Traditional manufacturing processes for lightweight curved profiles are often associated with lengthy procedures,high costs,low efficiency,and high energy consumption.In order to solve this problem,a new staggered ext...Traditional manufacturing processes for lightweight curved profiles are often associated with lengthy procedures,high costs,low efficiency,and high energy consumption.In order to solve this problem,a new staggered extrusion(SE)process was used to form the curved profile of AZ31 magnesium alloy in this paper.The study investigates the mapping relationship between the curvature,microstructure,and mechanical properties of the formed profiles by using different eccentricities of the die.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and electron backscatter diffraction techniques are employed to examine the effects of different eccentricity values(e)on grain morphology,recrystallization mechanisms,texture,and Schmid factors of the products.The results demonstrate that the staggered extrusion method promotes the deep refinement of grain size in the extruded products,with an average grain size of only 15%of the original billet,reaching 12.28μm.The tensile strength and elongation of the curved profiles after extrusion under the eccentricity value of 10 mm,20 mm and 30 mm are significantly higher than those of the billet,with the tensile strength is increased to 250,270,235 MPa,and the engineering strain elongation increased to 10.5%,12.1%,15.9%.This indicates that staggered extrusion enables curvature control of the profiles while improving their strength.展开更多
With the widespread application of Staggered Counter-rotating Rotor(SCR)systems in eVTOL and UAV configurations,a comprehensive understanding of SCR performance under Outof-Ground Effect(OGE)and In-Ground Effect(IGE)c...With the widespread application of Staggered Counter-rotating Rotor(SCR)systems in eVTOL and UAV configurations,a comprehensive understanding of SCR performance under Outof-Ground Effect(OGE)and In-Ground Effect(IGE)conditions is crucial for aircraft design and landing safety.This study experimentally measured the changes in thrust and torque of the upper and lower rotors in an SCR system under varying axial and radial distances.It focuses on the interaction mechanisms between the upper and lower rotors and conducts specific IGE state experiments for certain SCR configurations.The findings reveal that changes in the lower rotor predominantly influence the overall performance of the SCR system,regardless of OGE or IGE conditions.Under OGE conditions,radial distance has a more significant impact than axial distance.Conversely,under IGE conditions,the axial distance plays a critical role in improving SCR system performance.These results provide a broad parameter range to assess SCR system performance variations,offering guidance for the design of new concept rotorcraft configurations and the development of aerodynamic prediction models under IGE conditions.展开更多
The lattice Boltzmann method(LBM)is employed to simulate flow around two staggered cylinders within a confined channel.The numerical model is validated against existing experimental data by comparing drag coefficients...The lattice Boltzmann method(LBM)is employed to simulate flow around two staggered cylinders within a confined channel.The numerical model is validated against existing experimental data by comparing drag coefficients and Strouhal numbers in the single-cylinder configuration.The study systematically investigates the influence of vertical(h)and horizontal(l)spacing between the cylinders,as well as the Reynolds number(Re=0.1–160),on the hydrodynamic forces,streamline patterns,and vortex dynamics.Results indicate that reducing the horizontal spacing l suppresses flow separation behind the upstream cylinder,while either excessively small or large vertical spacing h diminishes separation in the downstream cylinder.The onset of periodic vortex shedding is delayed due to inter-cylinder interactions,with the critical Reynolds number increasing to Rec=71–112,significantly higher than that of a single-cylinder case(Re_(c)≈69).During the vortex shedding regime,the downstream cylinder exhibits a greater lift force fluctuation compared to the upstream cylinder.At Re=160,the root-mean-square lift coefficient(C′_(L))ranges from approximately 0.17 to 0.56 for the downstream cylinder,and from 0.018 to 0.4 for the upstream one.The shedding frequency,characterized by the Strouhal number(St),increases with Reynolds number,reaching St=0.12–0.18 at Re=160.Variations in h and l significantly influence St,with a decrease in l or an increase in h lowering the shedding frequency—this effect is more pronounced in the horizontal direction.展开更多
Natural biomaterials with staggered structures exhibit remarkable mechanical properties owing to their unique microstructure.The microstructural arrangement can induce size-dependent and viscoelastic responses within ...Natural biomaterials with staggered structures exhibit remarkable mechanical properties owing to their unique microstructure.The microstructural arrangement can induce size-dependent and viscoelastic responses within the material.This study proposes a strain gradient viscoelastic shear-lag model to elucidate the intricate interplay between the strain gradient and viscoelastic effect in staggered shells.Our model clarifies the role of both effects,as experimentally observed,in governing the mechanical properties of these biomaterials.A detailed characterization of the size-dependent responses is conducted through the utilization of a microstructural characterization parameter alongside viscoelastic constitutive models.Then,the effective modulus of the staggered shell is defined and its formula is derived through the Laplace transform.Compared to classical models and even the strain gradient elastic model,the strain gradient viscoelastic model offers calculated moduli that are more consistent with experimental data.Moreover,the strengthening-softening effect of staggered structures is predicted using the strain gradient viscoelastic model and critical energy principle.This study contributes significantly to our understanding of the mechanical behavior of structural materials.Additionally,it provides insights for the design of advanced bionic materials with tailored properties.展开更多
Numerical simulation in transverse isotropic media with tilted symmetry axis（TTI） using the standard staggered-grid finite-difference scheme（SSG）results in errors caused by averaging or interpolation. In order to ...Numerical simulation in transverse isotropic media with tilted symmetry axis（TTI） using the standard staggered-grid finite-difference scheme（SSG）results in errors caused by averaging or interpolation. In order to eliminate the errors, a method of rotated staggered-grid finite-difference scheme（RSG） is proposed. However, the RSG brings serious numerical dispersion. The compact staggered-grid finite-difference scheme（CSG） is an implicit difference scheme, which use fewer grid points to suppress dispersion more effectively than the SSG. This paper combines the CSG with the RSG to derive a rotated staggered-grid compact finite-difference scheme（RSGC）. The numerical experiments indicate that the RSGC has weaker numerical dispersion and better accuracy than the RSG.展开更多
The numerical dispersion and computational cost are high for conventional Taylor series expansion staggered-grid finite-difference forward modeling owing to the high frequency of the wavelets and the large grid interv...The numerical dispersion and computational cost are high for conventional Taylor series expansion staggered-grid finite-difference forward modeling owing to the high frequency of the wavelets and the large grid intervals. In this study, the cosine-modulated binomial window function （CMBWF）-based staggered-grid finite-difference method is proposed. Two new parameters, the modulated time and modulated range are used in the new window function and by adjusting these two parameters we obtain different characteristics of the main and side lobes of the amplitude response. Numerical dispersion analysis and elastic wavefield forward modeling suggests that the CMBWF method is more precise and less computationally costly than the conventional Taylor series expansion staggered-grid finite-difference method.展开更多
Numerical simulations of a seismic wavefield are important to analyze seismic wave propagation. Elastic-wave equations are used in data simulation for modeling migration and imaging. In elastic wavefield numerical mod...Numerical simulations of a seismic wavefield are important to analyze seismic wave propagation. Elastic-wave equations are used in data simulation for modeling migration and imaging. In elastic wavefield numerical modeling, the rotated staggered-grid method （RSM） is a modification of the standard staggered-grid method （SSM）. The variable-order method is based on the method of variable-length spatial operators and wavefield propagation, and it calculates the real dispersion error by adapting different finite-difference orders to different velocities. In this study, the variable-order rotated staggered-grid method （VRSM） is developed after applying the variable-order method to RSM to solve the numerical dispersion problem of RSM in low-velocity regions and reduce the computation cost. Moreover, based on theoretical dispersion and the real dispersion error of wave propagation calculated with the wave separation method, the application of the original method is extended from acoustic to shear waves, and the calculation is modified from theoretical to time-varying values. A layered model and an overthrust model are used to demonstrate the applicability of VRSM. We also evaluate the order distribution, wave propagation, and computation time. The results suggest that the VRSM order distribution is reasonable and VRSM produces high-precision results with a minimal computation cost.展开更多
Pressure fluctuation may cause high amplitude of vibration of double-suction centrifugal pumps, but the impact of impeller stagger angles is still not well understood. In this paper, pressure fluctuation experiments a...Pressure fluctuation may cause high amplitude of vibration of double-suction centrifugal pumps, but the impact of impeller stagger angles is still not well understood. In this paper, pressure fluctuation experiments are carried out for five impeller configurations with different stagger angles by using the same test rig system. Results show that the stagger angles exert negligible effects on the characteristics of head and efficiency. The distributions of pressure fluctuations are relatively uniform along the suction chamber wall, and the maximum pressure fluctuation amplitude is reached near the suction inlet tongue region. The pressure fluctuation characteristics are affected largely by impeller rotation, whose dominant frequencies include impeller rotation frequency and its harmonic frequencies, and half blade passage frequency. The stagger angle exerts a small effect on the pressure fluctuations in the suction chamber while a great effect on the pressure fluctuation in volute casing, especially on the aspect of decreasing the amplitude on blade passage frequency. Among the tested cases, the distribution of pressure fluctuations in the volute becomes more uniform than the other impeller configurations and the level of pressure fluctuation may be reduced by up to 50% when the impeller stagger angle is close to 24° or 360°.The impeller structure pattern needs to be taken into consideration during the design period, and the halfway staggered impeller is strongly recommended.展开更多
Finite-difference(FD) methods are widely used in seismic forward modeling owing to their computational efficiency but are not readily applicable to irregular topographies. Thus, several FD methods based on the transfo...Finite-difference(FD) methods are widely used in seismic forward modeling owing to their computational efficiency but are not readily applicable to irregular topographies. Thus, several FD methods based on the transformation to curvilinear coordinates using body-fitted grids have been proposed, e.g., stand staggered grid(SSG) with interpolation, nonstaggered grid, rotated staggered grid(RSG), and fully staggered. The FD based on the RSG is somewhat superior to others because it satisfies the spatial distribution of the wave equation without additional memory and computational requirements; furthermore, it is simpler to implement. We use the RSG FD method to transform the firstorder stress–velocity equation in the curvilinear coordinates system and introduce the highprecision adaptive, unilateral mimetic finite-difference(UMFD) method to process the freeboundary conditions of an irregular surface. The numerical results suggest that the precision of the solution is higher than that of the vacuum formalism. When the minimum wavelength is low, UMFD avoids the surface wave dispersion. We compare FD methods based on RSG, SEM, and nonstaggered grid and infer that all simulation results are consistent but the computational efficiency of the RSG FD method is higher than the rest.展开更多
There are many problems with the conventional processes of magnesium alloy bending products,such as long processes and difficulty in controlling the product shape.This paper provides a staggered extrusion(SE)process t...There are many problems with the conventional processes of magnesium alloy bending products,such as long processes and difficulty in controlling the product shape.This paper provides a staggered extrusion(SE)process to solve the above manufacturing bottlenecks.The effects of different extrusion ratios(λ)on the AZ31 magnesium alloy bending products prepared by the SE process was investigated in this paper.The results show that the bending radii of the AZ31 Mg bending products increase with the increase ofλat the same staggered distance(h=16 mm).When A is in creased from 11.11 to 44.44,the average bending radius of bending products is decreased from 14.7 mm to 9 mm,and the average grain size is decreased by 59.43%.After the SE process,the extruded fiber texture of the AZ31 Mg bending products is obvious,and the deformed texture is a mixed texture of{0001}(10-10)deformation texture and{10-11}(11-20)recrystallization texture.The results of XRD and EBSD showed that pyramidal slip is an important mode of crystal slip systems in AZ31 magnesium alloys during the SE process.It provided a scientific basis for forming AZ31 Mg alloy bending products with excellent microstructure by the SE process.展开更多
In modelling elastic wave propagation in a porous medium, when the ratio between the fluid viscosity and the medium permeability is comparatively large, the stiffness problem of Blot＇s poroelastic equations will be e...In modelling elastic wave propagation in a porous medium, when the ratio between the fluid viscosity and the medium permeability is comparatively large, the stiffness problem of Blot＇s poroelastic equations will be encountered. In the paper, a partition method is developed to solve the stiffness problem with a staggered high-order finite-difference. The method splits the Biot equations into two systems. One is stiff, and solved analytically, the other is nonstiff, and solved numerically by using a high-order staggered-grid finite-difference scheme. The time step is determined by the staggered finite-difference algorithm in solving the nonstiff equations, thus a coarse time step may be employed. Therefore, the computation efficiency and computational stability are improved greatly. Also a perfect by matched layer technology is used in the split method as absorbing boundary conditions. The numerical results are compared with the analytical results and those obtained from the conventional staggered-grid finite-difference method in a homogeneous model, respectively. They are in good agreement with each other. Finally, a slightly more complex model is investigated and compared with related equivalent model to illustrate the good performance of the staggered-grid finite-difference scheme in the partition method.展开更多
Using the spatial structure of the external staggered split-level panel layout,a combined support technology for adjacent roadways was developed and analyzed for a rock bolt and anchor cable mechanism.The influence of...Using the spatial structure of the external staggered split-level panel layout,a combined support technology for adjacent roadways was developed and analyzed for a rock bolt and anchor cable mechanism.The influence of the side rock bolt and anchor cable parameters on the mechanical properties of the anchorage body and the support stress distribution of the lateral coal body were revealed using the FLAC3D software.The optimal support parameters of the side rock bolts and anchor cables were subsequently determined,and the support effect of gob-side entry in a mining scenario was verified.The results show that the support of the side rock bolts and anchor cables improves the mechanical properties and stress state of the anchorage body,producing a good protective effect on the coal body of the air-intake entry roof and side wall.This is beneficial to the stability of the side wall and the realization of the suspension effect for roof rock bolts and anchor cables,which in turn makes the surrounding rock maintenance of the gob-side entry to a thick coal seam more favorable.展开更多
The development of high‐performance nonprecious metal catalysts(NPMCs)to supersede Pt‐based catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells is highly desirable but remains ...The development of high‐performance nonprecious metal catalysts(NPMCs)to supersede Pt‐based catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells is highly desirable but remains challenging.In this paper,we present a pyrolysis strategy for spatial confinement and active‐site fixation using iron phthalocyanine(FePc),phthalocyanine(Pc)and Zn salts as precursors.In the obtained carbon‐based NPMC with a hierarchically porous nanostructure of thin‐layered carbon nanosheets,nearly 100%of the total Fe species are Fe^(Ⅱ)‐N_(4) active sites.In contrast,pyrolyzing FePc alone forms Fe‐based nanoparticles embedded in amorphous carbon with only 5.9%Fe^(Ⅱ)‐N_(4) active sites.Both experimental characterization and density functional theory calculations reveal that spatial confinement through the staggeredπ–πstacking of Pc macrocycles effectively prevents the demetallation of Fe atoms and the formation of Fe‐based nanoparticles via aggregation.Furthermore,Zn‐induced microporous defects allow the fixation of Fe^(Ⅱ)‐N_(4) active sites.The synergistic effect of staggered stacking confinement and microporous defect fixation results in a high density of atomic Fe^(Ⅱ)‐N_(4) active sites that can enhance the ORR.The optimal Fe^(Ⅱ)‐N_(4)‐C electro‐catalyst outperforms a commercial Pt/C catalyst in terms of half‐wave potential,methanol toler‐ance,and long‐term stability in alkaline media.This modulation strategy can greatly advance efforts to develop high‐performance NPMCs.展开更多
The increase of frame rate,though with the potential in a coded ultrasound system,is generally concomitant with the simultaneous transmission of a number of apertures,and in consequence leads to increased cross-talks ...The increase of frame rate,though with the potential in a coded ultrasound system,is generally concomitant with the simultaneous transmission of a number of apertures,and in consequence leads to increased cross-talks between different apertures.In view of this,a new coding scheme using staggering repetition interval was proposed.The transmitting signals were constructed by repeating the two(or more) modulated codes using staggering repetition interval,and then allocated to and transmitted simultaneously among different apertures.The decoding process was based on the subsection-matched filter under the assistance of different matched filters for different apertures.At last the outputs of subsection-matched filtering were added together.Staggering changed the positions of cross-correlation(CC) peaks from coinciding,which resulted in an effective reduction of CC.Our theoretical analysis and simulations showed that,the coding scheme can be used to reduce cross-talk,and a good cross-talk reduction will be achieved if the staggering delay is kept in an appropriate range.展开更多
Reverse time migration and full waveform inversion involve the crosscorrelation of two wavefields,propagated in the forward-and reverse-time directions,respectively.As a result,the forward-propagated wavefield needs t...Reverse time migration and full waveform inversion involve the crosscorrelation of two wavefields,propagated in the forward-and reverse-time directions,respectively.As a result,the forward-propagated wavefield needs to be stored,and then accessed to compute the correlation with the backward-propagated wavefield.Boundary-value methods reconstruct the source wavefield using saved boundary wavefields and can significantly reduce the storage requirements.However,the existing boundary-value methods are based on the explicit finite-difference(FD)approximations of the spatial derivatives.Implicit FD methods exhibit greater accuracy and thus allow for a smaller operator length.We develop two(an accuracy-preserving and a memory-efficient)wavefield reconstruction schemes based on an implicit staggered-grid FD(SFD)operator.The former uses boundary wavefields at M layers of grid points and the spatial derivatives of wavefields at one layer of grid points to reconstruct the source wavefield for a(2M+2)th-order implicit SFD operator.The latter applies boundary wavefields at N layers of grid points,a linear combination of wavefields at M–N layers of grid points,and the spatial derivatives of wavefields at one layer of grid points to reconstruct the source wavefield(0≤N<M).The required memory of accuracy-preserving and memory-efficient schemes is(M+1)/M and(N+2)/M times,respectively,that of the explicit reconstruction scheme.Numerical results reveal that the accuracy-preserving scheme can achieve accurate reconstruction at the cost of storage.The memory-efficient scheme with N=2 can obtain plausible reconstructed wavefields and images,and the storage amount is 4/(M+1)of the accuracy-preserving scheme.展开更多
This study fabricates an AZ31 magnesium alloy tube by spinning technology-power stagger forward spinning.The microstructure evolution of the tube is investigated by combining electron backscatter diffraction and trans...This study fabricates an AZ31 magnesium alloy tube by spinning technology-power stagger forward spinning.The microstructure evolution of the tube is investigated by combining electron backscatter diffraction and transmission electron microscopy analysis,and the corrosion resistance is measured by an electrochemical corrosion test.Results show that the grains are obviously more uniform and finer along the wall thickness’s direction of the AZ31 alloy tube after the third spinning pass.The number of twins ascends first and then descends,while the varying trend of low-angle grain boundaries(LAGBs)is opposite to that of the twins as the spinning pass increases.With the increase of the total spinning deformation,the deformation texture initially increases and the c-axis of the{0001}crystal plane gradually rotates to the axial direction of the tube;the deformation texture then decreases and the orientation of grains becomes more random.The main mechanism of grain refinement is dynamic recrystallization by the twin-induced way and bowing out of the nucleation at grain boundaries during the first and second pass.However,the dominant mechanism of the refined grain is the high-temperature dynamic recovery in the third pass,and the microstructure mainly consists of substructured grains.After the spinning deformation,the corrosion resistance of the AZ31 alloy tube decreases due to the combined effect of twins and high density-dislocations.展开更多
Based on the beam wave synchronous interaction in transverse and longitudinal directions at the same time and starting from Maxwell’s equation and linear Vlasov equation, the beam–wave interaction ‘hot’ dispersion...Based on the beam wave synchronous interaction in transverse and longitudinal directions at the same time and starting from Maxwell’s equation and linear Vlasov equation, the beam–wave interaction ‘hot’ dispersion equation considering both cyclotron resonance and Cherenkov resonance in a staggered double metallic grating traveling wave tube is deduced.Through the reasonable selection for geometric and electrical parameters, the numerical calculation and analysis of the ‘hot’ dispersion equation shows that the beam–wave interaction gain and frequency band with the cyclotron resonance enhancement effect are higher than those with only Cherenkov resonance radiation.展开更多
The pseudospectral method has been applied to the simulation of seismic wave propagation in 2-D global Earth model. When a whole Earth model is considered, the center of the Earth is included in the model and then sin...The pseudospectral method has been applied to the simulation of seismic wave propagation in 2-D global Earth model. When a whole Earth model is considered, the center of the Earth is included in the model and then singularity arises at the center of the Earth where r=0 since the 1/r term appears in the wave equations. In this paper, we extended the global seismic wavefield simulation algorithm for regular grid mesh to staggered grid configuration and developed a scheme to solve the numerical problems associated with the above singularity for a 2-D global Earth model defined on staggered grid using pseudospectral method. This scheme uses a coordinate transformation at the center of the model, in which the field variables at the center are calculated in Cartesian coordinates from the values on the grids around the center. It allows wave propagation through the center and hence the wavefield at the center can be stably calculated. Validity and accuracy of the scheme was tested by compared with the discrete wavenumber method. This scheme could also be suitable for other numerical methods or models parameterized in cylindrical or spherical coordinates when singularity arises at the center of the model.展开更多
The flow past a primary cylinder with one tandem control rod and one staggered control rod is simulated in this paper through solving the Navier-Stokes equations. Two examples are simulated to validate the model, and ...The flow past a primary cylinder with one tandem control rod and one staggered control rod is simulated in this paper through solving the Navier-Stokes equations. Two examples are simulated to validate the model, and the results matched well with those of previous researches. The Reynolds number based on the diameter of the primary cylinder is 500. The diameter ratio between the control rod and the primary cylinder （d/D） is 0.25. It was found that the effect of the combination of one upstream tandem control rod and one staggered control rod on the hydrodynamics of the primary cylinder is a linear superposition of the effect of a corresponding single control rod, and the effect of the upstream tandem control rod is dominant at larger spacing ratios such as G/D=2. For the combination of a downstream tandem control rod and a staggered control rod, the effect of the control rods is different from that of the corresponding single control rod in the region of 0.2〈G/D〈0.5 ＆ 30°〈a〈120° and 0.9〈G/D〈1.4 ＆ 30°〈a〈50°, where the additional effect is obvious. In this case, the effect of the downstream tandem control rod is dominant at small spacing ratios （such as G/D=0.1）. At moderate spacing ratios such as G/D=0.4, the effects of the tandem control rod and the staggered control rod are comparable in both cases.展开更多
基金Project(JQ2022E004)supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province,China。
文摘Traditional manufacturing processes for lightweight curved profiles are often associated with lengthy procedures,high costs,low efficiency,and high energy consumption.In order to solve this problem,a new staggered extrusion(SE)process was used to form the curved profile of AZ31 magnesium alloy in this paper.The study investigates the mapping relationship between the curvature,microstructure,and mechanical properties of the formed profiles by using different eccentricities of the die.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and electron backscatter diffraction techniques are employed to examine the effects of different eccentricity values(e)on grain morphology,recrystallization mechanisms,texture,and Schmid factors of the products.The results demonstrate that the staggered extrusion method promotes the deep refinement of grain size in the extruded products,with an average grain size of only 15%of the original billet,reaching 12.28μm.The tensile strength and elongation of the curved profiles after extrusion under the eccentricity value of 10 mm,20 mm and 30 mm are significantly higher than those of the billet,with the tensile strength is increased to 250,270,235 MPa,and the engineering strain elongation increased to 10.5%,12.1%,15.9%.This indicates that staggered extrusion enables curvature control of the profiles while improving their strength.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52202443,52275114)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2023M731656)+3 种基金the National Key Laboratory of Helicopter Aeromechanics Foundation,China(No.2023-HA-LB-067-05e)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,China(No.BK20220898)the Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent,China(No.JB0202003)the Aeronautical Science Foundation of China(No.20232010052002)。
文摘With the widespread application of Staggered Counter-rotating Rotor(SCR)systems in eVTOL and UAV configurations,a comprehensive understanding of SCR performance under Outof-Ground Effect(OGE)and In-Ground Effect(IGE)conditions is crucial for aircraft design and landing safety.This study experimentally measured the changes in thrust and torque of the upper and lower rotors in an SCR system under varying axial and radial distances.It focuses on the interaction mechanisms between the upper and lower rotors and conducts specific IGE state experiments for certain SCR configurations.The findings reveal that changes in the lower rotor predominantly influence the overall performance of the SCR system,regardless of OGE or IGE conditions.Under OGE conditions,radial distance has a more significant impact than axial distance.Conversely,under IGE conditions,the axial distance plays a critical role in improving SCR system performance.These results provide a broad parameter range to assess SCR system performance variations,offering guidance for the design of new concept rotorcraft configurations and the development of aerodynamic prediction models under IGE conditions.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12372251 and 12132015).
文摘The lattice Boltzmann method(LBM)is employed to simulate flow around two staggered cylinders within a confined channel.The numerical model is validated against existing experimental data by comparing drag coefficients and Strouhal numbers in the single-cylinder configuration.The study systematically investigates the influence of vertical(h)and horizontal(l)spacing between the cylinders,as well as the Reynolds number(Re=0.1–160),on the hydrodynamic forces,streamline patterns,and vortex dynamics.Results indicate that reducing the horizontal spacing l suppresses flow separation behind the upstream cylinder,while either excessively small or large vertical spacing h diminishes separation in the downstream cylinder.The onset of periodic vortex shedding is delayed due to inter-cylinder interactions,with the critical Reynolds number increasing to Rec=71–112,significantly higher than that of a single-cylinder case(Re_(c)≈69).During the vortex shedding regime,the downstream cylinder exhibits a greater lift force fluctuation compared to the upstream cylinder.At Re=160,the root-mean-square lift coefficient(C′_(L))ranges from approximately 0.17 to 0.56 for the downstream cylinder,and from 0.018 to 0.4 for the upstream one.The shedding frequency,characterized by the Strouhal number(St),increases with Reynolds number,reaching St=0.12–0.18 at Re=160.Variations in h and l significantly influence St,with a decrease in l or an increase in h lowering the shedding frequency—this effect is more pronounced in the horizontal direction.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(with Grant Nos.12432003 and 12032001)the National Science and Technology Major Project(Grant No.J2022-V-0003-0029).
文摘Natural biomaterials with staggered structures exhibit remarkable mechanical properties owing to their unique microstructure.The microstructural arrangement can induce size-dependent and viscoelastic responses within the material.This study proposes a strain gradient viscoelastic shear-lag model to elucidate the intricate interplay between the strain gradient and viscoelastic effect in staggered shells.Our model clarifies the role of both effects,as experimentally observed,in governing the mechanical properties of these biomaterials.A detailed characterization of the size-dependent responses is conducted through the utilization of a microstructural characterization parameter alongside viscoelastic constitutive models.Then,the effective modulus of the staggered shell is defined and its formula is derived through the Laplace transform.Compared to classical models and even the strain gradient elastic model,the strain gradient viscoelastic model offers calculated moduli that are more consistent with experimental data.Moreover,the strengthening-softening effect of staggered structures is predicted using the strain gradient viscoelastic model and critical energy principle.This study contributes significantly to our understanding of the mechanical behavior of structural materials.Additionally,it provides insights for the design of advanced bionic materials with tailored properties.
文摘Numerical simulation in transverse isotropic media with tilted symmetry axis（TTI） using the standard staggered-grid finite-difference scheme（SSG）results in errors caused by averaging or interpolation. In order to eliminate the errors, a method of rotated staggered-grid finite-difference scheme（RSG） is proposed. However, the RSG brings serious numerical dispersion. The compact staggered-grid finite-difference scheme（CSG） is an implicit difference scheme, which use fewer grid points to suppress dispersion more effectively than the SSG. This paper combines the CSG with the RSG to derive a rotated staggered-grid compact finite-difference scheme（RSGC）. The numerical experiments indicate that the RSGC has weaker numerical dispersion and better accuracy than the RSG.
基金supported by the National Major Research Equipment Development Projects(No.ZDYZ2012-1-02-04)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41474106)
文摘The numerical dispersion and computational cost are high for conventional Taylor series expansion staggered-grid finite-difference forward modeling owing to the high frequency of the wavelets and the large grid intervals. In this study, the cosine-modulated binomial window function （CMBWF）-based staggered-grid finite-difference method is proposed. Two new parameters, the modulated time and modulated range are used in the new window function and by adjusting these two parameters we obtain different characteristics of the main and side lobes of the amplitude response. Numerical dispersion analysis and elastic wavefield forward modeling suggests that the CMBWF method is more precise and less computationally costly than the conventional Taylor series expansion staggered-grid finite-difference method.
基金supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project of China(No.2011ZX05004-003)the National Basic Research Program of China(No.2013CB228602)the National High Tech Research Program of China(No.2013AA064202)
文摘Numerical simulations of a seismic wavefield are important to analyze seismic wave propagation. Elastic-wave equations are used in data simulation for modeling migration and imaging. In elastic wavefield numerical modeling, the rotated staggered-grid method （RSM） is a modification of the standard staggered-grid method （SSM）. The variable-order method is based on the method of variable-length spatial operators and wavefield propagation, and it calculates the real dispersion error by adapting different finite-difference orders to different velocities. In this study, the variable-order rotated staggered-grid method （VRSM） is developed after applying the variable-order method to RSM to solve the numerical dispersion problem of RSM in low-velocity regions and reduce the computation cost. Moreover, based on theoretical dispersion and the real dispersion error of wave propagation calculated with the wave separation method, the application of the original method is extended from acoustic to shear waves, and the calculation is modified from theoretical to time-varying values. A layered model and an overthrust model are used to demonstrate the applicability of VRSM. We also evaluate the order distribution, wave propagation, and computation time. The results suggest that the VRSM order distribution is reasonable and VRSM produces high-precision results with a minimal computation cost.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.51621061,51139007,51409247)National Science and Technology Support Project of China(Grant No.2015BAD20B01)
文摘Pressure fluctuation may cause high amplitude of vibration of double-suction centrifugal pumps, but the impact of impeller stagger angles is still not well understood. In this paper, pressure fluctuation experiments are carried out for five impeller configurations with different stagger angles by using the same test rig system. Results show that the stagger angles exert negligible effects on the characteristics of head and efficiency. The distributions of pressure fluctuations are relatively uniform along the suction chamber wall, and the maximum pressure fluctuation amplitude is reached near the suction inlet tongue region. The pressure fluctuation characteristics are affected largely by impeller rotation, whose dominant frequencies include impeller rotation frequency and its harmonic frequencies, and half blade passage frequency. The stagger angle exerts a small effect on the pressure fluctuations in the suction chamber while a great effect on the pressure fluctuation in volute casing, especially on the aspect of decreasing the amplitude on blade passage frequency. Among the tested cases, the distribution of pressure fluctuations in the volute becomes more uniform than the other impeller configurations and the level of pressure fluctuation may be reduced by up to 50% when the impeller stagger angle is close to 24° or 360°.The impeller structure pattern needs to be taken into consideration during the design period, and the halfway staggered impeller is strongly recommended.
基金supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China(Nos.41504102 and 41604037)National Science and Technology Major Project(No.2016ZX05015-006)Yangtze University Youth Found(No.2015cqn32)
文摘Finite-difference(FD) methods are widely used in seismic forward modeling owing to their computational efficiency but are not readily applicable to irregular topographies. Thus, several FD methods based on the transformation to curvilinear coordinates using body-fitted grids have been proposed, e.g., stand staggered grid(SSG) with interpolation, nonstaggered grid, rotated staggered grid(RSG), and fully staggered. The FD based on the RSG is somewhat superior to others because it satisfies the spatial distribution of the wave equation without additional memory and computational requirements; furthermore, it is simpler to implement. We use the RSG FD method to transform the firstorder stress–velocity equation in the curvilinear coordinates system and introduce the highprecision adaptive, unilateral mimetic finite-difference(UMFD) method to process the freeboundary conditions of an irregular surface. The numerical results suggest that the precision of the solution is higher than that of the vacuum formalism. When the minimum wavelength is low, UMFD avoids the surface wave dispersion. We compare FD methods based on RSG, SEM, and nonstaggered grid and infer that all simulation results are consistent but the computational efficiency of the RSG FD method is higher than the rest.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51675143)the Fundamental Research Foundation for Universities of Heilongjiang Province(LGYC2018JQ011)the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province(LH2019E056).
文摘There are many problems with the conventional processes of magnesium alloy bending products,such as long processes and difficulty in controlling the product shape.This paper provides a staggered extrusion(SE)process to solve the above manufacturing bottlenecks.The effects of different extrusion ratios(λ)on the AZ31 magnesium alloy bending products prepared by the SE process was investigated in this paper.The results show that the bending radii of the AZ31 Mg bending products increase with the increase ofλat the same staggered distance(h=16 mm).When A is in creased from 11.11 to 44.44,the average bending radius of bending products is decreased from 14.7 mm to 9 mm,and the average grain size is decreased by 59.43%.After the SE process,the extruded fiber texture of the AZ31 Mg bending products is obvious,and the deformed texture is a mixed texture of{0001}(10-10)deformation texture and{10-11}(11-20)recrystallization texture.The results of XRD and EBSD showed that pyramidal slip is an important mode of crystal slip systems in AZ31 magnesium alloys during the SE process.It provided a scientific basis for forming AZ31 Mg alloy bending products with excellent microstructure by the SE process.
基金Project supported by the ＂100 Talents Project＂ of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Major Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No 10534040）.
文摘In modelling elastic wave propagation in a porous medium, when the ratio between the fluid viscosity and the medium permeability is comparatively large, the stiffness problem of Blot＇s poroelastic equations will be encountered. In the paper, a partition method is developed to solve the stiffness problem with a staggered high-order finite-difference. The method splits the Biot equations into two systems. One is stiff, and solved analytically, the other is nonstiff, and solved numerically by using a high-order staggered-grid finite-difference scheme. The time step is determined by the staggered finite-difference algorithm in solving the nonstiff equations, thus a coarse time step may be employed. Therefore, the computation efficiency and computational stability are improved greatly. Also a perfect by matched layer technology is used in the split method as absorbing boundary conditions. The numerical results are compared with the analytical results and those obtained from the conventional staggered-grid finite-difference method in a homogeneous model, respectively. They are in good agreement with each other. Finally, a slightly more complex model is investigated and compared with related equivalent model to illustrate the good performance of the staggered-grid finite-difference scheme in the partition method.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of Surface Project of China(Grant Nos.5177428952074291)+2 种基金The National Natural Science Foundation of the Youth Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51404270)The Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.2011QZ06)The Open Fund of State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources in Western China(Grant No.SKLCRKF1903).
文摘Using the spatial structure of the external staggered split-level panel layout,a combined support technology for adjacent roadways was developed and analyzed for a rock bolt and anchor cable mechanism.The influence of the side rock bolt and anchor cable parameters on the mechanical properties of the anchorage body and the support stress distribution of the lateral coal body were revealed using the FLAC3D software.The optimal support parameters of the side rock bolts and anchor cables were subsequently determined,and the support effect of gob-side entry in a mining scenario was verified.The results show that the support of the side rock bolts and anchor cables improves the mechanical properties and stress state of the anchorage body,producing a good protective effect on the coal body of the air-intake entry roof and side wall.This is beneficial to the stability of the side wall and the realization of the suspension effect for roof rock bolts and anchor cables,which in turn makes the surrounding rock maintenance of the gob-side entry to a thick coal seam more favorable.
文摘The development of high‐performance nonprecious metal catalysts(NPMCs)to supersede Pt‐based catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells is highly desirable but remains challenging.In this paper,we present a pyrolysis strategy for spatial confinement and active‐site fixation using iron phthalocyanine(FePc),phthalocyanine(Pc)and Zn salts as precursors.In the obtained carbon‐based NPMC with a hierarchically porous nanostructure of thin‐layered carbon nanosheets,nearly 100%of the total Fe species are Fe^(Ⅱ)‐N_(4) active sites.In contrast,pyrolyzing FePc alone forms Fe‐based nanoparticles embedded in amorphous carbon with only 5.9%Fe^(Ⅱ)‐N_(4) active sites.Both experimental characterization and density functional theory calculations reveal that spatial confinement through the staggeredπ–πstacking of Pc macrocycles effectively prevents the demetallation of Fe atoms and the formation of Fe‐based nanoparticles via aggregation.Furthermore,Zn‐induced microporous defects allow the fixation of Fe^(Ⅱ)‐N_(4) active sites.The synergistic effect of staggered stacking confinement and microporous defect fixation results in a high density of atomic Fe^(Ⅱ)‐N_(4) active sites that can enhance the ORR.The optimal Fe^(Ⅱ)‐N_(4)‐C electro‐catalyst outperforms a commercial Pt/C catalyst in terms of half‐wave potential,methanol toler‐ance,and long‐term stability in alkaline media.This modulation strategy can greatly advance efforts to develop high‐performance NPMCs.
基金Project (Nos.60772147 and 60871060) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘The increase of frame rate,though with the potential in a coded ultrasound system,is generally concomitant with the simultaneous transmission of a number of apertures,and in consequence leads to increased cross-talks between different apertures.In view of this,a new coding scheme using staggering repetition interval was proposed.The transmitting signals were constructed by repeating the two(or more) modulated codes using staggering repetition interval,and then allocated to and transmitted simultaneously among different apertures.The decoding process was based on the subsection-matched filter under the assistance of different matched filters for different apertures.At last the outputs of subsection-matched filtering were added together.Staggering changed the positions of cross-correlation(CC) peaks from coinciding,which resulted in an effective reduction of CC.Our theoretical analysis and simulations showed that,the coding scheme can be used to reduce cross-talk,and a good cross-talk reduction will be achieved if the staggering delay is kept in an appropriate range.
基金partially supported by National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFA0716902)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42174156)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,CHD(300102261107)。
文摘Reverse time migration and full waveform inversion involve the crosscorrelation of two wavefields,propagated in the forward-and reverse-time directions,respectively.As a result,the forward-propagated wavefield needs to be stored,and then accessed to compute the correlation with the backward-propagated wavefield.Boundary-value methods reconstruct the source wavefield using saved boundary wavefields and can significantly reduce the storage requirements.However,the existing boundary-value methods are based on the explicit finite-difference(FD)approximations of the spatial derivatives.Implicit FD methods exhibit greater accuracy and thus allow for a smaller operator length.We develop two(an accuracy-preserving and a memory-efficient)wavefield reconstruction schemes based on an implicit staggered-grid FD(SFD)operator.The former uses boundary wavefields at M layers of grid points and the spatial derivatives of wavefields at one layer of grid points to reconstruct the source wavefield for a(2M+2)th-order implicit SFD operator.The latter applies boundary wavefields at N layers of grid points,a linear combination of wavefields at M–N layers of grid points,and the spatial derivatives of wavefields at one layer of grid points to reconstruct the source wavefield(0≤N<M).The required memory of accuracy-preserving and memory-efficient schemes is(M+1)/M and(N+2)/M times,respectively,that of the explicit reconstruction scheme.Numerical results reveal that the accuracy-preserving scheme can achieve accurate reconstruction at the cost of storage.The memory-efficient scheme with N=2 can obtain plausible reconstructed wavefields and images,and the storage amount is 4/(M+1)of the accuracy-preserving scheme.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51805358 and 51775366)Key Research and Development Program of Jinzhong (No. Y201023)College Students’ Innovative Entrepreneurial Training Plan Program (No. 202010112011)
文摘This study fabricates an AZ31 magnesium alloy tube by spinning technology-power stagger forward spinning.The microstructure evolution of the tube is investigated by combining electron backscatter diffraction and transmission electron microscopy analysis,and the corrosion resistance is measured by an electrochemical corrosion test.Results show that the grains are obviously more uniform and finer along the wall thickness’s direction of the AZ31 alloy tube after the third spinning pass.The number of twins ascends first and then descends,while the varying trend of low-angle grain boundaries(LAGBs)is opposite to that of the twins as the spinning pass increases.With the increase of the total spinning deformation,the deformation texture initially increases and the c-axis of the{0001}crystal plane gradually rotates to the axial direction of the tube;the deformation texture then decreases and the orientation of grains becomes more random.The main mechanism of grain refinement is dynamic recrystallization by the twin-induced way and bowing out of the nucleation at grain boundaries during the first and second pass.However,the dominant mechanism of the refined grain is the high-temperature dynamic recovery in the third pass,and the microstructure mainly consists of substructured grains.After the spinning deformation,the corrosion resistance of the AZ31 alloy tube decreases due to the combined effect of twins and high density-dislocations.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61671431)
文摘Based on the beam wave synchronous interaction in transverse and longitudinal directions at the same time and starting from Maxwell’s equation and linear Vlasov equation, the beam–wave interaction ‘hot’ dispersion equation considering both cyclotron resonance and Cherenkov resonance in a staggered double metallic grating traveling wave tube is deduced.Through the reasonable selection for geometric and electrical parameters, the numerical calculation and analysis of the ‘hot’ dispersion equation shows that the beam–wave interaction gain and frequency band with the cyclotron resonance enhancement effect are higher than those with only Cherenkov resonance radiation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant Nos.40474012,40874020 and 40821062
文摘The pseudospectral method has been applied to the simulation of seismic wave propagation in 2-D global Earth model. When a whole Earth model is considered, the center of the Earth is included in the model and then singularity arises at the center of the Earth where r=0 since the 1/r term appears in the wave equations. In this paper, we extended the global seismic wavefield simulation algorithm for regular grid mesh to staggered grid configuration and developed a scheme to solve the numerical problems associated with the above singularity for a 2-D global Earth model defined on staggered grid using pseudospectral method. This scheme uses a coordinate transformation at the center of the model, in which the field variables at the center are calculated in Cartesian coordinates from the values on the grids around the center. It allows wave propagation through the center and hence the wavefield at the center can be stably calculated. Validity and accuracy of the scheme was tested by compared with the discrete wavenumber method. This scheme could also be suitable for other numerical methods or models parameterized in cylindrical or spherical coordinates when singularity arises at the center of the model.
基金the support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11372188,and 51490674)the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)(No.2015CB251203)
文摘The flow past a primary cylinder with one tandem control rod and one staggered control rod is simulated in this paper through solving the Navier-Stokes equations. Two examples are simulated to validate the model, and the results matched well with those of previous researches. The Reynolds number based on the diameter of the primary cylinder is 500. The diameter ratio between the control rod and the primary cylinder （d/D） is 0.25. It was found that the effect of the combination of one upstream tandem control rod and one staggered control rod on the hydrodynamics of the primary cylinder is a linear superposition of the effect of a corresponding single control rod, and the effect of the upstream tandem control rod is dominant at larger spacing ratios such as G/D=2. For the combination of a downstream tandem control rod and a staggered control rod, the effect of the control rods is different from that of the corresponding single control rod in the region of 0.2〈G/D〈0.5 ＆ 30°〈a〈120° and 0.9〈G/D〈1.4 ＆ 30°〈a〈50°, where the additional effect is obvious. In this case, the effect of the downstream tandem control rod is dominant at small spacing ratios （such as G/D=0.1）. At moderate spacing ratios such as G/D=0.4, the effects of the tandem control rod and the staggered control rod are comparable in both cases.
