,...Corn stalk hydrothermal wastewater(CSHW)was used as a pretreatment for whole-slurry anaerobic co-digestion instead of conventional acid pretreatment.CSHW pretreatment was conducted at 20℃,35℃and 50℃for 3,6 and 9 h,after which all experimental groups were digested at 35℃for 24 days.This pretreatment method efficiently broke the lignocellulose structure of the corn stalk.Different from the volatile fatty acids(VFAs)content,the pH and RS contents were relatively higher than those of the control during the pretreatment process.Furthermore,the highest methane production[185.03 mL•g-1 VS(volatile solid)]was achieved at 55.46%under 35℃in 6 h,which was higher than that of the normal corn stalk anaerobic digestion.The VFAs contents and pH increased compared to CK upon the addition of NaOH to adjust pH,and the RS content also increased slightly due to the degradability of lignocellulose during the whole-slurry anaerobic co-digestion.This work provided a potential method to sustainably treat wastewater and improve fermentation performance.展开更多
The composite microbial system of MC1 was used to degrade corn stalk in order to determine properties of the degraded products as well as bacterial composition of MC1. Results indicated that the pH of the fermentation...The composite microbial system of MC1 was used to degrade corn stalk in order to determine properties of the degraded products as well as bacterial composition of MC1. Results indicated that the pH of the fermentation broth was typical of lignocellulose degradation by MC1, decreasing in the early phase and increasing in later stages of the degradation. The microbial biomass peaked on the day 3 after degradation. The MC1 efficiently degraded the corn stalk by nearly 70% during which its cellulose content decreased by 71.2%, hemicellulose by 76.5% and lignin by 24.6%. The content of water-soluble carbohydrates （WSC） in the fermentation broth increased progressively during the first three days, and decreased thereafter, suggesting an accumulation of WSC in the early phase of the degradation process. Total levels of various volatile products peaked in the third day after degradation, and 7 types of volatile products were detected in the fermentation broth. These were ethanol, acetic acid, 1,2-ethanediol, propanoic acid, butanoic acid, 3- methyl-butanoic acid and glycerine. Six major compounds were quantitatively analysed and the contents of each compound were ethanol （0.584 g/L）, acetic acid （0.735 g/L）, 1,2-ethanediol （0.772 g/L）, propanoic acid （0.026 g/L）, butanoic acid （0.018 g/L） and glycerine （4.203 g/L）. Characterization of bacterial cells collected from the culture solution, based on 16S rDNA PCR-DGGE analysis of DNAs, showed that the composition of bacterial community in MC1 coincided basically with observations from previous studies. This indicated that the structure of MC1 is very stable during degradation of different lignocellulose materials.展开更多
To inactivate the potentially pathogenic microorganisms and safely utilize vegetable waste compost, ultra-high temperatures(> 70°C) should be maintained during the composting without having an inhibitory effec...To inactivate the potentially pathogenic microorganisms and safely utilize vegetable waste compost, ultra-high temperatures(> 70°C) should be maintained during the composting without having an inhibitory effect on maturity. This study investigated the influence of bulk density(part 1) and easily-degraded organic matter content(EDOMC, part 2) on temperature evolution during vegetable waste composting: Part 1: corn straw with different particle sizes was used to achieve different bulk densities in the composting material(BD1–BD3); Part 2: partial or total substitution of the corn straw by corn starch was carried out to obtain different EDOMC(ED1–ED4). The composting experiments were conducted in a labscale reactor(1.75 kg material) and lasted for 30 d. Temperature and CO2 emission were recorded daily, and the organic matter, lignocellulose, microbial activity, germination index(GI) and C/N of the samples were measured at different stages. The highest temperature(65.7°C) in part 1 occurred in the treatment with the bulk density of 0.35 g/cm3, which also had the longest thermophilic phase. Bulk density was found to seriously influence the utilization efficiency of O2 and heat transfer through materials, rather than heat production from organic matter degradation. In experiment part 2, the highest temperature was obtained with EDOMC of 45%(71.4°C). Therefore, adjusting the bulk density to 0.35 g/cm3 and the easily-degraded organic matter content of the initial material to 45% was the best combination for reaching temperatures above 70°C during composting, with no inhibitory effect on the maturity of the compost product.展开更多
The objectives of this study were to determine how the distribution of photosynthetically active radiation （PAR） in a maize canopy affected basal internode strength and stalk lodging. The distributions of PAR within...The objectives of this study were to determine how the distribution of photosynthetically active radiation （PAR） in a maize canopy affected basal internode strength and stalk lodging. The distributions of PAR within the canopies of two maize cultivars （Zhongdan 909 and Xinyu 41） were altered by removing whole leaves or half leaves in different canopy layers. The results showed that removing whole leaves or half leaves above the three-ear-leaves （RAE and RAE/2） at flowering sig- nificantly increased. PAR at the ear and interception of PAR （IPAR） from the ear to middle of the ear and soil surface. These changes increased the structural carbohydrate content and rind penetration strength （RPS） of the third basal internode by 5.4-11.6% and reduced lodging by 4.2-7.8%. Removal of the first three leaves below the three-ear-leaves （RBE） before flowering significantly reduced IPAR from the ear to half way below the ear. This reduced the structural carbohydrate con- tent and the RPS of the third basal internode by 9.1-17.4% and increased lodging by 7.0-11.2%. Removal of the three lowest green leaves （RB） in the canopy before flowering increased PAR at the bottom of the canopy, but had no effect on the structural carbohydrate content of the basal internode, the RPS, and the lodging rate. Overall, the results indicated that the key factors affecting the basal internode strength formation and lodging were PAR at the ear and IPAR from the ear to halfway below the ear. Increasing PAR at the ear and IPAR from the ear to halfway below the ear could enhance lodging resistance by increasing the structural carbohydrate content and mechanical strength of the basal internode.展开更多
Maize is one of the major crops in China, but maize stalk rot occurs nationwide and has become one of the major challenges in maize production in China. In order to find an environment-friendly and feasible technology...Maize is one of the major crops in China, but maize stalk rot occurs nationwide and has become one of the major challenges in maize production in China. In order to find an environment-friendly and feasible technology to control this disease, a Trichoderma-based biocontrol agent was selected. Forty-eight strains with various inhibition activities to Fusarium graminearum, and Fusarium verticillioides were tested. A group of Trichoderma strains(DLY31, SG3403, DLY1303 and GDFS1009) were found to provide an inhibition rate to pathogen growth in vitro of over 70%. These strains also prevented pathogen infection over 65% and promoted the maize seedling growth for the main root in vivo by over 50%. Due to its advantage in antifungal activity against pathogens and promotion activity to maize, Trichoderma asperellum GDSF1009 was selected as the most promising strain of the biocontrol agent in the Trichoderma spectrum. Pot experiments showed that the Trichoderma agent at 2–3 g/pot could achieve the best control of seedling stalk rot and promotion of maize seedling growth. In the field experiments, 8–10 g/hole was able to achieve over 65% control to stalk rot, and yield increased by 2–11%. In the case of natural morbidity, the control efficiency ranged from 27.23 to 48.84%, and the rate of yield increase reached 11.70%, with a dosage of Trichoderma granules at 75 kg ha^-1. Based on these results, we concluded that the Trichoderma agent is a promising biocontrol approach to stalk rot in maize.展开更多
文摘To investigate the formation mechanism of stalk mechanical strength,clarify the mechanical mechanisms underlying stalk rot resistance,and establish core mechanical indicators for evaluating stalk strength,this study utilized six maize varieties with different levels of stalk rot resistance including ZD619,HXD88,XZY801,XY696,LS1,and ZH431 as test materials.The density,moisture content,bending strength,rind puncture strength,and elastic modulus of maize stalks at different growth stages were determined,and their intrinsic relationships with stalk rot resistance were analyzed.Our results indicated that the stalk density,moisture content,bending strength,and rind puncture strength were responsive to stalk rot resistance.However,these indicators were in significant correlations with stalk rot resistance only after the physiological maturity of maize.In particular,stalk rind puncture strength exhibited the closest correlation with stalk rot resistance at the late stage of physiological maturity.Stalk density directly affected bending strength and rind puncture strength,and it indirectly affected the elastic modulus.The elastic modulus encompassing both load and displacement can improve the reliability of stalk strength evaluation,serving as the best indicator of stalk toughness.The attenuation amplitude of the elastic modulus was always the largest whether it was caused by the aggravation of the disease,the growth stage delay,or the internode position rise,which significantly improved the sensitivity of stalk strength evaluation.The elastic modulus of maize stalks was correlated with stalk rot resistance from the silking stage to late physiological maturity stage,which not only effectively improved the accuracy of stalk strength evaluation but also was beneficial to improving the efficiency of maize variety selection.In conclusion,the elastic modulus of maize stalks can be used to evaluate the maize stalk strength truly and accurately.Especially in the region with a high stalk rot incidence,it was beneficial to improving the breeding efficiency of the maize varieties suitable for mechanical harvesting.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(32302371 to Junbin Chen)the National Key Research and Development Program,Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2022YFD1201802 to Wangsheng Zhu)Research Program from State Key Laboratory of Maize Biobreeding(SKLMB2424 to Wangsheng Zhu).
文摘Pythium stalk rot(PSR)is a destructive disease of maize,severely affecting yield and grain quality.The identification of quantitative trait loci(QTL)or genes for resistance to PSR forms the basis of diseaseresistant hybrids breeding.In this study,a major QTL,Resistance to Pythium stalk rot 1(RPSR1),was identified from a set of recombinant inbred lines derived from MS71 and POP.Using a recombinant progeny testing strategy,RPSR1 was fine-mapped in a 472 kb interval.Through candidate gene expression,gene knock-down and knock-out studies,a leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase gene,PEP RECEPTOR 2(ZmPEPR2),was assigned as a PSR resistance gene.These results provide insights into the genetic architecture of resistance to PSR in maize,which should facilitate breeding maize for resistance to stalk rot.
基金supported financially by the grants from the JBGS[2021]002 project from the Jiangsu Governmentthe National Nature Science Foundation of China(32472095)+2 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2020YFE02029002)Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production(CIC-MCP)to Xiquan Gaosupported in part by the high-performance computing platform of Bioinformatics Center,Nanjing Agricultural University。
文摘Gibberella stalk rot(GSR)caused by Fusarium graminearum is one of the most devastating diseases of maize,seriously impacting maize yield and quality,as well as the ability to use technology of mechanical harvesting.Environmental conditions including photoperiod affect crop disease resistance.However,the mechanism underlying photoperiod-regulated maize GSR resistance remains unexplored.We found in this study that GSR resistance is regulated by the ZmPIF4.1(Phytochrome-Interacting Factor4)-ZmPTI1c(Pto-Interacting 1)-ZmMYB31 module coupled with photoperiod.The functional analysis of zmpti1c mutant indicated that ZmPTI1c negatively regulates maize GSR resistance.Short day promoted the disease progression in both zmpti1c and wild-type plants.ZmPTI1c promoter contains multiple predicted cis-acting elements for light responses.Yeast one-hybrid assay(Y1H),Electrophoretic mobility shift analysis(EMSA),and Dual-luciferase(LUC)reporter assays demonstrated that ZmPIF4.1 binds to the G-box in ZmPTI1c promoter and activates its expression.Moreover,expression levels of ZmPIF4 and ZmPTI1c were significantly higher under short day than under long day.ZmPTI1c interacted with and phosphorylated ZmMYB31.GSR resistance in zmmyb31 mutant was significantly increased than in wild type,indicating that ZmMYB31 also negatively regulated GSR resistance.Furthermore,ZmMYB31 suppressed the transcriptional activation of ZmPTI1c by ZmPIF4.1.Overall,ZmPIF4.1-ZmPTI1c-ZmMYB31negatively regulates maize immunity to GSR,which is likely modulated by photoperiod.
文摘In view of the problems that the drilling depth can not be adjusted and the amount of liquid injection can not be accurately modulated in the local test device of maize variety breeding and disease resistance,combining the test technical requirements of drilling,liquid injection and sealing of the penultimate radial pitch of maize straw from the ground,a quantitative adjustable liquid injection device for maize stalk center borehole was designed.Its structure,working principle,key technical parameters and practical application effect were elaborated in detail.The field experiment demonstrated that the quantitative adjustable liquid injection device for maize stalk center borehole could meet the requirements of the local test of maize stalk rot.
基金Funded by the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(No.2024AFB930)the Scientific Research Project of Department of Education of Hubei Province(No.B2022096)+2 种基金the Scientific Research Project of Enshi Tujia&Miao Autonomous Prefecture(No.D20220073)the Open Fund of Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Resources Protection and Utilization(Hubei Minzu University)(No.PT012210)the Hengsheng Industry Donation Fund(No.2025001)。
文摘Carbonaceous cathode materials were prepared by a low-cost and facile molten salt carbonization of lotus stalks in molten carbonates at 850℃for aqueous zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitors(ZHSCs).The lotus stalk-derived carbon by carbonization of one hour displayed excellent capacitive performance benefits from the comprehensive effect of hierarchically porous structure with large SSA,more mesopores,good electrical conductivity and high heteroatom doping.Coin-type ZHSCs deliver 164.4 F·g^(-1)at 0.2 A·g^(-1)and 70.0 F·g^(-1)at 20 A·g^(-1)with capacitance retention of 42.6%assembled with carbonic cathode and Zn@Zn_(3)(PO_(4))_(2)anode using 2 M ZnSO4 solution as electrolyte.Moreover,coin-type ZHSCs deliver the maximum energy density of 65.0 Wh·kg^(-1)at 168.7 W·kg^(-1)and the maximum power density of 11.4 kW·kg^(-1)at 12.7 Wh·kg^(-1).Thanks to the multifunctional Zn_(3)(PO_(4))_(2)interphase as Zn^(2+)-transfer ionic conductor and physical barrier.Moreover,coin-type ZHSCs exhibit outstanding recyclability with capacitance retention of 97.5%and coulombic efficiency of 100%after 10000 charge-discharge cycles at 1 A·g^(-1).
基金Supported by the Special Fund for Crop Breeding of Sichuan Provincial Department of Education,China (2006LD006)the Rapeseed Breeding Research Program of Science & Technology Department of Sichuan Province,China (2006YZGG-5-5)~~
文摘[Objective] To study the correlation between the biomechanical properties of rape stalks and rape stem lodging. [Method] Through axial compression tests to the stalks of 4 different rape varieties, the change rules of maximum stem bearing ca- pacity, maximum compressive strength, elastic modulus and moment of inertia along plant height were analyzed, as well as the effect of different varieties and water contents on the biomechanical property indices of rape stalks. [Result] The maximum loads of rape stalks presented liner decrease trend along with the increase of stem height, and all reached the maximums below the height of 50 cm. The maximum stem compressive strength and elastic modulus of the 4 varieties were increased with ascending height, but in a slow rate with small change, thus the modulus of e- lasticity could be considered as unchanged. The maximum bearing capacity, maxi- mum compressive strength and elastic modulus of dry rape stalks were higher than wet stalks, indicating that the water contents of rape stalks had significant effect on their mechanical properties. According to the actual lodging situations in filed, stalks of variety No. 1 owned the worst biomechanical properties and lodging degree, while the biomechanical properties of No. 6 and F5 were better than No. 1 and No. 9, and they also had stronger lodging-resistance. [Conclusion] The study provides parameters and bases for the design of mechanized production and mechanical deep processing of crops, and can better reveal the physical natures of organisms. The methods used in this study can also be used to screen excellent crop stalks.
基金Supported by the Special Fund for Agricultural and Rural Research in the Public Interest of Sichuan Province(12ZC1930)~~
文摘[Objective] The experiment was conducted to explore the suitable planting density and nitrogen amount for summer maize in Sichuan Basin with the objective to provide technical reservation and scientific basis for high-yielding cultivation technique.[Method] A widely planted maize cultivar ＇Chengdan 30＇ was used as experimental material to study the effects of planting density and nitrogen amount on the stalk agronomic traits,stalk lodging-resistance mechanical characters,stalk breaking percentage and yield of maize.Experiment was arranged in a two-factor split plot design with three replicates.The planting density was the main factor with three density gradients（4.5×10^4,6.0×10^4 and 7.5×10^4 plants/hm^2） and the nitrogen amount was the second factor with two different levels of nitrogen content（300 and 375 kg/hm^2）.[Result] The stalk lodging-resistance and yield were affected by planting density significantly.The increase of planting density would result in an increase of internode length and decrease of internode diameter,dry matter weight of per unit stalk length,rind penetration strength and breaking resistance of 3rd and 4th basal internodes.When planting density increased from 6.0×10^4 plants/hm2 to 7.5×10^4 plants/hm^2,the stalk breaking percentage in the whole growing season increased by 17.17%,and the yield reduced by 17.58%.The interaction between planting density and nitrogen amount affected the stalk breaking percentage in the whole growing season and yield significantly.The treatment with planting density of 6.0×104 plants/hm^2 and nitrogen amount of 375 kg/hm^2 of pure N was an optimal combination,which may not only control the stalk breaking percentage of whole growing stage effectively,but also could obtain an optimum grain yield.[Conclusion] In Sichuan Basin,the appropriate planting density and nitrogen amount for summer maize were 6.0×10^4 plants/hm^2 and 375 kg/hm^2.
基金Supported by National Special Fund for Scientific Research in Public Welfare Trade(Agriculture)(200803033-B0602-01)Project of Hebei Province Scientific and Technological Department(10221019)+1 种基金Project of Qinghuangdao City Science and Technology Burea of Hebei Province(201001A152)Foundation of Education Committee of Hebei Province(2003308)~~
文摘[Objective] The study aimed at reducing the economic cost in feeding Tenebrio molitor and improving the utilization ratio of corn stalks.[Method] The effects of different proportions of corn stalks on the weigh of Tenebrio molitor and the contents of crude protein,crude fat,Ca,P,dry matter and crude ash in the half-dry matter of Tenebrio molitor had been studied in the laboratory.[Result] Compared with the recipes of all wheat bran and pure fine fodder,feeding Tenebrio molitor by applying 30%-60% of corn stalks could significantly improve the content of crude protein in the half-dry materials of Tenebrio molitor,but it was detrimental to the improvement in weight of Tenebrio molitor and the accumulation of crude fat.To be specific,the recipe V（50% of corn stalks ＋ 50% of fine fodder） was beneficial to the accumulation of dry matter and crude ash.The recipe VII（70% of corn stalks ＋ 30% of fine fodder） and the recipe VIII（70% of corn stalks treated with Guangda feed leaven ＋ 30% of fine fodder） were beneficial to the accumulation of crude protein,Ca and P.There were differences among the influences of corn stalks in different treatments on the crude protein and other nutrition indicators of Tenebrio molitor.[Conclusion] Appropriately applying corn stalks can improve the accumulation of the crude protein,crude ash,dry matter,Ca and P of Tenebrio molitor but was detrimental to the growth and development of Tenebrio molitor and the accumulation of crude fat.
基金Supported by National Basic Research Program of China(2006CB708407 2009CB220005)+2 种基金National Natural Science Foun-dation of China (90610001 20871106)Program of 211 Projectfor Zhengzhou University from Ministry of Education~~
文摘[Objective] This study was to explore the effects of dilute acid hydrolysis on fermentative biohydrogen production capacity of maize stalk. [Method] Using maize stalks subjected to mechanical disintegration,steam explosion and dilute acid hydrolysis as experimental materials,we measured and analyzed the effects of different treatments and particle size of maize stalk were analyzed. [Result] The optimal fermentative biohydrogen production was found under following parameters：pretreatment of 0.8% dilute H2SO4 following steam explosion,particle size of maize stalk of 0.425-0.850 mm,liquid-solid ratio [0.8% H2SO4 （M）：stalk （W）] of 10：1. [Conclusion] Post steam explosion,dilute 0.8% dilute H2SO4 intensified hydrolysis on maize stalk could produce fermentative biohydrogen production capacity.
文摘[Purpose]To research upon the structure and pyrolysis of cotton stalk.[Method] In this paper thermogravimetric analysis is adopted to study pyrolysis characteristics on the longitudinal direction of cotton stalk（the stick and the root）and on the traverse direction（the cuticle,cortex and medulla）.[Result] Cotton stalk is a material of uneven and irregular texture,and there are great differences in the structure of all these parts on the longitudinal and traverse directions,especially in the contents of different components in each layer.The reaction in the stick and root becomes violent along with the increase in the rising rate of temperature,and carbon yield rate decreases in turn.Besides with the same rising rate of temperature,carbon yield rate of cotton stick is higher than the one of cotton root.Carbon yield rates of cuticle,cortex and medulla decrease in turn while the violence of the reaction in cuticle is less severe than in cortex and medulla.[Conclusion] It has provided theoretical basis for obtaining activated carbon technology of cotton stick.
基金Supported by Science and Technology Innovation Plan for Outstanding Scholars in Henan Province(2014KJCXJCRC015)~~
文摘[Objective] This study aimed to study the adsorption performance of activated carbon prepared from corn stalks. [Methed] With granular activated carbon prepared from corn stalks as research object, adsorption performance simulation test equipment was set up to investigate the adsorption performance of the prepared activated carbon for methanol by static weight method. In addition, the effects of adsorption bed structure, activated carbon particle size in adsorption bed, addition amount of graphite powder in activated carbon and modified activated carbon on systematic adsorption performance were studied. [Result] Under conditions of same activated carbon and same adsorption temperature, the adsorption performance of new adsorption bed A （installed with finned diaphragm adsorbate tubes） was signifi- cantly better than that of unmodified adsorption bed B. Compared with adsorption bed B, adsorption bed A took 5 min shorter to reach the adsorption amount of 0.22 g/g. Under the same adsorption temperature, the adsorption performance of bed loaded with different-particle size activated carbon was significantly better than that loaded with same-particle size activated carbon. The bed loaded with different-particle size activated carbon took 16 min shorter to reach the adsorption capacity of 0.22 g/g compared with the bed loaded with same-particle size activated carbon. Adding proper amount of graphite powder in activated carbon could enhance the thermal conductivity and strengthen the adsorption properties. The optimum addition amount of graphite powder was 20% of the total amount of activated carbon. Com- pared with that of the control, the adsorption performance of activated carbon soaked by weak acidic solution was significantly improved. It took 3 min shorter to reach 87.1% of the equilibrium adsorption amount. [Conclusion] This study will provide reference for optimizing structural design of adsorption bed and adsorption refrigeration system.
文摘In order to explore the method of returning corn stalk into field, the effects of returning corn stalk direcfly into soil and applying corn stalk-composted orgar^c fertilizer into soil on the physiochemical properties of tobacco-growing soil were studied. The results showed that returning corn stalk into soil could reduce soil bulk density and increase soil porosity, so as to improve the water and fertilizer retention capacity of tobacco-growing soil. At the same time, returning corn stalk into soil could also increase the organic matter, available phosphorus and available potassi- um contents in tobacco-growing soil. In the early field growth stage of tobacco, soil alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content decreased slightly; but in the middle and later field growth stage, the alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content in tobacco-growing soil increased. The treatment effect of corn stalk＋urea＋fermentation bacteria and corn stalk＋urea＋BM was better than that of the control （returning corn stalk directly into soil）, indicating that the corn stalk-composted organic fertilizer had certain popular- ization value.
基金Supported by the Technological Project of Heilongjiang Province"the Open Competition Mechanism to Select the Best Candidates"(2022ZXJ05C01-03)。
文摘Corn stalk hydrothermal wastewater(CSHW)was used as a pretreatment for whole-slurry anaerobic co-digestion instead of conventional acid pretreatment.CSHW pretreatment was conducted at 20℃,35℃and 50℃for 3,6 and 9 h,after which all experimental groups were digested at 35℃for 24 days.This pretreatment method efficiently broke the lignocellulose structure of the corn stalk.Different from the volatile fatty acids(VFAs)content,the pH and RS contents were relatively higher than those of the control during the pretreatment process.Furthermore,the highest methane production[185.03 mL•g-1 VS(volatile solid)]was achieved at 55.46%under 35℃in 6 h,which was higher than that of the normal corn stalk anaerobic digestion.The VFAs contents and pH increased compared to CK upon the addition of NaOH to adjust pH,and the RS content also increased slightly due to the degradability of lignocellulose during the whole-slurry anaerobic co-digestion.This work provided a potential method to sustainably treat wastewater and improve fermentation performance.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.30571088)the National Key Technology Research and Development Program of China during the 11th Five-Year Plan Period(No.2006BAD07A01,2006BAD25B04).
文摘The composite microbial system of MC1 was used to degrade corn stalk in order to determine properties of the degraded products as well as bacterial composition of MC1. Results indicated that the pH of the fermentation broth was typical of lignocellulose degradation by MC1, decreasing in the early phase and increasing in later stages of the degradation. The microbial biomass peaked on the day 3 after degradation. The MC1 efficiently degraded the corn stalk by nearly 70% during which its cellulose content decreased by 71.2%, hemicellulose by 76.5% and lignin by 24.6%. The content of water-soluble carbohydrates （WSC） in the fermentation broth increased progressively during the first three days, and decreased thereafter, suggesting an accumulation of WSC in the early phase of the degradation process. Total levels of various volatile products peaked in the third day after degradation, and 7 types of volatile products were detected in the fermentation broth. These were ethanol, acetic acid, 1,2-ethanediol, propanoic acid, butanoic acid, 3- methyl-butanoic acid and glycerine. Six major compounds were quantitatively analysed and the contents of each compound were ethanol （0.584 g/L）, acetic acid （0.735 g/L）, 1,2-ethanediol （0.772 g/L）, propanoic acid （0.026 g/L）, butanoic acid （0.018 g/L） and glycerine （4.203 g/L）. Characterization of bacterial cells collected from the culture solution, based on 16S rDNA PCR-DGGE analysis of DNAs, showed that the composition of bacterial community in MC1 coincided basically with observations from previous studies. This indicated that the structure of MC1 is very stable during degradation of different lignocellulose materials.
基金supported by the National Science and Technology Pillar Program in Rural Areas (No. 2013BAD20B01)China Special Fund for Agricultural Research in the Public Interest (No. 201303079)
文摘To inactivate the potentially pathogenic microorganisms and safely utilize vegetable waste compost, ultra-high temperatures(> 70°C) should be maintained during the composting without having an inhibitory effect on maturity. This study investigated the influence of bulk density(part 1) and easily-degraded organic matter content(EDOMC, part 2) on temperature evolution during vegetable waste composting: Part 1: corn straw with different particle sizes was used to achieve different bulk densities in the composting material(BD1–BD3); Part 2: partial or total substitution of the corn straw by corn starch was carried out to obtain different EDOMC(ED1–ED4). The composting experiments were conducted in a labscale reactor(1.75 kg material) and lasted for 30 d. Temperature and CO2 emission were recorded daily, and the organic matter, lignocellulose, microbial activity, germination index(GI) and C/N of the samples were measured at different stages. The highest temperature(65.7°C) in part 1 occurred in the treatment with the bulk density of 0.35 g/cm3, which also had the longest thermophilic phase. Bulk density was found to seriously influence the utilization efficiency of O2 and heat transfer through materials, rather than heat production from organic matter degradation. In experiment part 2, the highest temperature was obtained with EDOMC of 45%(71.4°C). Therefore, adjusting the bulk density to 0.35 g/cm3 and the easily-degraded organic matter content of the initial material to 45% was the best combination for reaching temperatures above 70°C during composting, with no inhibitory effect on the maturity of the compost product.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31160261)
文摘The objectives of this study were to determine how the distribution of photosynthetically active radiation （PAR） in a maize canopy affected basal internode strength and stalk lodging. The distributions of PAR within the canopies of two maize cultivars （Zhongdan 909 and Xinyu 41） were altered by removing whole leaves or half leaves in different canopy layers. The results showed that removing whole leaves or half leaves above the three-ear-leaves （RAE and RAE/2） at flowering sig- nificantly increased. PAR at the ear and interception of PAR （IPAR） from the ear to middle of the ear and soil surface. These changes increased the structural carbohydrate content and rind penetration strength （RPS） of the third basal internode by 5.4-11.6% and reduced lodging by 4.2-7.8%. Removal of the first three leaves below the three-ear-leaves （RBE） before flowering significantly reduced IPAR from the ear to half way below the ear. This reduced the structural carbohydrate con- tent and the RPS of the third basal internode by 9.1-17.4% and increased lodging by 7.0-11.2%. Removal of the three lowest green leaves （RB） in the canopy before flowering increased PAR at the bottom of the canopy, but had no effect on the structural carbohydrate content of the basal internode, the RPS, and the lodging rate. Overall, the results indicated that the key factors affecting the basal internode strength formation and lodging were PAR at the ear and IPAR from the ear to halfway below the ear. Increasing PAR at the ear and IPAR from the ear to halfway below the ear could enhance lodging resistance by increasing the structural carbohydrate content and mechanical strength of the basal internode.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFD0200403)the Key International Intergove rnmental Scientific and Technological Innovation Cooperation Project, China (2017YFE0104900)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31750110455, 31672072)the Agriculture Research System of Shanghai, China (201710)the earmarked fund for the China Agriculture Research System (CARS-02)
文摘Maize is one of the major crops in China, but maize stalk rot occurs nationwide and has become one of the major challenges in maize production in China. In order to find an environment-friendly and feasible technology to control this disease, a Trichoderma-based biocontrol agent was selected. Forty-eight strains with various inhibition activities to Fusarium graminearum, and Fusarium verticillioides were tested. A group of Trichoderma strains(DLY31, SG3403, DLY1303 and GDFS1009) were found to provide an inhibition rate to pathogen growth in vitro of over 70%. These strains also prevented pathogen infection over 65% and promoted the maize seedling growth for the main root in vivo by over 50%. Due to its advantage in antifungal activity against pathogens and promotion activity to maize, Trichoderma asperellum GDSF1009 was selected as the most promising strain of the biocontrol agent in the Trichoderma spectrum. Pot experiments showed that the Trichoderma agent at 2–3 g/pot could achieve the best control of seedling stalk rot and promotion of maize seedling growth. In the field experiments, 8–10 g/hole was able to achieve over 65% control to stalk rot, and yield increased by 2–11%. In the case of natural morbidity, the control efficiency ranged from 27.23 to 48.84%, and the rate of yield increase reached 11.70%, with a dosage of Trichoderma granules at 75 kg ha^-1. Based on these results, we concluded that the Trichoderma agent is a promising biocontrol approach to stalk rot in maize.
